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ASTM D2557-98

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Tensile-Shear Strength of Adhesives in the Subzero Temperature Range from -267.8 to -55°C (-450 to -67°F)

Standard Test Method for Tensile-Shear Strength of Adhesives in the Subzero Temperature Range from -267.8 to -55&#176C (-450 to -67&#176F)

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the comparative shear strength of adhesives for bonding metals when tested on a standard specimen and under specified conditions of preparation and testing at extreme subzero temperatures.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautions are given in 8.3.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-May-1998
ICS
83.180 - Adhesives
Technical Committee
D14 - Adhesives
Drafting Committee
D14.80 - Metal Bonding Adhesives
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D2557-98(2004) - Standard Test Method for Tensile-Shear Strength of Adhesives in the Subzero Temperature Range from -267.8 to -55&#176C (-450 to -67&#176F)
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM D6465-99(2016) - Standard Guide for Selecting Aerospace and General Purpose Adhesives and Sealants
Effective Date
10-May-1998

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ASTM D2557-98 - Standard Test Method for Tensile-Shear Strength of Adhesives in the Subzero Temperature Range from -267.8 to -55&#176C (-450 to -67&#176F)ASTM D2557-98 - Standard Test Method for Tensile-Shear Strength of Adhesives in the Subzero Temperature Range from -267.8 to -55&#176C (-450 to -67&#176F)
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ASTM D2557-98 - Standard Test Method for Tensile-Shear Strength of Adhesives in the Subzero Temperature Range from -267.8 to -55&#176C (-450 to -67&#176F)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 2557 – 98
Standard Test Method for
Tensile-Shear Strength of Adhesives in the Subzero
Temperature Range from −267.8 to −55°C (−450 to −67°F)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2557; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the com- 3.1 Definitions—Many terms in this test method are defined
parative shear strength of adhesives for bonding metals when in Terminology D 907.
tested on a standard specimen and under specified conditions of
4. Significance and Use
preparation and testing at extreme subzero temperatures.
1.2 This test method is applicable to the temperature range 4.1 This test method may be used as an accelerated screen-
ing test for assessing the strength properties of adhesives and
from -267.8 to -55°C (-450 to -67°F).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regared as the adhesive joints at subzero temperatures. This test method may
also be used to determine the effects of various surface
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only. preparations, substrates, or adhesive systems on the durability
of the adhesive joints at subzero temperatures.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 4.2 Tensile shear strengths of various adhesives, surface
preparations, and substrates may be compared by using this test
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- method for uniform sets of conditions. To assess the overall
tensile shear strength of a given adhesive, surface preparation,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
tions are given in 8.3. and substrate should be tested under a range of stress and
temperatures. For a specific end use, the needed strength
2. Referenced Documents
properties using only one set of test conditions may be
2.1 ASTM Standards: obtained.
A 167 Specification for Stainless and Heat-Resisting 4.3 The misuse of strength values obtained from this test
Chromium-Nickel Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip method as design-allowable stress values for structural joints
B 209 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy could lead to product failure, property damage, and human
Sheet and Plate injury.
B 265 Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, 4.3.1 The apparent shear strength of an adhesive obtained
Sheet, and Plate from a given small single-lap specimen may differ from that
D 907 Terminology of Adhesives obtained from a joint made with different adherends or by a
D 1002 Test Method for Apparent Shear Strength of Single- different bonding process. The normal variation of temperature
Lap-Joint Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by Ten- and moisture in the service environment causes the adherends
sion Loading (Metal-to-Metal) and the adhesive to swell or shrink. The adherends and
D 4896 Guide for Use of Adhesive-Bonded Single Lap- adhesive are likely to have different thermal and moisture
Joint Specimen Test Results coefficients of expansion. Even in small specimens, short-term
environment changes can induce internal stresses of chemical
changes in the adhesive that permanently affect the apparent
strength and other properties of the adhesive.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-14 on
4.3.2 The problem of predicitng joint behavior in a chang-
Adhesives and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.80 on Metal
ing environment is even more difficult if a different type of
Bonding Adhesives.
adherend is used in a larger structural joint than was used in the
Current edition approved May 10, 1998. Published March 1999. Originally
published as D 2557 – 66 T. Last previous edition D 2557 – 93.
small specimen.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03.
4.3.3 The apparent shear strength measured with a single-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.02.
lap specimen is not suitable for determining design-allowable
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.04.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.06. stresses for designing structural joints that differ in any manner
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 2557
from the joints tested without thorough analysis and under-
standing of the joint and adhesive behaviors.
4.3.4 Single-lap tests may be used for comparing and
selecting adhesives or bonding processes for susceptibility to
fatigue and environmental changes, but such comparisons must
be made with great caution since different adhesives may
respond differently in different joints. See Guide D 4896 for
further discussion of the concepts relative to interpretation of
adhesive-bonded single-lap-joints.
5. Apparatus
5.1 The testing machine shall conform to the requirements
of Test Method D 1002 except that pin-type grips as shown in
Fig. 1 shall be used to hold the test specimen.
5.2 The cooling equipment shall consist of a cold box or a
cryostat filled with a gaseous or liquid refrigerant in which the
standard specimen is immersed prior to and during the test. A
typical cryostat is shown in Fig. 2.
6. Test Specimens
6.1 Test specimens shall be cut from panels shown in Fig.
3(A). These test specimens shall conform to the form and
dimensions shown in Fig. 3(B). The specimens are in every
respect similar to the tension lap shear specimens described in
Test Method D 1002 Fig. 1, except that doublers and pin grips
NOTE 1—Cold box configurations are commercially available which
shall be used.
can be used from room temperature to −185°C. These utilize chilled
6.2 The selection of materials shall be based
...

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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative tensile strength of adhesives by the use of bar- and rod-shaped butt-joined specimens under defined conditions of preparation, conditioning, and testing. This test method is applicable to the testing of adhesives with various adherend materials in either similar or dissimilar combinations.  
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This specification provides the means to measure and evaluate the performance of adhesives for structural or semistructural bonding of wood-to-wood in manufactured homes. Wood as used in this specification includes lumber, plywood, particleboard, gypsum board, and all materials having woodbased surfaces at the bondline. The adhesives can be classified according to resistance to deformation: Group A or structural, and Group B or semistructural. Also, the adhesives may be designated into three types, according to their recommended use based on their resistance to water and water vapor: Type 1 for interior and exterior use, Type 2 for weather-protected interior use, and Type 3 for interior use only. Different tests shall be performed in order to determine the following properties of adhesives: shear strength, gap-filling ability, total deformation resistance, moisture and temperature limitation during fabrication, high-temperature resistance, low-temperature resistance, moisture resistance, aging, oxidation resistance, and mold resistance.
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1.1 This specification provides the means to measure and evaluate the performance of adhesives for structural or semi-structural bonding of wood-to-wood in manufactured homes. Wood as used in this specification includes lumber, plywood, particleboard, gypsum board, and all materials having wood-based surfaces at the bondline. This specification does not cover other adhesives used in manufactured homes such as adhesives for carpet, floor tile, ceramic fixtures, plastic laminates, trim and millwork, and similar nonstructural applications.  
1.1.1 The performance of the adhesives is measured in the following tests:    
Number  
Test  
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4.1 Creep data that are obtained over a relatively short period of time in this test method can provide a measure of an adhesive bond's ability to withstand static loading in shear over a relatively long period of time. Creep measurements are made over a range of expected service conditions, including level of stress, temperature, relative humidity, and duration of load. Creep rate, creep strain, and creep modulus are calculated at the various service conditions.  
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This test method covers the determination of nonvolatile content or total solids of liquid phenol, resorcinol, and melamine adhesives with or without hardener added and containing high-boiling and low-boiling volatile organic solvents or water, or both. The equipments to be used in the test shall include a petri dish, circulating-air oven, desiccator, and analytical balance. In determining the nonvolatile content of the liquid adhesives without hardener, the procedure shall include oven-drying, cooling in a desiccator, and weighing of adhesive and quartz sand . The percent nonvolatile content shall be calculated based on the amount remaining. On the other hand, the procedure for the liquid adhesives with hardener shall include oven-drying, cooling in a desiccator, and weighing of mixed adhesives. Also, the percent nonvolatile content shall be calculated based on the amount remaining.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of comparative shear properties of gap-filling adhesives in wood-to-wood joints at specified thicknesses of bondline in the dry condition, when tested on standard specimens under specified conditions of preparation, conditioning, and loading in compression. This test method is intended as an evaluation of gap-filling adhesives such as those used to bond plywood to lumber, lumber to lumber, and other similar materials in building constructions.  
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4.1 These test methods are designed to be used to determine the susceptibility of the adhesive film to biodegradation and whether the adhesive will carry into the bond line sufficient anti-fungal properties to prevent growth of fungi frequently present on the gluing equipment, on adherends, or in the adhesive as applied.  
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1.1 These test methods test the ability of adhesive films to inhibit or support the growth of selected fungal species growing on agar plates by providing means of testing the films on two agar substrates, one which promotes microbial growth, and one which does not.  
1.2 These test methods are not appropriate for all adhesives. The activity of certain biocides may not be demonstrated by these test methods as a result of irreversible reaction with some of the medium constituents.  
Note 1: As an example, quaternary ammonium compounds are inactivated by agar.  
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ASTM D907-15(2023)(Terminology)
Standard Terminology of Adhesives

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1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of definitions used in the science and technology of the adhesives industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.  
1.2 Any changes in this standard since 1988 are documented as follows:  
1.2.1 Appendix X1 gives a history of revisions made since 1988. Table X1.1 lists the terms that are affected as: (1) Terms Added, (2) Terms Revised, and (3) Terms Deleted.
1.2.1.1 In Table X1.1, the year of publication in Volume 15.06 is shown in parentheses following the term.  
1.2.2 In the text of the standard, the year of publication is shown following each definition. Also, the following codes are included after the year of publication to describe the type change that was made: (A) Addition, (R) Revision, or (E) Edited.  
1.2.3 Deletions are shown in Appendix X1, suitably footnoted. The deleted terms do not appear in the text of the standard.  
1.2.4 Any special circumstances not covered by 1.2.2 and 1.2.3 are documented in Table X1.1, suitably footnoted.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7966/D7966M-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Resistance to Creep of Adhesives in Static Shear by Compression Loading (Wood-to-Wood)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method evaluates the performance of the adhesive in laminated wood as measured by resistance to creep under static load.  
5.2 Test results from the evaluation of adhesive creep resistance, under designated environmental conditions of the test, provide a measure of the adhesive’s ability to withstand constant loading over a relatively long period of time.  
5.3 Creep measured with this test method is normally used in conjunction with specifications such as, but not limited to Specification D2559 and CSA O112.9 to confirm suitability of an adhesive to resist creep under designed loads when subjected to specific levels of stress, load duration and environmental conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of creep properties of structural adhesives in wood-to-wood bonds when a standardized specimen is subjected to shearing stresses at various levels of static load, constant temperature, and relative humidity. Apparatus and procedures are provided for shear deformation (creep) of adhesive bonds under static load. This test method is used under the indicated conditions to evaluate resistance to creep properties of a structural wood adhesive.  
1.2 The test method is used to evaluate creep performance of adhesives suitable for the bonding of wood, including treated wood, into structural wood products for general construction, marine use, or for other uses where a high-strength general construction, creep-resistant, durable adhesive bond is required. Individual block shear specimens are prepared from adhesively bonded laminations, subjected to a constant load under various combinations of temperature and relative humidity, and the amount of creep measured.  
1.3 Creep of structural wood adhesives as measured by this test method may not be comparative to other ASTM methods and is limited to the conditions of the test and procedures contained herein.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides reasonably accurate information with regard to the determination of the securing or locking effect of adhesives used in threaded fasteners. This test method may also be used to determine the degree of cure and the effect of environment on torque strength.  
5.2 The accuracy of the test results depends to a large degree on the thread clearance of the test fasteners and the inclusion of air bubbles in the bond line. Data generated by this test method should be safety-factored accordingly if used as quality assurance acceptance or rejection.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to make comparative assessments of the securing or locking effect of adhesives used in threaded assemblies.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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