ASTM D710-97(2009)e1
(Specification)Standard Specification for Vulcanized Fibre Sheets, Rods, and Tubes Used for Electrical Insulation
Standard Specification for Vulcanized Fibre Sheets, Rods, and Tubes Used for Electrical Insulation
ABSTRACT
This specification covers vulcanized fibres in sheet, round rod, and round tube forms of bone, commercial, and electrical insulation grades. Fibres shall be tested appropriatedly and consequently conform to specified color, chemical composition, flexural strength, impact strength, tearing strength, compressive strength, water absorption, dielectric strength, bursting strength, density, Rockwell hardness, and dimensional and size requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers vulcanized fibre (Note 1) sheets, round rods, and round tubes of such grades suitable for use as electrical insulation.
Note 1—The variant spelling “fibre” has been approved by Committee D09 for use in this standard.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
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Designation:D710 −97(Reapproved 2009) An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
Vulcanized Fibre Sheets, Rods, and Tubes Used for
Electrical Insulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D710; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
´ NOTE—The units statement in 1.2 was revised editorially in May 2009.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This specification covers vulcanized fibre (Note 1) 3.1 Definitions:
sheets, round rods, and round tubes of such grades suitable for 3.1.1 vulcanized fibre, n—a material made from chemically
use as electrical insulation. gelatinized cellulosic paper or board using zinc chloride as the
gelatinizing agent.
NOTE 1—The variant spelling “fibre” has been approved by Committee
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The zinc chloride is subsequently re-
D09 for use in this standard.
moved by leaching. The resulting product, after being dried
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
and finished by calendering, is a material of partially regener-
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
ated cellulose in which the fibrous structure is retained in
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
varying degrees depending on the grade of paper used and on
and are not considered standard.
the processing conditions. Material up to about 25 mm in
thickness is produced by bonding multiple layers of paper (or
2. Referenced Documents
board) after chemical treatment. Vulcanized fibre does not
2.1 ASTM Standards:
contain vulcanized rubber or sulfur as the name might imply.
D495Test Method for High-Voltage, Low-Current, DryArc
Thin vulcanized fibre has sometimes been termed “fish paper.”
Resistance of Solid Electrical Insulation
D619Test Methods forVulcanized Fibre Used for Electrical
4. Grades
Insulation
4.1 Threegradesofvulcanizedfibrearecovered,asfollows:
D696TestMethodforCoefficientofLinearThermalExpan-
4.1.1 Bone Grade—This grade is characterized by the
sion of Plastics Between −30°C and 30°C with a Vitreous
greater hardness and stiffness associated with higher density. It
Silica Dilatometer
machinesmoresmoothlyandwithlesstendencytoseparatethe
D952Test Method for Bond or Cohesive Strength of Sheet
plies in difficult machining operations than the other grades. It
Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
1 1
is made in thickness of ⁄32 to ⁄4 in. (0.79 to 6.35 mm).
D3636Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of Solid
4.1.2 Commercial Grade—This grade is considered as the
Electrical Insulating Materials
general-purpose grade and is sometimes referred to as me-
2.2 Other Documents:
chanical and electrical grade. It possesses good physical and
IEEE Publication No. 1,“General Principles for Tempera-
electrical properties and can be fabricated satisfactorily by
ture Limits in the Rating of Electrical Equipment.”
punching, turning, and forming operations. It is made in
thicknesses from 0.010 to ⁄4 in. (0.25 to 6.35 mm).
4.1.3 Electrical Insulation Grade—This grade is intended
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on
primarily for electrical applications and others involving diffi-
Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility of
cult bending or forming operations. It is made in thicknesses
Subcommittee D09.07 on Flexible and Rigid Insulating Materials.
from 0.004 to ⁄8 in. (0.10 to 3.2 mm). Thin material of this
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published September 2009. Originally
approved in 1943. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D710–97(2002).
grade is sometimes referred to as “fish paper.”
DOI: 10.1520/D0710-97R09E01.
4.2 Thethreegradesoffibreareavailableinlaminatedsheet
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
form in greater thicknesses than those listed in 4.1.1 to 4.1.3.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Laminated (or built-up) fibre is composed of a number of plies
the ASTM website.
bondedtogetherwithasuitableadhesive.Itretainsallthebasic
Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE),
445 Hoes Ln., P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08854-1331, http://www.ieee.org. properties of solid fibre, including high arc resistance on edges
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D710−97 (2009)
TABLE 2 Chemical Requirements
and faces, and in addition has better dimensional stability and
less warpage. Laminated fibre is usually furnished when the Zinc Chloride, Silica Content,
Grade Color Ash max, %
max, % max, %
thickness is over ⁄4 in. (6.35 mm), and may be furnished in
All gray, black 0.1 1.5 0.3
thicknesses down to ⁄8 in. (3.2 mm). Thicknesses up to 4 in.
red 0.1 7 0.3
(102 mm) are commercially available.
4.3 Thin sheet material, up to ⁄16 in. thick is available in a
TABLE 3 Flexural Strength Requirement for Sheets, min, psi
lower density uncalendered condition which may not meet the
(MPa)
requirements of this specification.
Bone Grade Commercial Grade
Nominal Thickness in.
Length- Cross- Length- Cross-
5. Forms and Colors (mm)
wise wise wise wise
A A
1 1
⁄16 (1.59) up to ⁄8 16 000 14 000 15 000 13 000
5.1 Vulcanized fibre is available in the forms and colors
(103) (90)
(3.18), incl (110) (97)
listed in Table 1.
1 1
Over ⁄8 (3.18) to ⁄2 15 000 13 000 14 000 12 000
(12.7), incl (103) (90) (97) (83)
Over ⁄2 (12.7) to 1 . . 13 000 11 000
6. Chemical Composition
(25.4), incl (90) (76)
6.1 The material shall conform to the requirements for
A
These two values also apply to Electrical Insulation Grade.
chemical composition prescribed in Table 2.
7. Detail Requirements
TABLE 4 Water Absorption and Dielectric Strength Requirements
for Sheets
7.1 Sheets—Sheet material, calendered only, unless other-
A
wisespecified,shallconformtotherequirementsastophysical Dielectric
Water Absorption,
B
Nominal Thickness,
max, % Strength,
and electrical properties prescribed in Tables 3-9. Grade
in. (mm) min,
2h 24h
7.1.1 Bond Strength (Laminated Sheets Only)—Tested in V/mil (kV/mm)
accordance with Test Method D952 shall conform to the Bone ⁄32 (0.79) 55 63 175 (6.9)
⁄16 (1.59) 30 55 175 (6.9)
following requirements:
⁄8 (3.18) 20 48 150 (5.9)
Thicknesses Psi, (MPa) min
⁄16 (4.76) 17 42 100 (3.9)
All 800 (5.5)
⁄4 (6.35) 14 37 100 (3.9)
7.2 Round Rods—Round rods shall conform to the require-
Commercial ⁄32 (0.79) 60 68 175 (6.9)
ments as to physical properties prescribed in Tables 10 and 11,
⁄16 (1.59) 52 66 175 (6.9)
⁄8 (3.18) 35 61 150 (5.9)
and Table 12.
⁄16 (4.76) 24 56 100 (3.9)
⁄4 (6.35) 20 52 100 (3.9)
7.3 Round Tubes—Round tubes shall conform to the re-
quirementsastophysicalandelectricalpropertiesprescribedin
Electrical 0.004 to 0.007 . . 200 (7.9)
Tables 13 and 14. Density of tubing shall conform to the
insulation (0.10 to 0.18),
requirementsprescribedinTable6fortherespectivegradeand incl
over 0.007 to 0.040 . . 250 (9.8)
thickness.
(0.18 to 1.02),
incl
8. Sheet Sizes and Permissible Variations 1
over 0.040 to ⁄8 . . 175 (6.9)
(1.02 to 3.18),
8.1 Sheets shall be furnished in the manufacturer’s standard
incl
sheet sizes.
⁄32 (0.80) 60 68 .
⁄16 (1.59) 52 66 .
NOTE 2—The range of manufacturer’s standard sizes for the various 1
⁄8 (3.17) 35 61 .
grades and thicknesses are shown in Table 15. ⁄4 (6.35) 20 52 100 (3.9)
⁄16 (7.94) 17 47 100 (3.9)
8.2 When sheets and rolls are trimmed to a specified width,
⁄8 (9.52) 15 43 100 (3.9)
the maximum permissible variation in width is 6 ⁄2 in. (612.7 ⁄16 (11.11) 14 39 50 (2.0)
⁄2 (12.7) 13 36 50 (2.0)
mm).
A
⁄8 (15.88) 11 31
A
⁄4 (19.05) 10 27
8.3 When sheets are trimmed to a specified length, the
A
⁄8 (22.22) 8 23
maximum permissible variation in length is 6 ⁄2 in.
A
1 (25.4) 8 21
1 A
1 ⁄4 (31.8) 8 18
A
1 ⁄2 (38.1) 8 17
A
TABLE 1 Forms and Colors Available
2 (50.8) and over 8 17
A B
A
Grades Forms Colors
For intermediate thicknesses, the value for the next smaller thickness shall
apply.
Bone sheets and rods, gray
B
For intermediate thicknesses, the value for the next larger thickness shall
tubes gray, black, red
apply.
Commercial sheets and rods gray, black, red
Electrical Insulation sheets gray
A
Sheets and rods are available in both single-layer and laminated form. Thin
sheets are available in both rolls and flat sheets in thicknesses up to ⁄16 in. (1.6
mm).
8.4 The maximum permissible variations in widths of strips
B
In any of these standard colors, considerable variation of shade may be
cutfromsheetsbytheindicatedoperationsareasprescribedin
expected.
Table 16.
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D710−97 (2009)
TABLE 5 Bursting Strength Requirements for Sheets, TABLE 9 Hardness Requirements for Sheets 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) or
min, psi (MPa) More in Thickness
Nominal Grade Rockwell Hardness, min
Commercial Electrical Insula-
Thickness, in. Bone Grade Bone R 80
Grade tion Grade
(mm) Commercial R 50
0.005 (0.13) . . 65 (0.4)
0.007 (0.18) . . 95 (8.7)
0.010 (0.25) . 125 (0.9) 125 (0.9)
TABLE 10 Tensile Strength Requirements for Round Rods, min,
0.012 (0.30) . 150 (1.0) 150 (1.0)
psi (MPa)
0.015 (0.38) . 185 (1.3) 185 (1.3)
0.020 (0.51) . 250 (1.7) 250 (1.7) Nominal Diameter, in. (mm) Bone Grade Commercial Grade
1 1
0.030 (0.76) 325 (2.2) 375 (2.6) 375 (2.6) ⁄8 to ⁄2 (3.18 to 12.7), incl 8500 (59) 8000 (55)
0.045 (1.14) 470 (3.2) 560 (3.9) 560 (3.9) Over ⁄2 (12.7) . 7000 (48)
0.060 (1.52) 550 (3.8) 750 (5.2) 750 (5.2)
TABLE 11 Water Absorption Requirements for Round Rods
3A
TABLE 6 Density Requirements for Sheets, min, g/cm
Water Absorption,
Commercial Grade Electric Insulation Grade
max, %
Grade Nominal Diameter, in. (mm)
Nominal Thickness or
Uncalen- Calen- Uncalen- Calen-
2h 24h
Diameter, in. (mm)
dered dered dered dered
1 3
Bone ⁄16 to ⁄16 (1.59 to 4.76), incl 35 75
Under 0.010 (0.25) . . 0.90 1.00 3 1
over ⁄16 to ⁄4 (4.76 to 6.35), incl 15 50
0.010 to 0.015 incl, 1.05 1.10 1.00 1.10
(0.25 + 0.38), 1 3
Commercial ⁄16 to ⁄16 (1.59 to 4.76), incl 40 80
Over 0.015 to ⁄32 incl, (0.38 1.10 1.15 1.10 1.15 3 1
over ⁄16 to ⁄2 (4.76 to 12.7), incl 20 60
to 2.38), 1
over ⁄2 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), incl 10 30
3 1
Over ⁄32 to ⁄8 incl, (2.38 to 1.15 1.20 1.15 1.20
over 1 8 25
3.18),
1 5
Over ⁄8 to ⁄8 incl, (3.18 to . 1.20 . .
15.88),
Over ⁄8 to 1 incl, (15.88 to . 1.10 . . TABLE 12 Density Requirements for Round Rods
25.4),
Density g/cm ,
Over 1 to 1 ⁄4 incl, (25.4 to . 1.05 . . Grade Nominal Diameter, in. (mm)
min
31.8),
1 3
Bone ⁄16 to ⁄32 (1.59 to 2.38), incl 1.15
Over 1 ⁄4 (31.8) . 1.01 . .
over ⁄32 (2.38) 1.30
A
The minimum density of all forms and thicknesses of bone grade shall be 1.30
g/cm .
3 5
Commercial over ⁄32 to ⁄8 (2.38 to 15.88), incl 1.20
over ⁄8 to 1 (15.88 to 25.4), incl 1.10
over 1 to 1 ⁄4 (25.4 to 31.8), incl 1.05
over 1 ⁄4 (31.8) 1.01
TABLE 7 Tearing Strength Requirements for Sheets,
Electric Insulation Grade
Nominal Thickness, Machine Direction, Cross Direction,
TABLE 13 Compressive Strength Requirement for Round Tubes
in. (mm) min, g min, g
0.005 (0.13) 75 100 Axial Compressive
Nominal Wall Thickness,
Grade Strength, min, psi
0.007 (0.18) 150 175
A
in. (mm)
(MPa)
0.010 (0.25) 225 275
Bone and commercial up to ⁄8 (3.18), incl 11 000 (76)
0.012 (0.30) 275 335
1 5
over ⁄8 to ⁄16 (3.18 to 7.94), 12 000 (33)
0.015 (0.38) 350 425
incl
A
Wall thickness ⁄32 in. min; outside diameter 2.0 in. max.
TABLE 8 Impact Strength Requirements for Sheets
Impact Strength, Izod, Edgewise
Nominal Thickness, Notched, min, ft-lb/in. J/m of
Grade
in. (mm) notch
Lengthwise Crosswise
1 1 9.2 The maximum permissible variations in diameters of
Bone ⁄16 to ⁄4 (1.59 to 6.35) 1.4 (75) 1.0 (53)
1 1
Commercial ⁄16 to ⁄4 (1.59 to 6.35) 1.6 (85) 1.2 (64)
rods are as shown in Table 18.
1 1
Electrical insulation ⁄16 to ⁄8 (1.59 to 3.2) 1.6 (85) 1.2 (64)
9.3 The maximum permissible variations in lengths of
circular sawed pieces of rods are as shown in Table 19.
8.5 The maximum permissible variation in thickness of full
sheets is as prescribed in Table 17.
10. Tube Sizes and Permissible Variations
8.6 The maximum permissible variations in thickness of
10.1 ThesizesoftubingareasshowninTable20andTable
sheets cut in halves, thirds, or quarters are as shown in Table
21.
17.
10.2 The maximum permissible variations in inside and
9. Rod Sizes and Permissible Variations
outside diameters of tubes are as shown in Table 22.
9.1 Furnish rods in the same nominal sizes as sheets. Cut
10.3 The maximum permissible variations in length of
rods from sheet, the length being limited by the length of the
sheet. circular sawed pieces of tubes are as shown in Table 23.
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D710−97 (2009)
TABLE 14 Water Absorption and Dielectric Strength Requirements for Round Tubes
Water Absorption, max, %
Dielectric Strength, min,
Grade Nominal Wall Thickness, in. (mm)
V/mil (kV/mm)
2h 24h
Bone and commercial up to ⁄16 (1.59) . . 175 (6.9)
1 1
over ⁄16 to ⁄8 (1.59 to 3.18), incl . . 150 (5.9)
1 1
⁄32 to ⁄8 (0.79 to 3.18), incl 50 75 .
1 1
over ⁄8 to ⁄4 (3.18 to 6.35), incl 20 50 100 (3.9)
1 5
over ⁄4 to ⁄16 (6.35 to 7.94), incl 10 25 100 (3.9)
TABLE 15 Range of Manufacturers’ Sheet Sizes TABLE 17 Permissible Variations in Thickness of Full Sheets and
A
Sheets Cut in Halves, Thirds, and Quarters of all Grades
NOTE 1—Due to variations in the size of manufacturing equipment,
1 1 1
⁄2, ⁄3, ⁄4 Sheets,
Full Sheets, plus or
thereissomevariationinthelengthandwidthofmanufacturers’standard
Nominal Thickness, in. (mm) plus or minus,
minus, in. (mm)
sheet sizes. Consult manufacturers’ catalogs for sizes available. The
in. (mm)
ranges of manufacturers’ standard sheet sizes are as follows:
0.004 to 0.040 (0.10 to 1.02) 10 % 8 %
Grade Width, in. (mm) Length, in. (mm)
0.041 to 0.049 (1.04 to 1.24) 0.004 (0.10) 8 %
0.050 to 0.062 (1.27 to 1.57) 0.005 (0.13) 0.004 (0.10)
Bone 40 to 54 66 to 86
0.063 to 0.094 (1.60 to 2.39) 0.007 (0.18) 0.005 (0.13)
(1016 to 1322) (1676 to 2184)
0.095 to 0.125 (2.41 to 3.18) 0.010 (0.25) 0.008 (0.20)
Commercial 45 to 56 72 to 90
0.126 to 0.188 (3.20 to 4.78) 0.025 (0.64) 0.020 (0.50)
(1143 to 1422) (1829 to 2286)
0.189 to 0.250 (4.80 to 6.35) 0.030 (0.76) 0
...
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