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ASTM D2344/D2344M-22

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Short-Beam Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their Laminates

Standard Test Method for Short-Beam Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their Laminates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In most cases, because of the complexity of internal stresses and the variety of failure modes that can occur in this specimen, it is not generally possible to relate the short-beam strength to any one material property. However, failures are normally dominated by resin and interlaminar properties, and the test results have been found to be repeatable for a given specimen geometry, material system, and stacking sequence  (4).  
5.2 Short-beam strength determined by this test method can be used for quality control and process specification purposes. It can also be used for comparative testing of composite materials, provided that failures occur consistently in the same mode (5) .  
5.3 This test method is not limited to specimens within the range specified in Section 8, but is limited to the use of a loading span length-to-specimen thickness ratio of 4.0 and a minimum specimen thickness of 2.0 mm [0.08 in.].
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the short-beam strength of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials. The specimen is a short beam machined from a curved or a flat laminate up to 6.00 mm [0.25 in.] thick. The beam is loaded in three-point bending.  
1.2 Application of this test method is limited to continuous- or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites, for which the elastic properties are balanced and symmetric with respect to the longitudinal axis of the beam.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
14-Jul-2022
ICS
83.140.20 - Laminated sheets
Technical Committee
D30 - Composite Materials
Drafting Committee
D30.04 - Lamina and Laminate Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D5229/D5229M-20 - Standard Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Effective Date
01-Mar-2020

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ASTM D2344/D2344M-22 - Standard Test Method for Short-Beam Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their LaminatesASTM D2344/D2344M-22 - Standard Test Method for Short-Beam Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their Laminates
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2344/D2344M −22
Standard Test Method for
Short-Beam Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
1
and Their Laminates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2344/D2344M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method determines the short-beam strength of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials. The speci-
D792Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
men is a short beam machined from a curved or a flat laminate
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
up to 6.00 mm [0.25 in.] thick. The beam is loaded in
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
three-point bending.
D2584Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
Resins
1.2 Application of this test method is limited to continuous-
or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites, D2734TestMethodsforVoidContentofReinforcedPlastics
D3171Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite
for which the elastic properties are balanced and symmetric
with respect to the longitudinal axis of the beam. Materials
D3878Terminology for Composite Materials
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
D5229/D5229MTestMethodforMoistureAbsorptionProp-
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva-
Composite Materials
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each
D5687/D5687MGuide for Preparation of Flat Composite
system shall be used independently of the other, and values
Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Prepara-
from the two systems shall not be combined.
tion
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in
E4Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Test-
brackets.
ing Machines
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
terials
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
Lot or Process
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ASTM Test Methods
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
E456Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on
2
Lamina and Laminate Test Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 15, 2022. Published August 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D2344/D2344M–16. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D2344_D2344M-22. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2344/D2344M − 22
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D3878 defines the terms re-
lating to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminol-
ogy D883 defines terms relating to plastics. Terminology E6
definestermsrelatingtomechanicaltesting.TerminologyE456
and Practice E177 define terms relating to statistics. In the
event of a conflict between definitions, Terminology D3878
shall have precedence over the other documents.
NOTE 1—If the term represents a physical quantity, its analytical
dimensionsarestatedimmediatelyfollowingtheterm(orlettersymbol)in
fundamental dimension form
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2344/D2344M − 16 D2344/D2344M − 22
Standard Test Method for
Short-Beam Strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
1
and Their Laminates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2344/D2344M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method determines the short-beam strength of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials. The specimen is
a short beam machined from a curved or a flat laminate up to 6.00 mm [0.25 in.] thick. The beam is loaded in three-point bending.
1.2 Application of this test method is limited to continuous- or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites, for
which the elastic properties are balanced and symmetric with respect to the longitudinal axis of the beam.
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system mayare not benecessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system
mustshall be used independently of the other. Combiningother, and values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
with the standard.shall not be combined.
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins
D2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plastics
D3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite Materials
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on Lamina and
Laminate Test Methods.
Current edition approved July 1, 2016July 15, 2022. Published July 2016August 2022. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 20132016 as
D2344 – 13.D2344/D2344M – 16. DOI: 10.1520/D2344_D2344M-16.10.1520/D2344_D2344M-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2344/D2344M − 22
D5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite
Materials
D5687/D5687M Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Preparation
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E1309E691 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in DatabasesPractice for
Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method (Withdrawn 2015)
3
E1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases (Withdrawn 2015)
E1471 Guide for Identification of Fiber
...

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5.1 Refer to Guide D8509.
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1.1 This practice provides instructions for modifying static bearing test methods to determine the fatigue behavior of composite materials subjected to cyclic bearing forces. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites in which the laminate is both symmetric and balanced with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.  
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5.1 This test method is designed to yield tensile fatigue data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. The primary test result is the fatigue life of the test specimen under a specific loading and environmental condition. Replicate tests may be used to obtain a distribution of fatigue life for specific material types, laminate stacking sequences, environments, and loading conditions. Guidance in statistical analysis of fatigue life data, such as determination of linearized stress life (S-N) or strain-life (ε-N) curves, can be found in Practice E739.  
5.2 This test method can be utilized in the study of fatigue damage in a polymer matrix composite such as the occurrence of microscopic cracks, fiber fractures, or delaminations.3 The specimen's residual strength or stiffness, or both, may change due to these damage mechanisms. The loss in stiffness may be quantified by discontinuing cyclic loading at selected cycle intervals to obtain the quasi-static axial stress-strain curve using modulus determination procedures found in Test Method D3039/D3039M. The loss in strength associated with fatigue damage may be determined by discontinuing cyclic loading to obtain the static strength using Test Method D3039/D3039M.  
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1.1 This test method determines the fatigue behavior of polymer matrix composite materials subjected to tensile cyclic loading. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber reinforced composites for which the elastic properties are specially orthotropic with respect to the test direction. This test method is limited to unnotched test specimens subjected to constant amplitude uniaxial in-plane loading where the loading is defined in terms of a test control parameter.  
1.2 This test method presents two procedures where each defines a different test control parameter.  
1.2.1 Procedure A—A system in which the test control parameter is the load (stress) and the machine is controlled so that the test specimen is subjected to repetitive constant amplitude load cycles. In this procedure, the test control parameter may be described using either engineering stress or applied load as a constant amplitude fatigue variable.  
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ASTM D8066/D8066M-23(Practice)
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5.1 This practice provides supplemental instructions for the use of Test Method D6484/D6484M to determine unnotched compressive strength data for material specifications, research and development, material design allowables, and quality assurance. Factors that influence compressive strengths and shall therefore be reported include the following: material, methods of material fabrication, accuracy of lay-up, laminate stacking sequence and overall thickness, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Composite properties in the test direction that may be obtained from this test method include:  
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ASTM D8131/D8131M-23(Practice)
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5.1 This test practice is designed to produce tensile property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the tensile response and should therefore be reported include the following: materials (laminates and adhesive), methods of material preparation including surface preparation prior to bonding, lay-ups, specimen stacking sequence, joint taper ratio or step length, ply overlap length, material relative thicknesses and stiffness of the parent and repair laminates, adhesive bond stiffness, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Properties in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test practice, include the following:  
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ASTM E1922/E1922M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Translaminar Fracture Toughness of Laminated and Pultruded Polymer Matrix Composite Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The parameter KTL  determined by this test method is a measure of the resistance of a polymer matrix composite laminate to notch-tip damage and effective translaminar crack growth under opening mode loading. The result is valid only for conditions in which the damage zone at the notch tip is small compared with the notch length and the in-plane specimen dimensions. Alternately, for materials exhibiting distributed damage in a larger volume, observed force-displacement and discrete damage events are still valid structural responses for certain specific engineering applications.  
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5.3 The translaminar fracture toughness,  KTL, as well as distributed damage observations, determined by this test method may be a function of the testing speed and temperature. This test method is intended for room temperature and quasi-static conditions, but it can apply to other test conditions provided that the requirements of 13.2 and 13.3 are met. Application of KTL in the design of service components should be made with awareness that the test parameters specified by this test may differ from service conditions, possibly resulting in a different material response than that seen in service. Distributed damage observations are also limited to the material and geometry tested, but may be more generally applied to a variety of structural analysis validation applications.  
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1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown ...

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ASTM D5449/D5449M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Transverse Compressive Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce transverse compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the transverse compressive response and should therefore be reported are: material, method of material preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction. Properties in the test direction that may be obtained from this test method are:  
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5.1.2 Transverse compressive strain at failure, ε22uc,  
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5.1.4 Poisson's ratio, γ21.
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1.1 This test method determines the transverse compressive properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop wound (90°) cylinders in axial compression for determination of transverse compressive properties.  
1.2 The technical content of this test method has been stable since 1993 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this test method, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of updated guidance on specimen preconditioning and environmental testing. The test method, therefore, should not be considered to include any significant changes in approach and practice since 1993. Future maintenance of the test method will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5450/D5450M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Transverse Tensile Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to produce transverse tensile property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors which influence the transverse tensile response and should, therefore, be reported are: material, methods of material preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Transverse Tensile Strength,    
5.1.2 Transverse Tensile Strain at Failure,    
5.1.3 Transverse Tensile Modulus of Elasticity,  E22, and  
5.1.4 Poisson's Ratio,  υ21.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the transverse tensile properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop wound (90°) cylinders in axial tension for determination of transverse tensile properties.  
1.2 The technical content of this test method has been stable since 1993 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this test method, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of updated guidance on specimen preconditioning and environmental testing. The test method, therefore, should not be considered to include any significant changes in approach and practice since 1993. Future maintenance of the test method will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3171-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A constituent content of a composite material must be known in order to analytically model the material properties (mechanical, physical, thermal, or electrical) of the composite which are affected by the reinforcement or matrix. Also, knowledge of the constituent content is required for evaluation of the quality of a fabricated material and the processes used during fabrication.  
5.2 The void volume of a composite material may significantly affect some of its mechanical properties. Higher void volumes usually mean lower fatigue resistance, greater susceptibility to moisture penetration and weathering, and increased variation or scatter in strength properties. Knowledge of the void volume of a composite material is desirable as an indication of the quality of a composite.  
5.3 Reinforcement content may be used to normalize mechanical properties affected by amount of reinforcement in the coupon.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods determine the constituent content of composite materials by one of two approaches. Test Method I physically removes the matrix by digestion or ignition or carbonization by one of eight procedures, leaving the reinforcement essentially unaffected and thus allowing calculation of reinforcement or matrix content (by weight or volume) as well as percent void volume. Test Method II, applicable only to laminate materials of known fiber areal weight, calculates reinforcement or matrix content (by weight or volume), and the cured ply thickness, based on the measured thickness of the laminate. Test Method II is not applicable to the measurement of void volume.  
1.1.1 These test methods are primarily intended for two-part composite material systems. However, special provisions can be made to extend these test methods to filled material systems with more than two constituents, though not all test results can be determined in every case.  
1.1.2 The procedures contained within have been designed to be particularly effective for certain classes of polymer or metal matrices. The suggested applications are discussed in Section 4, as well as at the start of each procedure.  
1.1.3 Test Method I assumes that the reinforcement is essentially unaffected by the digestion or ignition medium or carbonization. A procedure for correction of the results for minor changes in the reinforcement is included. Procedures A through F are based on chemical removal of the matrix, while Procedure G removes the matrix by igniting the matrix in a furnace. Procedure H carbonizes the matrix in a furnace.  
1.1.4 Test Method II assumes that the fiber areal weight of the reinforcement material form is known or controlled to an acceptable tolerance. The presence of voids is not measured. Eq 15 and 16 assume zero void content to perform the calculation.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  See Section 9 for additional information.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8387/D8387M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for High Bypass – Low Bearing Interaction Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce low bearing / high bypass interaction response data for research and development, and for structural design and analysis. The standard configuration for this procedure is very specific and is intended as a baseline configuration for developing structural design data. The high bypass/low bearing double-shear hardpoint configuration is recommended for determining the effect of low bearing stress levels on bypass strength. While a similar single-shear configuration could be tested, there is insufficient experience with a single-shear configuration to recommend its use at this time.  
5.2 General factors that influence the mechanical response of composite laminates and should therefore be reported include the following: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time held at test temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement.  
5.3 Specific factors that influence the bearing/bypass interaction response of composite laminates and should therefore be reported include not only loading type (tension or compression) but the following: edge distance ratio, width to diameter ratio, diameter to thickness ratio, fastener torque, fastener or pin material, fastener or pin clearance. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method include the following:  
5.3.1 Filled hole tensile bearing/bypass strength.  
5.3.2 Filled hole compressive bearing/bypass strength.  
5.3.3 Bearing stress/bypass strain curve.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the uniaxial high bypass - low bearing interaction response of multi-directional polymer matrix composite laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers using a two-fastener hard point joint specimen. The scope of this test method is limited to net section (bypass) failure modes. Standard specimen configurations using fixed values of test parameters are described for this procedure. A number of test parameters may be varied within the scope of the standard, provided that the parameters are fully documented in the test report. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced composites for which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1. This test method was previously published under Test Method D7248/D7248M-17 Procedure C.  
1.2 This test method is consistent with the recommendations of Composite Materials Handbook, CMH-17, which describes the desirable attributes of a bearing/bypass interaction response test method.  
1.3 The two-fastener test configurations described in this test method are intended to provide data in the relatively high bypass, low bearing part of the composite bolted joint bearing-bypass interaction diagram. This data complements the data from filled hole tension and compression (Practice D6742/D6742M), bearing (Test Method D5961/D5961M), and low bypass/high bearing interaction (Test Method D7248/D7248M) tests.  
1.4 This test method requires careful specimen design, instrumentation, data measurement, and data analysis. The use of this test method requires close coordination between the test requestor and the test lab personnel. Test requestors need to be familiar with the data analysis procedures of this test method and should not expect test labs who are unfamiliar with this test method to be able to produce acceptable results without close coordination.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used indepe...

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ASTM
ASTM D4255/D4255M-20e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for In-Plane Shear Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by the Rail Shear Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These shear tests are designed to produce in-plane shear property data for material specifications, research and development, and design. Factors that influence the shear response and should therefore be reported include: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and fiber volume reinforcement content. Properties that may be measured by this test method include:  
5.1.1 In-plane shear stress versus engineering shear strain response,  
5.1.2 In-plane shear chord modulus of elasticity,  
5.1.3 Offset shear stress, and  
5.1.4 Maximum in-plane shear stress. In cases in which the engineering shear strain at failure is greater than 5 %, the shear stress corresponding to 5 % engineering shear strain should be reported.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane shear properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by either of two procedures. In Procedure A, laminates clamped between two pairs of loading rails are tested. When loaded in tension, the rails introduce shear forces in the specimen. In Procedure B, laminates clamped on opposite edges with a tensile or compressive force applied to a third pair of rails in the center are tested.  
1.2 Application of this test method is limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites in the following material forms:  
1.2.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.2.2 Laminates composed only of woven fabric filamentary laminae with the warp direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.2.3 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.2.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of the fibers being randomly distributed.
Note 1: Additional test methods for determining in-plane shear properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D3518/D3518M, D5379/D5379M, D5448/D5448M, and D7078/D7078M.  
1.3 The reproducibility of this test method can be affected by the presence of shear stress gradients in the gage section and stress concentrations at the gripping areas. Test Methods D5379/D5379M and D7078/D7078M provide superior shear response in comparison to this test method, as their specimen configurations produce a relatively pure and uniform shear stress state in the gage section.  
1.4 The technical content of this standard has been stable since 2001 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this standard, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of updated guidance on micrometers and calipers, strain gage requirements, speed of testing, specimen preconditioning and environmental testing. Future maintenance of the standard will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5.1 Within the text the inch-pounds units are shown in brackets.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and envi...

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