ASTM D1478-20
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Ball Bearing Grease
Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Ball Bearing Grease
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed using greases having very low torque characteristics at −54 °C (−65 °F). Specifications for greases of this type commonly require testing at this temperature. Specifications for greases of other types can require testing at temperatures from −73 °C to −18 °C (−100 °F to 0 °F).
5.2 This test method has proved helpful in the selection of greases for low-powered mechanisms, such as instrument bearings used in aerospace applications. The suitability of this test method for other applications requiring different greases, speeds, and temperatures should be determined on an individual basis.
5.3 Test Method D4693 may be better suited for applications using larger bearings or greater loads. However, greases having such characteristics that permit torque evaluations by either this test method or Test Method D4693 will not give the same values in the two test methods (even when converted to the same torque units) because the apparatus and test bearings are different.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the extent to which a grease retards the rotation of a slow-speed ball bearing by measuring starting and running torques at low temperatures (below −18 °C (0 °F)).
1.1.1 Torque measurements are limited by the capacity of the torque-measuring equipment.
1.1.2 This test method is not suitable for greases exhibiting torque values greater than 50 000 g·cm at the selected test temperature.
Note 1: When initially developed, the original dynamometer scale limited the torque capacity to approximately 30 000 g·cm; the original dynamometer scale is obsolete, however. The suggested replacement scale has not been evaluated; it could extend the limit to approximately 50 000 g·cm.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.2.1 Exceptions—The values given in parentheses are for information only. The exception is torque values that are given in cgs-metric units, which are widely used in grease specifications.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard and warning statements, see 6.1.1, 7.2, 7.4, 8.7, and 8.11.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1478 − 20
Standard Test Method for
1
Low-Temperature Torque of Ball Bearing Grease
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1478; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the extent
2.1 ASTM Standards:
to which a grease retards the rotation of a slow-speed ball D4693TestMethodforLow-TemperatureTorqueofGrease-
bearing by measuring starting and running torques at low
Lubricated Wheel Bearings
temperatures (below−18°C (0°F)).
2.2 ANSI/ABMA Standard:
1.1.1 Torque measurements are limited by the capacity of
ABMA20:2011RadialBearingsofBall,Cylindrical,Roller,
the torque-measuring equipment.
andSphericalRollerType—MetricDesigns(ABMACode
3
1.1.2 This test method is not suitable for greases exhibiting
20BCO2JO)
torque values greater than 50000g·cm at the selected test
temperature.
3. Terminology
NOTE 1—When initially developed, the original dynamometer scale
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
limited the torque capacity to approximately 30000g·cm; the original
3.1.1 low-temperature torque, n—the torque in g·cm re-
dynamometerscaleisobsolete,however.Thesuggestedreplacementscale
quired to restrain the outer ring of a No. 6204 size open ball
has not been evaluated; it could extend the limit to approximately
50000g·cm. bearing lubricated with the test grease while the inner ring is
rotated at 1r⁄min 6 0.05r⁄min at the test temperature.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. 3.1.2 running torque, n—the 15s average value of the
torque after rotation for a specified period of time (60min).
1.2.1 Exceptions—The values given in parentheses are for
information only.The exception is torque values that are given
3.1.3 starting torque, n—the maximum torque measured at
in cgs-metric units, which are widely used in grease specifica-
the start of rotation.
tions.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4. Summary of Test Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 ANo. 6204 open ball bearing is packed completely full
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of the test grease and cleaned off flush with the sides. The
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
bearing remains stationary while ambient temperature is low-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ered to the test temperature and held there for 2h. At the end
For specific hazard and warning statements, see 6.1.1, 7.2, 7.4,
of this time, the inner ring of the ball bearing is rotated at
8.7, and 8.11.
1r⁄min 6 0.05r⁄min while the restraining force on the outer
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
ring is measured.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 4.2 Torque is determined by multiplying the restraining
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- forcebytheradiusofthebearinghousing.Bothstartingtorque
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical and torque after 60min of rotation (running torque) are
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. determined.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D02.G0.05 on Functional Tests - Temperature. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved May 1, 2020. Published June 2020. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D1478–18. DOI: Available fromABMA(American Bearing ManufacturersAssociation), 330 N.
10.1520/D1478-20. Wabash Ave., Ste. 2000, Chicago, IL 60611.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1478 − 20
5. Significance and Use than the inner race shoulder of the bearing. Use a spacer
1
washerofthesamediameterandatleast1.6mm(
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1478 − 18 D1478 − 20
Standard Test Method for
1
Low-Temperature Torque of Ball Bearing Grease
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1478; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the extent to which a grease retards the rotation of a slow-speed ball bearing
by measuring starting and running torques at low temperatures (below −18 °C (0 °F)).
1.1.1 Torque measurements are limited by the capacity of the torque-measuring equipment.
1.1.2 This test method is not suitable for greases exhibiting torque values greater than 50 000 g·cm at the selected test
temperature.
NOTE 1—When initially developed, the original dynamometer scale limited the torque capacity to approximately 30 000 g·cm; the original
dynamometer scale is obsolete, however. The suggested replacement scale has not been evaluated; it could extend the limit to approximately 50 000 g·cm.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.2.1 Exceptions—The values given in parentheses are for information only. The exception is torque values that are given in
cgs-metric units, which are widely used in grease specifications.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard and warning statements, see 6.1.1, 7.2, 7.4, 8.7, and 8.11.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4693 Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel Bearings
2.2 ANSI/ABMA Standard:
ABMA 20:2011 Radial Bearings of Ball, Cylindrical, Roller, and Spherical Roller Type—Metric Designs (ABMA Code
3
20BCO2JO)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 low-temperature torque, n—the torque in g·cm required to restrain the outer ring of a No. 6204 size open ball bearing
lubricated with the test grease while the inner ring is rotated at 1 r ⁄min 6 0.05 r ⁄min at the test temperature.
3.1.2 running torque, n—the 15 s average value of the torque after rotation for a specified period of time (60 min).
3.1.3 starting torque, n—the maximum torque measured at the start of rotation.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A No. 6204 open ball bearing is packed completely full of the test grease and cleaned off flush with the sides. The bearing
remains stationary while ambient temperature is lowered to the test temperature and held there for 2 h. At the end of this time, the
inner ring of the ball bearing is rotated at 1 r ⁄min 6 0.05 r ⁄min while the restraining force on the outer ring is measured.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.G0.05 on Functional Tests - Temperature.
Current edition approved June 1, 2018May 1, 2020. Published July 2018June 2020. Originally approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 20172018 as
ɛ1
D1478 – 11 (2017)D1478 – 18. . DOI: 10.1520/D1478-18.10.1520/D1478-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from ABMA (American Bearing Manufacturers Association), 330 N. Wabash Ave., Ste. 2000, Chicago, IL 60611.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1478 − 20
4.2 Torque is determined by multiplying the restraining force by
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.