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ASTM E562-08e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count

Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is based upon the stereological principle that a grid with a number of regularly arrayed points, when systematically placed over an image of a two-dimensional section through the microstructure, can provide, after a representative number of placements on different fields, an unbiased statistical estimation of the volume fraction of an identifiable constituent or phase (1, 2, 3).  
This test method has been described  (4) as being superior to other manual methods with regard to effort, bias, and simplicity.
Any number of clearly distinguishable constituents or phases within a microstructure (or macrostructure) can be counted using the method. Thus, the method can be applied to any type of solid material from which adequate two-dimensional sections can be prepared and observed.  
A condensed step-by-step guide for using the method is given in Annex A1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a systematic manual point counting procedure for statistically estimating the volume fraction of an identifiable constituent or phase from sections through the microstructure by means of a point grid.
1.2 The use of automatic image analysis to determine the volume fraction of constituents is described in Practice E1245.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2011
ICS
77.040.99 - Other methods of testing of metals
Technical Committee
E04 - Metallography
Drafting Committee
E04.14 - Quantitative Metallography
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E562-08 - Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Replaced By
ASTM E562-11 - Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM A1021/A1021M-20 - Standard Specification for Martensitic Stainless Steel Forgings and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM A995/A995M-20 - Standard Specification for Castings, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex) Stainless Steel, for Pressure-Containing Parts
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM D2799-23 - Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of the Maceral Composition of Coal
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM E112-13(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM D4616-95(2018) - Standard Test Method for Microscopical Analysis by Reflected Light and Determination of Mesophase in a Pitch
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM E1382-97(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size Using Semiautomatic and Automatic Image Analysis
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM F755-19 - Standard Specification for Selection of Porous Polyethylene for Use in Surgical Implants
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM A800/A800M-20 - Standard Practice for Estimating Ferrite Content of Stainless Steel Castings Containing Both Ferrite and Austenite
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM E1181-02(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Characterizing Duplex Grain Sizes
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM E2109-01(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Determining Area Percentage Porosity in Thermal Sprayed Coatings
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM F561-19 - Standard Practice for Retrieval and Analysis of Medical Devices, and Associated Tissues and Fluids
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM A874/A874M-98(2022) - Standard Specification for Ferritic Ductile Iron Castings Suitable for Low-Temperature Service
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM A565/A565M-10(2017)e1 - Standard Specification for Martensitic Stainless Steel Bars for High-Temperature Service
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011

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ASTM E562-08e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point CountASTM E562-08e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count
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ASTM E562-08e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: E562 – 08
Standard Test Method for
Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point
1
Count
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E562; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—A1.10 was editorially corrected in August 2011.
INTRODUCTION
This test method may be used to determine the volume fraction of constituents in an opaque
specimen using a polished, planar cross section by the manual point count procedure. The same
measurements can be achieved using image analysis per Practice E1245.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method describes a systematic manual point 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this prac-
counting procedure for statistically estimating the volume tice, see Terminology E7.
fraction of an identifiable constituent or phase from sections 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
through the microstructure by means of a point grid. 3.2.1 point count—the total number of points in a test grid
1.2 The use of automatic image analysis to determine the that fall within the microstructural feature of interest, or on the
volume fraction of constituents is described in Practice E1245. feature boundary; for the latter, each test point on the boundary
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as is one half a point.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this 3.2.2 point fraction—the ratio, usually expressed as a per-
standard. centage, of the point count of the phase or constituent of
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the interest on the two-dimensional image of an opaque specimen
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the to the number of grid points, which is averaged over n fields to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- produce an unbiased estimate of the volume fraction of the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- phase or constituent.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3.2.3 stereology—themethodsdevelopedtoobtaininforma-
tion about the three-dimensional characteristics of microstruc-
2. Referenced Documents
tures based upon measurements made on two-dimensional
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: sections through a solid material or their projection on a
E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
surface.
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography 3.2.4 test grid—a transparent sheet or eyepiece reticle with
E407 Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys
a regular pattern of lines or crosses that is superimposed over
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to the microstructural image for counting microstructural features
Determine the Precision of a Test Method of interest.
E1245 Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-
3.2.5 volume fraction—the total volume of a phase or
Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image constituent per unit volume of specimen, generally expressed
Analysis
as a percentage.
3.3 Symbols:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on
Metallography and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.14 on Quanti-
P = total number of points in the test grid.
T
tative Metallography.
th
P = point count on the i field.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally i
´1 P
P (i) =
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E562 – 05 . DOI: i
P
3 100 = percentage of grid points, in the
10.1520/E0562-08E01.
P
T
2
th
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
constituent observed on the i field.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
n = number of fields counted.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
E562 – 08
n TABLE 1 95 % Confidence Interval Multipliers
¯
P = 1
p
P ~i! = arithmetic average of P (i).
(
p p No. of Fields n t No. of Fields n t
n
i 5 1
s = estimate of the standard deviation (s) (see (Eq
5 2.776 19 2.101
3) in Section 10).
6 2.571 20 2.093
7 2.447 21 2.086
95 % CI = 95 % confidence interval
8 2.365 22 2.080
= 6ts/ n (see Note 1).
=
9 2.306 23 2.074
t = a multiplier related to the number of fields
10 2.262 24 2.069
examined and used in conjunction with the 11 2.228 25 2.064
12 2.201 26 2.060
standard deviation of the measurements to de-
13 2.179 27 2.056
termine the 95% CI
...

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Standard Practice for Extreme Value Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel and Other Microstructural Features

ABSTRACT
This practice describes a methodology to statistically characterize the distribution of the largest indigenous non-metallic inclusions in steel specimens based upon quantitative metallographic measurements. This practice enables the experimenter to estimate the extreme value distribution of inclusions in steels. The procedures in determining non-metallic inclusions in steel are presented and discussed in details.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is used to assess the indigenous inclusions or second-phase constituents in metals using extreme value statistics.  
5.2 It is well known that failures of mechanical components, such as gears and bearings, are often caused by the presence of large nonmetallic oxide inclusions. Failure of a component can often be traced to the presence of a large inclusion. Predictions related to component fatigue life are not possible with the evaluations provided by standards such as Test Methods E45, Practice E1122, or Practice E1245. The use of extreme value statistics has been related to component life and inclusion size distributions by several different investigators (3-8). The purpose of this practice is to create a standardized method of performing this analysis.  
5.3 This practice is not suitable for assessing the exogenous inclusions in steels and other metals because of the unpredictable nature of the distribution of exogenous inclusions. Other methods involving complete inspection such as ultrasonics must be used to locate their presence.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a methodology to statistically characterize the distribution of the largest indigenous nonmetallic inclusions in steel specimens based upon quantitative metallographic measurements. The practice is not suitable for assessing exogenous inclusions.  
1.2 Based upon the statistical analysis, the nonmetallic content of different lots of steels can be compared.  
1.3 This practice deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 For measurements obtained from light microscopy, linear feature parameters shall be reported as micrometers, and feature areas shall be reported as micrometers.  
1.5 The methodology can be extended to other materials and to other microstructural features.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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    11 pages
    English language
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