ASTM D279-02

Standard Test Methods for Bleeding of Pigments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Test Method A determines the amount of color produced when the pigment is in direct contact with a selected solvent such as toluene. It is useful as a rapid, easily conducted test of the general bleeding characteristics of pigments.
Test Method B determines the amount of color migration into a white film applied over a base coat containing the pigment. It may give a more practical evaluation of whether a pigment will meet specific requirements for bleed resistance.
Both Test Method A and Test Method B measure the extent of bleed.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the bleeding characteristics of dry pigments by direct solvent extraction of the pigment and by overstriping a film with a white coating and observing for the color migration from the base coat containing the pigment.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Dec-2002
• ICS: 87.060.10 - Pigments and extenders
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.31 - Pigment Specifications

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D279-87(1997) - Standard Test Methods for Bleeding of Pigments
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2002
• Replaced By: ASTM D279-02(2007) - Standard Test Methods for Bleeding of Pigments
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2007
• Referred By: ASTM D5098-16(2021) - Standard Specification for Artists' Acrylic Dispersion Paints
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D5724-16(2021) - Standard Specification for Gouache Paints
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2002

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D279–02
Standard Test Methods for
1
Bleeding of Pigments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 279; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope pigment. It may give a more practical evaluation of whether a
pigment will meet specific requirements for bleed resistance.
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining
4.3 Both Test Method A and Test Method B measure the
the bleeding characteristics of dry pigments by direct solvent
extent of bleed.
extraction of the pigment and by overstriping a film with a
white coating and observing for the color migration from the
TEST METHOD A, DIRECT SOLVENT CONTACT
base coat containing the pigment.
WITH PIGMENT
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5. Procedure
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.1 Place 0.50 g of pigment (Note 1) in a test tube or vial
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
and add 20-mL of reagent grade toluene (Note 2). Close with
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
a stopper, shake well for 10 s, and let stand 15 min. Repeat the
10-s shake and let stand 45 min.
2. Referenced Documents
NOTE 1—Additional amounts of pigment may be used by prior agree-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ment for denser inorganic pigments.Amaximum of 1.5 g is recommended
D 2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
for even the dense lead chromate pigments.
Color Difference form Instrumentally Measured Color
NOTE 2—Other solvents may be used, by mutual agreement between
2
Coordinates
the parties involved, in place of toluene in a specific pigment bleed
D 2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ-
evaluation.
2
ence with a Gray Scale
5.2 Filter through a glass funnel using double filter paper
that has first been wet with toluene and collect approximately
3. Summary of Test Methods
10 mL of filtrate in a 23 mm outer diameter flat bottom vial. If
3.1 Test Method A—The pigment is shaken with toluene,
the filtrate is cloudy, refilter to get a clear filtrate.
filtered, and the filtrate observed for color.
3.2 Test Method B—A coating using the pigment under test NOTE 3—In the case of colloidal particles, it may be necessary to
centrifuge the filtrate.
is prepared and applied to one half of a panel.Awhite finish is
applied over the dried colored coating and extended to the
5.3 Hold the vial containing the filtrate above a white
uncoated portion of the panel. The dried overstripe coating is
background and look down through the filtrate for coloration
examined for color migration from the base coat.
caused by pigment bleed. Describe the degree or severity of
bleed according to the following terminology or use the Gray
4. Significance and Use
Scale (Test Method D 2616):
4.1 Test MethodAdetermines the amount of color produced
5.3.1 None—No perceptible color (that is, no bleed).
when the pigment is in direct contact with a selected solvent
5.3.2 Slight—A faint but distinct coloration.
such as toluene. It is useful as a rapid, easily conducted test of
5.3.3 Moderate—A pronounced but not severe coloration.
the general bleeding characteristics of pigments.
5.3.4 Severe—An intense coloration.
4.2 Test Method B determines the amount of color migra-
TEST METHOD B, WHITE OVERSTRIPE OFA
tion into a white film applied over a base coat containing the
PIGMENTED FILM
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6. Procedure
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct
6.1 Prepare a coating of agreed upon composition, using the
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.31 on Pigment Specifications.
pigment under test, and prepare a film of this coating by any
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Published February 2003. Originally
approved in 1928. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 279 – 87 (1997). method that will give a smooth and uniform film of normal
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
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D279–02
coating thickness (that is, in the range from 1 to 3 mils) (25 to 6.5 Examine for color migration from the base coat into the
75 µm) leaving a portion of the substrate uncoated. Cure the white topcoat within 2 h after drying. Evaluate, as agreed upon
film under conditions appropriate to the end
...