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ASTM D3106-01

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Permanent Deformation of Elastomeric Yarns

Standard Test Method for Permanent Deformation of Elastomeric Yarns

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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the permanent deformation of bare, continuous elastomeric monofilaments and filament yarns made from rubber, spandex, anidex, or other elastomers subjected to prolonged periods of tension. This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns having a linear density in the range from 4 to 320 tex (36 to 2900 den.).  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to covered, wrapped, core-spun yarns, or yarns spun from elastomeric staple.  
1.3 This test method was developed using yarns in the "as-received" condition, but may be used for treated yarns provided the treatment is specified.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-2001
ICS
59.080.20 - Yarns
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3106-95a - Standard Test Method for Permanent Deformation of Elastomeric Yarns
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001
Replaced By
ASTM D3106-07 - Standard Test Method for Permanent Deformation of Elastomeric Yarns
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4849-21 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001

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ASTM D3106-01 - Standard Test Method for Permanent Deformation of Elastomeric YarnsASTM D3106-01 - Standard Test Method for Permanent Deformation of Elastomeric Yarns
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ASTM D3106-01 - Standard Test Method for Permanent Deformation of Elastomeric Yarns
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D3106–01
Standard Test Method for
1
Permanent Deformation of Elastomeric Yarns
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3106; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2.2 elastomeric yarn, n—a nontextured yarn which can be
stretched repeatedly at room temperature to at least twice its
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the perma-
originallengthandwhichafterremovalofthetensileforcewill
nent deformation of bare, continuous elastomeric monofila-
immediately and forcibly return to approximately its original
ments and filament yarns made from rubber, spandex, anidex,
length.
or other elastomers subjected to prolonged periods of tension.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The elastic properties of the yarn are
This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns having a
produced by the use of filaments, or a core, made from
linear density in the range from 4 to 320 tex (36 to 2900 den.).
polymers having a special chemical composition or molecular
1.2 This test method is not applicable to covered, wrapped,
structure, for example, filaments made from spandex or from
core-spun yarns, or yarns spun from elastomeric staple.
cut or extruded rubber.
1.3 This test method was developed using yarns in the
3.2.3 elongation, n—the ratio of the extension of a material
“as-received” condition, but may be used for treated yarns
to the length of the material prior to stretching.
provided the treatment is specified.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—In a tensile test of elastomeric yarns,
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
the percent elongation is usually calculated on the basis of the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
nominal gage length of a pretensioned specimen.
only.
3.2.4 elongation at break, n—the elongation corresponding
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
to the breaking force.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Elongation at the breaking force is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
change in length of the specimen which results from stretching
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the specimen to rupture.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.5 extension, n—thechangeinlengthofamaterialdueto
2. Referenced Documents
stretching.
3.2.6 force, n—a physical influence exerted by one body on
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
another which produces acceleration of bodies that are free to
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textile Materials
3
move and deformation of bodies that are not free to move.
D 2433 Test Method for Rubber Thread
3.2.7 linear density, n—in fiber and yarn,mass per unit
3. Terminology
length.
3.2.7.1 Discussion—The preferred units of measurement
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of textile terms used in this
are grams per metre, or multiples or submultiples of these. The
test method, refer to Terminology D 123.
tex unit, grams per kilometre, is recommended for yarns.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.8 length distribution, n—of staple fibers, a graphic or
3.2.1 breaking force, n—the maximum force applied to a
tabular presentation of the proportion or percentage (by num-
material carried to rupture.
ber or by weight) of fibers having different lengths.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Force is commonly expressed in
3.2.9 permanent deformation, n—the net long-term change
pounds-force (lbf), newtons (N), or millinewtons (mN). New-
in a dimension of a specimen after deformation and relaxation
tons or millinewtons are preferred units.
under specified conditions.
3.2.9.1 Discussion—Permanent deformation is usually ex-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
pressed as a percentage of the original dimension. Permanent
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarn Test Methods.
deformation is also commonly referred to as “permanent set,”
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2001. Published December 2001. Originally
“nonrecoverable deformation,” and “nonrecoverable stretch.”
published as D 3106 – 72 T. Last previous edition D 3106 – 95a.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3106–01
3.2.10 velveteen, n—a woven fabric in twill or plain weave agreement between the purchaser and supplier. Consider the
made with a short closely packed filling pile in i
...

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5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established tests values are used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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Standard Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material that resulted in the disparate test results and randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: For a more rapid but less accurate method of determining twist in single spun yarns, refer to Test Method D1422.
Note 2: This test method has been evaluated for use in de...

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Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

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5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
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SCOPE
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1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

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ASTM
ASTM D3693-02(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of Sewing Thread

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for the labeled lengths per holder of sewing threads of all materials. The test specimen is a thread holder whether a cone, tube, spool, ready-made bobbin, or any other holders. The observed length for all holders such as home sewing spools, ready-made bobbins, or all other holders which depends on the sampling size shall equal or exceed a certain percentage of the minimum allowable labeled length.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for the labeled lengths of sewing threads of all materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2731-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Elastic Properties of Elastomeric Yarns (CRE Type Tensile Testing Machines)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Force at Specified Elongation (FASE) is a measure of the tensile force occurring while extending a textile material within specified limits. This characteristic of elastomeric yarn indicates the resistance that will have to be overcome by the wearer while putting on a garment made of the material and is also an indication of the garment's resistance to deformation caused by normal body movements during wear. The elongations used for these measurements are typically 100 %, 200 % and 300 %.  
5.3 Permanent Deformation (set) is a measure of the increase in length of an elastomeric yarn resulting from cyclic stretching and relaxation. The characteristic is a visible indication of the realignment of intermolecular bonds within the elastic material. As with stress decay, the amount of set increases with yarn extension; however, for any particular extension, little or no additional set takes place after...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of elastic properties of “as produced” elastomeric yarns made from rubber, spandex or other elastomers. Elastic properties include force at specified elongations, permanent deformation and stress decay. Other hysteresis related properties can be calculated.
Note 1: For a method designed specifically for testing rubber threads, refer to Test Method D2433.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to covered, wrapped, or core-spun yarns or yarns spun from elastomeric staple.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns having a range of 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the U.S. Customary units are in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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