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ASTM D3321-94(2002)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Use of the Refractometer for Field Test Determination of the Freezing Point of Aqueous Engine Coolants

Standard Test Method for Use of the Refractometer for Field Test Determination of the Freezing Point of Aqueous Engine Coolants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is commonly used by vehicle service personnel to determine the freezing point, in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit, of aqueous solutions of commercial ethylene and propylene glycol-based coolant. A durable hand-held refractometer is available that reads the freezing point, directly, in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit, when a few drops of engine coolant are properly placed on the temperature-compensated prism surface of the refractometer. This refractometer is for glycol and water solutions, and is not suitable for other coolant solutions.
The hand-held refractometer should be calibrated before use (see Section 7).
Care must be taken to use the correct glycol freezing point scale for the glycol type being measured. Use of the wrong glycol scale can result in freezing point errors of 18 and more degrees Fahrenheit.
Ethylene glycol/propylene glycol mixtures will result in inaccurate freezing point measurements using either freezing point scale.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of a portable refractometer for determining the approximate freezing protection provided by ethylene and propylene glycol-based coolant solutions as used in engine cooling systems and special applications.
Note 1—Some instruments have a supplementary freezing protection scale for methoxypropanol coolants. Others carry a supplemental scale calibrated in density or specific gravity readings of sulfuric acid solutions so that the refractometer can be used to determine the charged condition of lead acid storage batteries.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Aug-1994
ICS
17.180.30 - Optical measuring instruments
Technical Committee
D15 - Engine Coolants and Related Fluids
Drafting Committee
D15.03 - Physical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3321-94(1998) - Standard Test Method for Use of the Refractometer for Field Test Determination of the Freezing Point of Aqueous Engine Coolants
Effective Date
15-Aug-1994
Replaced By
ASTM D3321-94(2007) - Standard Test Method for Use of the Refractometer for Field Test Determination of the Freezing Point of Aqueous Engine Coolants
Effective Date
15-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM D3306-21 - Standard Specification for Glycol Base Engine Coolant for Automobile and Light-Duty Service
Effective Date
15-Aug-1994
Referred By
ASTM D2847-22 - Standard Practice for Testing Engine Coolants in Car and Light Truck Service
Effective Date
15-Aug-1994
Referred By
ASTM D7715-12(2021) - Standard Specification for Fully-Formulated Glycerin Base Engine Coolant for Heavy-Duty Engines
Effective Date
15-Aug-1994
Referred By
ASTM D7518-20 - Standard Specification for 1,3 Propanediol (PDO) Base Engine Coolant for Automobile and Light-Duty Service
Effective Date
15-Aug-1994
Referred By
ASTM D7714-11(2021) - Standard Specification for Glycerin Base Engine Coolant for Automobile and Light-Duty Service
Effective Date
15-Aug-1994

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ASTM D3321-94(2002) - Standard Test Method for Use of the Refractometer for Field Test Determination of the Freezing Point of Aqueous Engine CoolantsASTM D3321-94(2002) - Standard Test Method for Use of the Refractometer for Field Test Determination of the Freezing Point of Aqueous Engine Coolants
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ASTM D3321-94(2002) - Standard Test Method for Use of the Refractometer for Field Test Determination of the Freezing Point of Aqueous Engine Coolants
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D3321 –94 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method for
Use of the Refractometer for Field Test Determination of the
Freezing Point of Aqueous Engine Coolants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope scales. Some refractometers have a coolant scale for indicating
the freezing point of aqueous ethylene glycol coolants only,
1.1 This test method covers the use of a portable refracto-
while other refractometers also have a scale for indicating the
meter for determining the approximate freezing protection
freezing point of aqueous propylene glycol coolants.The range
provided by ethylene and propylene glycol-based coolant
of the scales varies from one device to another.
solutions as used in engine cooling systems and special
3.3 Freezing point measurements are concentration-related
applications.
values and are in turn directly related to refractive index. It has
NOTE 1—Some instruments have a supplementary freezing protection
been empirically determined that freezing point measurements
scale for methoxypropanol coolants. Others carry a supplemental scale
are accurate within 1°C (2°F).
calibrated in density or specific gravity readings of sulfuric acid solutions
so that the refractometer can be used to determine the charged condition
4. Significance and Use
of lead acid storage batteries.
4.1 This practice is commonly used by vehicle service
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
personnel to determine the freezing point, in degrees Celsius or
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
Fahrenheit, of aqueous solutions of commercial ethylene and
only.
propylene glycol-based coolant. A durable hand-held refracto-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
meter is available that reads the freezing point, directly, in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit, when a few drops of engine
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
coolant are properly placed on the temperature-compensated
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
prism surface of the refractometer. This refractometer is for
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
glycol and water solutions, and is not suitable for other coolant
solutions.
2. Referenced Documents
4.2 The hand-held refractometer should be calibrated before
2.1 ASTM Standards:
use (see Section 7).
D 1177 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aqueous Engine
4.3 Care must be taken to use the correct glycol freezing
Coolants
point scale for the glycol type being measured. Use of the
wrong glycol scale can result in freezing point errors of 18 and
3. Summary of Test Method
more degrees Fahrenheit.
3.1 These coolant testers are critical-angle refractometers
4.4 Ethylene glycol/propylene glycol mixtures will result in
designed for rapid, approximate measurement of ethylene and
inaccurate freezing point measurements using either freezing
propylene glycol coolant freezing point protection. Only a few
point scale.
drops of test solution are required. Some testers automatically
correct for ambient air temperature and the temperature of the
5. Interferences
solution being tested. The instrument is rugged, simple to read,
5.1 Interference can occur if the mixture is contaminated or
and easy to clean and maintain.
if the prism surface is not clean. The presence of other glycols
3.2 The coolant freezing point readings are taken at points
such as diethylene glycol in small amounts will not cause
where the dividing line between light and dark crosses the
interference.
6. Apparatus
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D15 on Engine
Coolants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D15.03 on Physical
6.1 The hand-held critical angle refractometer is a rugged
Properties.
die-cast portable instrument that is covered with a high-impact
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 1994. Published October 1994. Originally
published as D 3321 – 74. Last previous edition D 3321 – 93. plastic to minimize damage to the eyepiece lens if dropped. A
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.05.
polished glass prism is opposite the viewing end. A hinged
Coolant testers are available from Leica Inc., P.O. Box 123, Buffalo, NY14240
plastic cover is moved over the prism (sampling end) to allow
and Misco Products, 3401 Virginia Rd., Cleveland, OH 44122.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D3321 –94 (2002)
for even sample distribution and prevent liquid sample spillage
during the test. No eyepiece or prism adjustments are required
for sample testing.
6.2 The telescopic recessed eyepiece is located at one end
and the graduated, translucent prism on the opposite end (see
Fig. 1).
7. Calibration
7.1 Calibration of these coolant testers should periodically
be verified by testing a water sample in accordance with the
procedure outlined in Section 8.
7.2 If the sample tested deviates from 0°C (+32°F) the
coolant tester is out of calibration and should be recalibrated.
7.3 This calibration test is best performed with the coolant
tester and water sample at room temperature. If the instrument
used is design
...

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4.1 This practice is commonly used by vehicle service personnel to determine the freezing point, in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit, of aqueous solutions of commercial ethylene and propylene glycol-based coolant. A durable hand-held refractometer is available that reads the freezing point, directly, in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit, when a few drops of engine coolant are properly placed on the temperature-compensated prism surface of the refractometer. This refractometer is for glycol and water solutions, and is not suitable for other coolant solutions.  
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4.4 Ethylene glycol/propylene glycol mixtures will result in inaccurate freezing point measurements using either freezing point scale.
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Note 1: Some instruments have a supplementary freezing protection scale for methoxypropanol coolants. Others carry a supplemental scale calibrated in density or specific gravity readings of sulfuric acid solutions so that the refractometer can be used to determine the charged condition of lead acid storage batteries.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is commonly used by vehicle service personnel to determine the freezing point, in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit, of aqueous solutions of commercial ethylene and propylene glycol-based coolant. A durable hand-held refractometer is available that reads the freezing point, directly, in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit, when a few drops of engine coolant are properly placed on the temperature-compensated prism surface of the refractometer. This refractometer is for glycol and water solutions, and is not suitable for other coolant solutions.  
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This practice describes the photomultiplier properties that are essential to their judicious selection and use of in emission and absorption spectrometry. The properties covered here include structural features, electrical properties, and characteristics involved in precautions and problems. The structural features covered are envelope configurations, window materials, electrical connections, and housing for the external structure, and the photocathode, dynodes and anode, and rigidness of structural components for the internal structure. Electrical properties, on the other hand, incorporate the following: optical-electronic characteristics of the photocathode including spectral response; current amplification including gain per stage, overall gain, gain control (voltage-divider bridge), linearity of response, and anode saturation; signal nature; dark current including cathode size, internal aperture, and refrigeration effects; noise nature including additivity of noise power, signal-to-noise ratio, equivalent noise input; and photomultiplier properties as a component in an electrical circuit including output impedance, response time, and signal gating and integration possibilities. Finally, the characteristics involved in precautions and problems cover fatigue and hysteresis effects, illumination of photocathode, and gas leakage.
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1.1 This practice covers photomultiplier properties that are essential to their judicious selection and use in emission and absorption spectrometry. Descriptions of these properties can be found in the following sections:    
Section  
Structural Features  
4  
General  
4.1  
External Structure  
4.2  
Internal Structure  
4.3  
Electrical Properties  
5  
General  
5.1  
Optical-Electronic Characteristics of the Photocathode  
5.2  
Current Amplification  
5.3  
Signal Nature  
5.4  
Dark Current  
5.5  
Noise Nature  
5.6  
Photomultiplier as a Component in an Electrical Circuit  
5.7  
Precautions and Problems  
6  
General  
6.1  
Fatigue and Hysteresis Effects  
6.2  
Illumination of Photocathode  
6.3  
Gas Leakage  
6.4  
Recommendations on Important Selection Criteria  
7  
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1.1 This test method covers the testing of the spectral bandwidth and wavelength accuracy of fluorescence spectrometers that use a monochromator for emission wavelength selection and photomultiplier tube detection. This test method can be applied to instruments that use multi-element detectors, such as diode arrays, but results must be interpreted carefully. This test method uses atomic lines between 250 nm and 1000 nm.  
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Standard Guide for Raman Shift Standards for Spectrometer Calibration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Wavenumber calibration is an important part of Raman analysis. The calibration of a Raman spectrometer is performed or checked frequently in the course of normal operation and even more often when working at high resolution. To date, the most common source of wavenumber values is either emission lines from low-pressure discharge lamps (for example, mercury, argon, or neon) or from the non-lasing plasma lines of the laser. There are several good compilations of these well-established values (1-8).3 The disadvantages of using emission lines are that it can be difficult to align lamps properly in the sample position and the laser wavelength must be known accurately. With argon, krypton, and other ion lasers commonly used for Raman the latter is not a problem because lasing wavelengths are well known. With the advent of diode lasers and other wavelength-tunable lasers, it is now often the case that the exact laser wavelength is not known and may be difficult or time-consuming to determine. In these situations it is more convenient to use samples of known relative wavenumber shift for calibration. Unfortunately, accurate wavenumber shifts have been established for only a few chemicals. This guide provides the Raman spectroscopist with average shift values determined in seven laboratories for seven pure compounds and one liquid mixture.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers Raman shift values for common liquid and solid chemicals that can be used for wavenumber calibration of Raman spectrometers. The guide does not include procedures for calibrating Raman instruments. Instead, this guide provides reliable Raman shift values that can be used as a complement to low-pressure arc lamp emission lines which have been established with a high degree of accuracy and precision.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Some of the chemicals specified in this guide may be hazardous. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to consult material safety data sheets and other pertinent information to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to their use.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1172-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Describing and Specifying a Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes the essential components of a wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometer. This description is presented so that the user may gain a general understanding of the structure of an X-ray spectrometer system. It also provides a means for comparing and evaluating different systems as well as understanding the capabilities and limitations of each instrument.  
4.2 A laboratory may implement this practice or an X-ray fluorescence method in partnership with a manufacturer of the analytical instrumentation. If a laboratory chooses to consult with an instrument manufacturer, then the following should be considered. The laboratory should know the alloy matrices to be analyzed, elements and mass fraction ranges to be determined, and the expected performance requirements for each of these elements. The laboratory should inform the instrument manufacturer of these requirements so an analytical method may be developed which meets the laboratory’s expectations. Typically, instrument manufacturers customize the instrument configuration to satisfy the end-user’s requirements for elemental coverage, elemental precision, and detection limits. Instrument manufacturer developed analytical methods may include specific parameters for sample excitation, wavelengths, inter-element interference corrections, calibration and regression, equipment configuration/installation, and sample preparation requirements. Laboratories should have a basic understanding of the parameters derived by the manufacturer.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the components of a wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometer that are basic to its operation and to the quality of its performance. It is not the intent of this practice to specify component tolerances or performance criteria, as these are unique for each instrument. However, the practice does attempt to identify which tolerances are critical and thus which should be specified.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety hazard statements are given in Section 7.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off