ASTM E2389-05
(Guide)Standard Guide for Examination of Documents Produced with Liquid Ink Jet Technology (Withdrawn 2014)
Standard Guide for Examination of Documents Produced with Liquid Ink Jet Technology (Withdrawn 2014)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedures outlined here are grounded in the generally accepted body of knowledge and experience in the field of forensic document examination. By following these procedures, a forensic document examiner can reliably reach an opinion concerning whether two or more documents produced with ink jet technology are from the same device, whether a particular device created the document, or the determination of the make or model of a device.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used by forensic document examiners (Guide E 444) for examinations of documents produced with liquid inkjet technology and related procedures.
1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examination is of a questioned and known item(s) or of exclusively questioned item(s).
1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiency of the material available for examination.
1.4 The particular methods employed in a given case will depend upon the nature and sufficiency of the material available for examination.
1.5 This guide may not cover all aspects of unusual or uncommon examinations.
1.6 These methods are applicable to examinations involving copiers, printers, facsimile devices, and multifunction devices using ink jet technology.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide provides procedures that should be used by forensic document examiners (Guide E444) for examinations of documents produced with liquid inkjet technology and related procedures.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences, this guide was withdrawn in January 2014 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2389 − 05
StandardGuide for
Examination of Documents Produced with Liquid Ink Jet
Technology
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2389; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E2195 Terminology Relating to the Examination of Ques-
tioned Documents
1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used by
E2331 Guide for Examination of Altered Documents
forensic document examiners (Guide E444) for examinations
F221 Terminology Relating to Carbon Paper and Inked
of documents produced with liquid inkjet technology and
Ribbon Products and Images Made Therefrom
related procedures.
F909 Terminology Relating to Printers
1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examina-
F1156 Terminology Relating to Product Counterfeit Protec-
tion is of a questioned and known item(s) or of exclusively
tion Systems (Withdrawn 2001)
questioned item(s).
F1457 Terminology Relating to Laser Printers
F1857 Terminology Relating to Ink Jet Printers and Images
1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiency
of the material available for examination. Made Therefrom
1.4 The particular methods employed in a given case will
3. Terminology
depend upon the nature and sufficiency of the material avail-
3.1 Definitions:
able for examination.
3.1.1 For definitions of terms in this guide, refer to Termi-
1.5 This guide may not cover all aspects of unusual or
nologies E1732 and E2195.
uncommon examinations.
3.1.2 coalescence, n—puddling or pooling of adjacent ink
1.6 These methods are applicable to examinations involving
drops on the substrate before they can be dried or absorbed
copiers, printers, facsimile devices, and multifunction devices
resulting in nonuniformity of color density. F1857
using ink jet technology.
3.1.3 cockle, n—of paper,adefective,puckeredconditionof
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
a paper sheet as a result of non-uniform hygro-expansion
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
which can be related to any non-uniformity in the sheet,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
including mass distribution and drying stresses. D1968
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.4 continuous spray, n—ink jet technology where drops
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
are generated at a regular unbroken rate. Images are then
generated by deflections of the ink droplets after they are
2. Referenced Documents
charged so they are either intercepted by a catcher and not
2.1 ASTM Standards:
permitted to impact the substrate or deflected to intercept the
D1968 Terminology Relating to Paper and Paper Products
substrate at specific locations.
(Withdrawn 2010)
3.1.5 cracking, n—condition in which ink that has been
E444 Guide for Scope of Work of Forensic Document
absorbed into a substrate causes the coating to shrink to a state
Examiners
much smaller than the original coating dimension causing
E1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
fractures in the image area. F1857
3.1.6 crystallization, n—condition in which ink evaporates
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic
and forms crystals. F1857
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.90 on Executive.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005. Published January 2006. DOI: 10.1520/
3.1.7 drop on demand (DOD), n—ink jet technology where
E2389-05.
drops are generated as needed to create an image.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.1.8 full-color copiers, n—of ink jet technology, copiers
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
that can reproduce color originals containing gradations of
the ASTM website.
color. They have a minimum of three colored inks (cyan,
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. magenta and yellow).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2389 − 05
3.1.9 image area, n—area on a page occupied by all the 3.2.3 circularity, n—ratio of a single ink dot height divided
printed information. F1457 by its width with 1.0 being a perfect circle. F1857
3.2.4 feathering, n—ink spread over substrate causing fuzzy
3.1.10 image density, n—contrast between image and back-
ground as measured by densitometer. F221 edges, spidery lines and poor print quality. F1857
3.2.5 liquid ink jet device, n—deviceinwhichtheinksupply
3.1.11 image, n—optical counterpart of an object produced
by means of an image producing device. F221 is in fluid (for example, solvent or aqueous) form.
3.2.6 mottling, n—nonuniformity of image density which
3.1.12 ink jet printer, n—nonimpact printer in which the
follows patterns in the substrate or by non-uniform ink-
characters are formed by projecting droplets of ink onto a
substrate interaction. F1857
substrate. F909
3.2.7 satellite, n—extraneous or undesirable ink droplets.
3.1.13 landscape mode, adj—printer output orientation in
(See also spatter, spray) F1857
whichprintedlinesrunparalleltothedirectionofmovementof
the paper. F1457
3.2.8 spatter, n—type of extraneous or undesirable ink
droplet originating when a portion of an ink droplet strikes the
3.1.14 maximum print position, n—rightmost point at which
intended area and is deflected to an unintended area. F1857
the printer can mark the paper. F1457
3.2.9 spray, n—type of extraneous or undesirable ink dot
3.1.15 nonimpact printer, n—printer in which image forma-
near the printed zones which originate from the printhead.
tion is not the result of mechanical impacts. Examples are
F1857
thermal printers, electrostatic printers, electrophotographic
printers, and inkjet printers. F909
4. Significance and Use
3.1.16 offset, n—unintentional transfer of ink (as from a
4.1 The procedures outlined here are grounded in the
freshly printed substrate). F1857
generally accepted body of knowledge and experience in the
3.1.17 piezoelectric, n—ink jet technology where the elec-
field of forensic document examination. By following these
trically stimulated deformation of a crystal causes the expul-
procedures, a forensic document examiner can reliably reach
sion of the droplets from the ink chamber.
an opinion concerning whether two or more documents pro-
3.1.18 pixelation, n—stairstepped or jagged effect resulting
duced with ink jet technology are from the same device,
from analog to digital conversion.
whether a particular device created the document, or the
determination of the make or model of a device.
3.1.19 platen, n—flat plate or roller used as a support for
printing or copying a document. F1156
5. Interferences
3.1.20 portrait mode, adj—printer output orientation in
5.1 Items submitted for examination may have inherent
which print lines run perpendicular to the direction of move-
limitations that can interfere with the procedures in this guide.
ment of the paper. F1457
Limitations should be noted and recorded.
3.1.21 printhead, n—printing device of an ink jet printing
5.2 Limitations can be due to the generation of the
system.
document(s), limited quantity or comparability, or condition of
3.1.22 printer output area, n—maximumareaonthepageto
the items submitted for examination. Such features are taken
which the printer will print. F1457
into account in this guide.
3.1.23 raster output scanner, n—output peripheral, either
5.3 The results of prior storage, handling, testing, or chemi-
standaloneorwithinaprinter,thatconvertscomputerdatainto
cal processing (for example, for latent prints) may interfere
a bit mapped image, which is sent to the host for storage or a
with the ability of the examiner to see certain characteristics.
printer for output. F1457
The effects can include, but are not limited to, partial destruc-
3.1.24 slit glass, n—alternate scanning surface found in
tion of the substrate, stains, and deterioration of the ink.
some digital photocopiers used in conjunction with an auto-
Whenever possible, document examinations should be con-
matic document feeder.
ducted prior to any chemical processing. Items should be
3.1.25 smudge, n—tendency of an image to smear or streak handled appropriately to avoid compromising subsequent ex-
aminations.
onto an adjacent area when rubbed; involves the redeposition
of abraded material. F221
5.4 Consideration should be given to the possibility that
3.1.26 thermal impulse, n—ink jet technology where the various forms of manipulation and duplication of ink jet-
rapid expansion of a bubble in the ink created by localized produced items can be generated by computer, scanner, digital
electrical heating expels the droplets from the ink chamber. camera, graphic pad or other means.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 5.5 Some ink supply units are interchangeable between
different brands or models of machines. Some ink units are
3.2.1 banding, n—uniform density variations or voids in a
given color which appear in the direction that the printhead refillable and ink from suppliers other than the original
manufacturer may be used.
travels. F1857
3.2.2 bleed, n—ink feathering of one color into an adjacent 5.6 Some multi-function devices utilizing toner technology
color over time. F1857 can operate in either printing or copying mode, at different
...
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