ASTM D5874-95
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determination of the Impact Value (IV) of a Soil
Standard Test Method for Determination of the Impact Value (IV) of a Soil
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Impact Value (IV) of a soil either in the field or a test mold.
1.2 The standard test method, using a 4.5 kg (10 lbm) hammer, is suitable for, but not limited to, evaluating the strength of an unsaturated compacted fill, in particular pavement materials, soils, and soil-aggregates having maximum particle sizes less than 37.5 mm (1.5 in.).
1.3 By using a lighter 0.5 kg (1.1 lbm) hammer, this test method is applicable for evaluating lower strength soils such as fine grained cohesionless, highly organic, saturated, or highly plastic soils having a maximum particle size less than 9.5 mm (0.375 in.).
1.4 By performing laboratory test correlations for a particular soil using the 4.5 kg (10 lbm) hammer, IV may be correlated with an unsoaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) or may be used to infer percentage compaction.
1.5 The values stated SI are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in parentheses are given for information only.
1.6 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1-The equipment and procedures contained in this test method are similar to those developed by B. Clegg in the 1970s at the University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia. Impact Value is also commonly known as Clegg Impact Value (CIV).
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D 5874 – 95
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Impact Value (IV) of a Soil
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5874; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 1557 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Character-
istics of Soils Using Modified Effort (56 000 ft lbf/ft (2700
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Impact
kNm/m ))
Value (IV) of a soil either in the field or a test mold.
D 1883 Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of
1.2 The standard test method, using a 4.5 kg (10 lbm)
Laboratory Compacted Soils
hammer, is suitable for, but not limited to, evaluating the
D 2167 Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the
strength of an unsaturated compacted fill, in particular pave-
Rubber-Balloon Method
ment materials, soils, and soil-aggregates having maximum
D 2216 Method for Laboratory Determination of Water
particle sizes less than 37.5 mm (1.5 in.).
(Moisture) Content of Soil, Rock, and Soil-Aggregate
1.3 By using a lighter 0.5 kg (1.1 lbm) hammer, this test
Mixtures
method is applicable for evaluating lower strength soils such as
D 2922 Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-
fine grained cohesionless, highly organic, saturated, or highly
Aggregates in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
plastic soils having a maximum particle size less than 9.5 mm
D 2937 Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the
(0.375 in.).
Drive-Cylinder Method
1.4 By performing laboratory test correlations for a particu-
D 3017 Test Method for Water Content of Soil and Rock in
lar soil using the 4.5 kg (10 lbm) hammer, IV may be correlated
Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)
with an unsoaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) or may be
D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
used to infer percentage compaction.
Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock
1.5 The values stated SI are to be regarded as the standard.
as Used in Engineering Design and Construction
The values stated in parentheses are given for information only.
1.6 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-
3. Terminology
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
3.1 Definitions—Except as listed below, all definitions are
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
in accordance with Terminology D 653.
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
3.1.1 impact value (IV), n—the value expressed in units of
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
tens of gravities (g) derived from the peak decelaration of a 4.5
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
kg (10 lbm) instrumented compaction hammer 50 mm (1.97
NOTE 1—The equipment and procedures contained in this test method
in.) in diameter free falling 450 mm (18 in.).
are similar to those developed by B. Clegg in the 1970s at the University
3.1.2 light impact value (IV/L), n—the IV derived from
of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia. Impact Value is also commonly
using a 0.5 kg (1.1 lbm) mass hammer 50 mm (1.97 in.) in
known as Clegg Impact Value (CIV).
diameter free falling 300 mm (12 in.).
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.3 impact soil tester, n—testing apparatus used to obtain
an IV of a soil.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.4 target iv, n—the desired strength, in terms of IV, to be
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
achieved in the field for a particular material and construction
Fluids
process. This may also be referred to as target strength.
D 698 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Character-
istics of Soils Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft lbf/ft (600
4. Summary of Test Method
3 2
kNm/m ))
4.1 The test apparatus is placed on the material to be tested
D 1556 Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the
2 either in a mold or on naturally occurring or compacted soil in
Sand-Cone Method
the field. The hammer is raised to a set height and allowed to
free fall. The instrumentation of the test apparatus displays a
value in tens of gravities (g) of the peak deceleration of the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil
hammer’s impact as recorded by an accelerometer fitted to the
and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special and
Control Tests. top of the hammer body. A total of four blows of the hammer
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1995. Published May 1996.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 5874
are applied on the same spot to determine the IV for each test
performed.
4.2 A light hammer of 0.5 kg (1.1 lbm) may be used for
softer conditions or fragile materials instead of the 4.5 kg (10
lbm) standard hammer to determine the IV. When used the
resulting value is termed the Light Impact Value (IV/L).
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Impact Value, as determined using the standard 4.5 kg
(10 lbm) hammer, has direct application to design and con-
struction of pavements and a general application to earthworks
compaction control and evaluation of strength characteristics
of a wide range of materials, such as soils, soil aggregates,
stabilized soil and recreational turf. Impact Value is one of the
properties used to evaluate the strength of a layer of soil up to
about 150 mm (6 in.) in thickness and by inference to indicate
the compaction condition of this layer. Impact Value reflects
and responds to changes in physical characteristics that influ-
ence strength. It is a dynamic force penetration property and
may be used to set a strength parameter.
5.2 This test method provides immediate results in terms of
IV and may be used for the process control of pavement or
earthfill activities where the avoidance of delays is important
and where there is a need to determine variability when
statistically based quality assurance procedures are being used.
5.3 This test method does not provide results directly as a
percentage of compaction but rather as a strength index value
from which compaction may be inferred for the particular
moisture conditions. From observations, strength either re-
mains constant along the dry side of the compaction curve or
FIG. 1 Illustration of Target IV for Material With No Peak but Drop
else reaches a peak and declines rapidly with increase in water
content slightly dry of optimum water content. This is gener-
ally between 95 and 98 % maximum dry density (see Fig. 1 and
tion is displayed in units of ten gravities (g) with the output
Fig. 2). A field target strength in terms of IV may be designated
below units of ten gravities truncated.
from laboratory testing or field trials for a desired density and
5.6 The peak deceleration on which IV is derived represents
water content. If testing is performed after compaction when
the area under the deceleration versus time curve which for
conditions are such that the water content has changed from the
most soils may be assumed as half a sinusoid. Applying double
critical value, determination of the actual water content by
integration provides first the time velocity relationship and
laboratory testing enables the field density to be inferred from
second, the time penetration relationship. As force is also
regression equations using IV, density and water content.
directly related to deceleration, the IV therefore, represents
both stress and penetration and may be taken as a direct
NOTE 2—Impact Value may be used as a means to improve the
measurement of stiffness or strength (see Fig. 3).
compaction process by giving instant feedback on roller efficiency,
uniformity, confirming the achievement of the target strength, and by
5.7 Impact Value may be correlated with an unsoaked CBR.
inference the achieved density. When inferring density from IV, however,
5.8 Impact Value may be expressed as a hammer modulus,
it should be considered as only indicative of density. Where strict
analogous with elastic modulus or deformation modulus.
acceptance on a density ratio basis is required, test methods that measure
5.9 The light hammer uses the same accelerometer and
density directly shall be used.
instrumentation as the standard hammer. The smaller mass of
5.4 This test method may be used to monitor strength
0.5 kg (1.1 lbm) results in more sensitivity for lower strength
changes during a compaction process or over time due to
materials compared to the standard mass; that is, the zero to
seasonal, environmental or traffic changes.
100 IV scale is expanded with this lighter hammer mass and
provides more definition on softer materials. To avoid confu-
NOTE 3—For in-place soil strength evaluation where there may be a dry
and hard surface layer (crust), testing both the crust and the underlying
sion, the IV of the light hammer is notated as IV/L.
layer may be required.
5.10 Light Impact Value has applications for recreation turf
5.5 The standard instrument is based on a 4.54 kg (10 lbm) hardness evaluation, where the condition of the surface affects
compaction hammer using a 457.2 mm (18 in.) drop height. ball bounce characteristics, the performance or injury potential
The hammer has been equipped with an accelerometer and to participants, and where more sensitivity compared to the
instrumented using a peak hold electronic circuit to read the standard hammer is required or an imprint left by the 4.5 kg (10
peak deceleration on impact. The circuitry is filtered electroni- lbm) hammer or other test methods is undesirable, such as on
cally to remove unwanted frequencies and the peak decelera- a golf putting green.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 5874
FIG. 2 Illustration of Target IV for Material With Pronounced Peak
NOTE 4—The agency performing this test method can be evaluated in
accordance with Practice D 3740. Not withstanding oil precision and bias
contained in this test method, the precision of this test method is
FIG. 3 Development of Force-Penetration from Deceleration
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the
Versus Time
suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the
criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent
gram, after repair, or when the instrument is suspect using the
and objective testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that
operational check ring as follows.
compliance with Practice D 3740 does not assure reliable testing. Reliable
testing depends on many factors, and Practice D 3740 provides a means of
7.1.1 Place the ring on a dry, grease free smooth hard
evaluating some of those factors.
surface of a solid massive object, such as a concrete floor over
ground. Place the guide tube centrally over the ring and drop
6. Apparatus
the hammer five times from the set height mark as described in
6.1 Impact Soil Tester—A test apparatus consisting of a
A2.1.3 for the standard 4.5 kg hammer or A2.1.4 for the light
hammer, guide tube, and electronic instrumentation. Detailed
0.5 kg hammer. Operate the instrumentation so as to obtain five
information on the apparatus is contained in Annex A1. A
separate readings. If this operational check procedure gives
typical configuration is shown in Fig. 4.
significantly different values than shown on the ring, examine
6.2 Mold—A 152.4 mm (6 in.) diameter mold conforming
the dryness, cleanliness, smoothness and firmness of the
to the requirements of Test Methods D 698 Procedure C,
support for the ring and the ring itself and review the
D 1557 Procedure C, or D 1883 with a spacer disc.
operational check procedure and rerun the check at the same or
6.2.1 Molds of other, typically larger, dimensions may be
another location. If the ring value is not satisfactorily achiev-
used but must be reported accordingly in the report.
able, an electronic check may be carried out according to the
manufacturer’s calibration instruction for the accelerometer.
NOTE 5—For a particular material, the smaller 101.6 mm (4 in.) mold
may be used if it has been proven by a laboratory test comparison with the
NOTE 6—To avoid the possibility of damage to the electronics or the
152.4 mm (6 in.) mold that there is no significant difference in the IV
hammer, the impact soil tester should not be used directly on hard surfaces
results.
such as concrete or otherwise in such a way on materials that it would give
results of more than 100 IV (1000 g).
7. Procedure
NOTE 7—The impact energy provided by the 4.5 kg hammer can cause
7.1 Operational Verification Checks—Perform operational
undesired damage to surfaces and materials such as brick or concrete
verification checks at the commencement of any testing pro- paving slabs or smoothly prepared turf surfaces.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 5874
apply four free falling blows in succession from the set height
of drop. Take and record the highest value of the four blows as
the IV.
NOTE 8—A method of securing the guide tube in a vertical position is
for the operator to place a foot on the guide tube base and steady the guide
tube with the lower leg or knee, or both. Raising of the hammer is done
by the hand on the same side of the body as the foot securing the guide
tube.
NOTE 9—For sloping sites, a level test surface may need to be prepared
so that the guide tube base rests on the surface with the guide tube as near
to vertical as possible.
7.4 Field Procedure B—Follow Field Procedure A but
determine the water content of the material at a location 100
mm (4 in.) to 150 mm (6 in.) from the edge of the guide tube
flange content. Determine the water content according to the
applicable test methods listed in 2.1.
7.5 Field Procedure C—Follow Field Procedure B but
determine also the density of the material at a location 100 mm
(4 in.) to 150 mm (6 in.) from the edge of the guide tube flange.
Determine the density according to the applicable test methods
listed in 2.1.
7.6 Mold P
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