ASTM D2692-98
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Air Wicking of Tire Fabrics, Tire Cord Fabrics, Tire Cord, and Yarns
Standard Test Method for Air Wicking of Tire Fabrics, Tire Cord Fabrics, Tire Cord, and Yarns
SCOPE
1.1 This test methods covers the determination of longitudinal air permeability for tire fabrics, tire cord fabrics, tire cords, or yarns embedded in cured rubber compound. The test method is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of fabric treatments intended to prevent air permeability. The method is applicable to fabrics made from all types of fibers with all types of rubber compound.
1.2 This test method is written in SI units. The inch pound units which are provided are not necessarily exact equivalents of the SI units. Either system of units may be used in this test method.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.> See the Note in 11.1.
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Designation: D 2692 – 98
Standard Test Method for
Air Wicking of Tire Fabrics, Tire Cord Fabrics, Tire Cord,
and Yarns
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2692; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.2.1 Discussion—Chafer fabric is used to reinforce the
outer layer of rubber on the tire bead to provide an abrasion-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of longitudi-
resistant surface in contact with the wheel rim. In the case of
nal air permeability for tire fabrics, tire cord fabrics, tire cords,
tubeless tires, the chafer fabric is usually made wickproof to
or yarns embedded in cured rubber compound. This test
prevent air leaking from the inflated tire.
method is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of fabric
3.1.3 skein, n—a continuous strand of yarn, wound on a
treatments intended to prevent air permeability. This test
hand or motorized reel.
method is applicable to fabrics made from all types of fibers
3.1.4 tire cord, n—a twisted or formed structure composed
with all types of rubber compound.
of one or more single or plied filaments, strands, or yarns of
1.2 This test method is written in SI units. The inch pound
organic polymer or inorganic material.
units which are provided are not necessarily exact equivalents
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The direction of twist used to combine
of the SI units. Either system of units may be used in this test
the single or plied yarn elements into a cord structure is in a
method.
direction opposite to that used in the yarn.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.5 tire cord fabric, n—a fabric consisting of tire cord
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
warp with widely spaced (usually 1 to 5 picks/in. or 4 to 20
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
picks/dm) of single yarn filling.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.6 tire fabric, n—a textile fabric, other than tire cord
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See the Note in
fabric, which is used as a reinforcement in tires.
11.1.
3.1.7 vulcanization, n—an irreversible process, usually ac-
2. Referenced Documents complished through the application of heat, during which a
rubber compound through a change in its chemical structure
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(for example, cross-linking), becomes less plastic and more
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
resistant to swelling by organic liquids while elastic properties
D 3182 Practice for Rubber—Materials, Equipment, and
are conferred, improved, or extended over a greater range of
Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar-
temperatures.
ing Standard Vulcanized Sheets
3.1.8 yarn, n—a generic term for a continuous strand of
3. Terminology
textile fibers, filaments, or material in a form suitable for
knitting, weaving, or otherwise intertwining to form a textile
3.1 Definitions:
fabric.
3.1.1 air wicking, n—in tires, the passage of air longitudi-
3.1.9 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
nally along or through yarns in a fabric that has been encased
method, refer to Terminology D 123.
and cured in rubber or other elastomer, that is, air permeability
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
in the plane of the fabric.
3.2.1 test panel, n—in air wicking tests, the composite
3.1.2 chafer fabric, n—a woven fabric, usually coated with
structure of a rubber compound and fabric which is used to test
unvulcanized rubber, which is laid around the bead of a tire
the fabric for air wicking.
before vulcanization.
3.2.2 wickproof, adj—in tire fabric, tire cord fabric, tire
cord, or yarn, a term used to describe a fabric or yarn that
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on Textiles
shows no air wicking by this prescribed test.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cord and Fabrics.
Current edition approved March 10, 1998. Published July 1998. Originally
published as D 2692 – 68. Last previous edition D 2692 – 96.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 2692
4. Summary of Test Method analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two
parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its
4.1 Fabric specimens are embedded in a rubber compound
cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
and air pressure is applied to freshly exposed yarn ends.
supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid-
Detergent solution is applied to the opposite end of the yarns
eration to the known bias.
which have also been freshly exposed. Air wicking is indicated
5.2 This test method is applicable for testing the air perme-
by continuous formation of air bubbles in the detergent
ability of any fabric that is embedded in a rubber compound,
solution due to air passing along the axis of a yarn.
DIMENSIONS
a bcd e f g
Inches 3.0 1.5 3.5 0.5 0.25 0.75 2.25
Millimetres 76 38 89 12.6 6.4 19 57
NOTE 1—Lower case letters refer to dimensions. Capital letters refer to pieces prepared as outlined in 10.2.
FIG. 1 Test Panel
5. Significance and Use but is particularly useful when testing chafer fabrics to be used
in a tubeless tire construction. In tubeless tires, chafer fabric
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for the
yarns that are not wick proof represent potential channels for
acceptance testing of commercial shipments of tire fabrics
air to pass through, and thus, this test method provides a
since this test method has been used extensively in the trade for
prediction of chafer permeability.
acceptance testing. This test method is also considered satis-
5.3 Evaluation of air wicking in other fabric and cord
factory for quality control.
components in such products as tires, rubber brake diaphragms,
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
and pneumatic hoses, is useful.
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance
6. Apparatus and Materials
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
6.1 Test Panel Mold—A fixed dimension mold designed to
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis- produce a test panel of dimensions and shape shown in Fig. 1.
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
6.2 Test Chamber—An air chamber and test panel holder
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test similar to the device shown in Fig. 2.
specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are
from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
The Burlington Diffusion Tester and Test Piece Mold covered by U.S. Patent
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
3,034,336 has been found satisfactory. Blueprints for the fabrication of the tester and
to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
mold may be obtained from Manager of Process Technology, Highland Industries
laboratories may be compared using appropriate statistical Inc., 215 Drummond Street, Kernersville, NC 27284.
D 2692
FIG. 2 Testing Chamber
6.3 Rubber Compound—The test compound in Table 1 shall Commercially available compressed air or dry nitrogen gas is
be used as standard unless otherwise agreed upon between the
preferred since these products are clean and dry.
purchaser and the supplier.
6.5 Vulcanization Press—For vulcanizing the test panel in
6.4 Air Supply—Compressed air, to be controlled at a test
the test panel mold. See Practice D 3182.
pressure agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.
D 2692
TABLE 1 Recipe—Air Wicking Test Rubber Compound
discarding a minimum of1mof fabric from the very outside
Peptized SMR—20 60 parts by mass of the roll. From the 1-m swatch, randomly remove three tire
SBR—1502 40
cords. Take the tire cords no nearer to the selvage than one
Zinc oxide 5
tenth the width of the fabric.
Stearic acid 2
6 PPD 1 8.3 Test Specimens—From the laboratory sample, cut six
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Resin 5
500-mm (20-in.) lengths of tire cord. The six lengths of tire
HA Oil 10
cord are one test specimen. Tire cord fabrics are tested in the
N-330 black 50
warp direction only.
Precipitated silica 20
PEG 1
9. Sampling Tire Cords and Yarns
9.1 Lot Samples—Tire cords and yarns are shipped on
TBBS 1.25
TMTD 0.5
spools in cases or on beams. Testing frequency will be as
Sulfur 2
agreed upon between the pu
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