ASTM D4809-13
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The heat of combustion is a measure of the energy available from a fuel. A knowledge of this value is essential when considering the thermal efficiency of equipment for producing either power or heat.
5.2 The mass heat of combustion, that is, the heat of combustion per unit mass of fuel, is measured by this procedure. Its magnitude is particularly important to weight-limited vehicles such as airplanes, surface effect vehicles, and hydrofoils as the distance such craft can travel on a given weight of fuel is a direct function of the fuel's mass heat of combustion and its density.
5.3 The volumetric heat of combustion, that is, the heat of combustion per unit volume of fuel, can be calculated by multiplying the mass heat of combustion by the density of the fuel (mass per unit volume). The volumetric heat of combustion, rather than the mass heat of combustion, is important to volume-limited craft such as automobiles and ships, as it is directly related to the distance traveled between refuelings.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It is designed specifically for use with aviation turbine fuels when the permissible difference between duplicate determinations is of the order of 0.2 %. It can be used for a wide range of volatile and nonvolatile materials where slightly greater differences in precision can be tolerated.
1.2 In order to attain this precision, strict adherence to all details of the procedure is essential since the error contributed by each individual measurement that affects the precision shall be kept below 0.04 %, insofar as possible.
1.3 Under normal conditions, the test method is directly applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2 fuel oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.
1.4 Through the improvement of the calorimeter controls and temperature measurements, the precision is improved over that of Test Method D240.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7, 10.6, A1.7.1 and Annex A3.
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Designation: D4809 − 13
Standard Test Method for
Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb
1
Calorimeter (Precision Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4809; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of
D129Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
combustionofhydrocarbonfuels.Itisdesignedspecificallyfor
eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
use with aviation turbine fuels when the permissible difference
D240Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hy-
between duplicate determinations is of the order of 0.2%. It
drocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
can be used for a wide range of volatile and nonvolatile
D1018Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum Fractions
materials where slightly greater differences in precision can be
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
tolerated.
D1266TestMethodforSulfurinPetroleumProducts(Lamp
Method)
1.2 In order to attain this precision, strict adherence to all
D2622Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
details of the procedure is essential since the error contributed
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
by each individual measurement that affects the precision shall
D3120Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light
be kept below 0.04%, insofar as possible.
Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-
1.3 Under normal conditions, the test method is directly
lometry
applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2
D3701Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation
fuel oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT,
Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic
and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.
Resonance Spectrometry
D4294Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
1.4 Through the improvement of the calorimeter controls
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
and temperature measurements, the precision is improved over
trometry
that of Test Method D240.
D5453Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
D7171Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Middle Dis-
standard.
tillate Petroleum Products by Low-Resolution Pulsed
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
E144Practice for Safe Use of Oxygen Combustion Bombs
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
E200Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storage
limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see
of Standard and Reagent Solutions for ChemicalAnalysis
Section 7, 10.6, A1.7.1 and Annex A3.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
2
D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published May 2013. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ε1
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D4809–09a . DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D4809-13. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4809 − 13
throughout the calculations.
3. Terminology
3.2 Units:
3.1 Definitions:
3.2.1 Temperatures are measured in degrees Celsius.
3.1.1 gross heat of combustion—expressed as megajoules
3.2.2 Time is expressed in minutes and decimal fractions
perkilogram.Thegrossheatofcombustionatconstantvolume
thereof. It can be measured in minutes or seconds, or both.
of a liquid or solid fuel containing only the elements carbon,
3.2.3 Masses are measured in grams. No buoyancy correc-
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur is the quantity of heat
tions are applied
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D4809 − 09a D4809 − 13
Standard Test Method for
Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb
1
Calorimeter (Precision Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4809; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Corrected footnote reference in 11.4 editorially in November 2012.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It is designed specifically for use
with aviation turbine fuels when the permissible difference between duplicate determinations is of the order of 0.2 %. It can be
used for a wide range of volatile and nonvolatile materials where slightly greater differences in precision can be tolerated.
1.2 In order to attain this precision, strict adherence to all details of the procedure is essential since the error contributed by each
individual measurement that affects the precision shall be kept below 0.04 %, insofar as possible.
1.3 Under normal conditions, the test method is directly applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2 fuel oil,
Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.
1.4 Through the improvement of the calorimeter controls and temperature measurements, the precision is improved over that
of Test Method D240.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the
user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7, 10.6, A1.7.1 and Annex A3.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
D240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
D1018 Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum Fractions
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry
D3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Spectrometry
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,
and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
D7171 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Middle Distillate Petroleum Products by Low-Resolution Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance Spectroscopy
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.05 on
Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009May 1, 2013. Published November 2009May 2013. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as
ε1
D4809D4809 – 09a –09. DOI: 10.1520/D4809-09a.10.1520/D4809-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4809 − 13
E144 Practice for Safe Use of Oxygen Combustion Bombs
E200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storage of Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical Analysis
2
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
D4809 − 13
3. Terminology
3.1 Defi
...
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