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ASTM E10-12

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials

Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The Brinell hardness test is an indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information may correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, or other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and may be useful in quality control and selection of materials.
Brinell hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used extensively in industry for this purpose.
Brinell hardness testing at a specific location on a part may not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Brinell hardness of metallic materials by the Brinell indentation hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for a Brinell testing machine and the procedures for performing Brinell hardness tests.
1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in four annexes: Verification of Brinell Hardness Testing MachinesAnnex A1 Brinell Hardness Standardizing MachinesAnnex A2 Standardization of Brinell Hardness IndentersAnnex A3 Standardization of Brinell Hardness Test BlocksAnnex A4
1.3 This standard includes nonmandatory information in an appendix which relates to the Brinell hardness test: Table of Brinell Hardness NumbersAppendix X1 Examples of Procedures for Determining
Brinell Hardness UncertaintyAppendix X2
1.4 At the time the Brinell hardness test was developed, the force levels were specified in units of kilograms-force (kgf). Although this standard specifies the unit of force in the International System of Units (SI) as the Newton (N), because of the historical precedent and continued common usage of kgf units, force values in kgf units are provided for information and much of the discussion in this standard refers to forces in kgf units.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2011
ICS
77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
Technical Committee
E28 - Mechanical Testing
Drafting Committee
E28.06 - Indentation Hardness Testing
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E10-10 - Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
01-Jan-2012
Replaced By
ASTM E10-14 - Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
01-May-2014
Referred By
ASTM B299/B299M-18 - Standard Specification for Titanium Sponge
Effective Date
01-Jan-2012
Referred By
ASTM F138-19 - Standard Specification for Wrought 18Chromium-14Nickel-2.5Molybdenum Stainless Steel Bar and Wire for Surgical Implants (UNS S31673)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2012
Referred By
ASTM A909/A909M-06(2021) - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Industrial Use
Effective Date
01-Jan-2012
Referred By
ASTM B749-20 - Standard Specification for Lead and Lead Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate Products
Effective Date
01-Jan-2012
Referred By
ASTM B148-18 - Standard Specification for Aluminum-Bronze Sand Castings
Effective Date
01-Jan-2012
Referred By
ASTM F2581-12(2017) - Standard Specification for Wrought Nitrogen Strengthened 11Manganese-17Chromium-3Molybdenum Low-Nickel Stainless Steel Alloy Bar and Wire for Surgical Implants (UNS S29225)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2012
Referred By
ASTM F3607-22 - Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing – Finished Part Properties – Maraging Steel via Powder Bed Fusion
Effective Date
01-Jan-2012
Referred By
ASTM A370-23 - Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
Effective Date
01-Jan-2012
Referred By
ASTM B648-23 - Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Aluminum Alloys by Means of a Barcol Impressor
Effective Date
01-Jan-2012
Referred By
ASTM A1100-16(2022) - Standard Guide for Qualification and Control of Induction Heat Treating
Effective Date
01-Jan-2012
Referred By
ASTM F561-19 - Standard Practice for Retrieval and Analysis of Medical Devices, and Associated Tissues and Fluids
Effective Date
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ASTM F3055-14a(2021) - Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Nickel Alloy (UNS N07718) with Powder Bed Fusion
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ASTM B906-22 - Standard Specification for General Requirements for Flat-Rolled Nickel and Nickel Alloys Plate, Sheet, and Strip
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E10 − 12 AmericanAssociation State Highway
and Transportation Officials Standard
AASHTO No.: T70–86
Standard Test Method for
1
Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE10;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Brinell 2.1 ASTM Standards:
hardness of metallic materials by the Brinell indentation E29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
hardnessprinciple.Thisstandardprovidestherequirementsfor Determine Conformance with Specifications
a Brinell testing machine and the procedures for performing E74Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments
Brinell hardness tests. for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines
E140Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in four
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
annexes:
Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero-
Verification of Brinell Hardness Testing Machines Annex A1
scope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness
Brinell Hardness Standardizing Machines Annex A2
Standardization of Brinell Hardness Indenters Annex A3 E384Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness of
Standardization of Brinell Hardness Test Blocks Annex A4
Materials
1.3 This standard includes nonmandatory information in an
2.2 American Bearings Manufacturer Association Stan-
appendix which relates to the Brinell hardness test: dard:
3
ABMA 10-1989Metal Balls
Table of Brinell Hardness Numbers Appendix X1
Examples of Procedures for Determining Appendix X2
2.3 ISO Standards:
Brinell Hardness Uncertainty
ISO/IEC 17011Conformity Assessment—General Require-
1.4 At the time the Brinell hardness test was developed, the
ments for Accreditation Bodies Accrediting Conformity
4
force levels were specified in units of kilograms-force (kgf).
Assessment Bodies
Although this standard specifies the unit of force in the
ISO/IEC 17025General Requirements for the Competence
4
International System of Units (SI) as the Newton (N), because
of Calibration and Testing
ofthehistoricalprecedentandcontinuedcommonusageofkgf
3. Terminology and Equations
units,forcevaluesinkgfunitsareprovidedforinformationand
much of the discussion in this standard refers to forces in kgf
3.1 Definitions:
units.
3.1.1 calibration—determination of the values of the sig-
nificant parameters by comparison with values indicated by a
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
reference instrument or by a set of reference standards.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.2 verification—checking or testing to assure confor-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
mance with the specification.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 on the ASTM website.
3
Indentation Hardness Testing. Available from American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA), 2025
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2012. Published March 2012. Originally M Street, NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036.
4
approved in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E10–10. DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/E0010-12. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E10−12
3.1.3 standardization—to bring in conformance with a 3.2 Equations:
known standard through verification or calibration. 3.2.1 The Brinell hardness number is calculated as:
3.1.4 Brinell hardness test—an indentation hardness test
2F
kgf
HBW 5 (1)
using a verified machine to force an indenter (tungsten carbide
2 2
πD~D 2 =D 2 d !
ball with diameter D), under specified conditions, into the
where:
surfaceofthematerialundertest.Thediameteroftheresulting
indentation d is measured after removal of the force. F = test force in kgf,
kgf
D = diameter of the indenter ball in mm, and
3.1.5 Brinell hardness number—
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
American Association State Highway
Designation:E10–10 Designation: E10 – 12 and Transportation Officials Standard
AASHTO No.: T70–86
Standard Test Method for
1
Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE10;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Brinell hardness of metallic materials by the Brinell indentation hardness
principle.ThisstandardprovidestherequirementsforaBrinelltestingmachineandtheproceduresforperformingBrinellhardness
tests.
1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in four annexes:
Verification of Brinell Hardness Testing Machines Annex A1
Brinell Hardness Standardizing Machines Annex A2
Standardization of Brinell Hardness Indenters Annex A3
Standardization of Brinell Hardness Test Blocks Annex A4
1.3 This standard includes nonmandatory information in an appendix which relates to the Brinell hardness test:
Table of Brinell Hardness Numbers Appendix X1
Examples of Procedures for Determining Appendix X2
Brinell Hardness Uncertainty
1.4 At the time the Brinell hardness test was developed, the force levels were specified in units of kilograms-force (kgf).
Although this standard specifies the unit of force in the International System of Units (SI) as the Newton (N), because of the
historical precedent and continued common usage of kgf units, force values in kgf units are provided for information and much
of the discussion in this standard refers to forces in kgf units.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
E74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines
E140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness,
Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, and Scleroscope Hardness
E384 Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness of Materials
2.2 American Bearings Manufacturer Association Standard:
3
ABMA 10-1989 Metal Balls
2.3 ISO Standards:
ISO/IEC 17011 ConformityAssessment—General Requirements forAccreditation BodiesAccrediting ConformityAssessment
4
Bodies
4
ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Calibration and Testing
3. Terminology and Equations
3.1 Definitions:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 on Indentation
Hardness Testing.
Current edition approved JuneJan. 1, 2010.2012. Published June 2010.March 2012. Originally approved in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 20082010 as
E10–08.E10 – 10. DOI: 10.1520/E0010-102.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA), 2025 M Street, NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E10–12
3.1.1 calibration—determination of the values of the significant parameters by comparison with values indicated by a reference
instrument or by a set of reference standards.
3.1.2 verification—checking or testing to assure conformance with the specification.
3.1.3 standardization—to bring in conformance with a known standard through verification or calibration.
3.1.4 Brinell hardness test—an indentation hardness test using a verified machine to force an indenter (tungsten carbide ball
with diameter D), under specified conditions, in
...

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ASTM E92-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Vickers Hardness and Knoop Hardness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Vickers and Knoop hardness tests have been found to be very useful for materials evaluation, quality control of manufacturing processes and research and development efforts. Hardness, although empirical in nature, can be correlated to tensile strength for many metals, and is an indicator of wear resistance and ductility.  
4.2 Microindentation hardness tests extend testing to materials that are too thin or too small for macroindentation hardness tests. Microindentation hardness tests also allow specific phases or constituents and regions or gradients too small for macroindentation hardness testing to be evaluated. Recommendations for microindentation testing can be found in Test Method E384.  
4.3 Because the Vickers and Knoop hardness will reveal hardness variations that may exist within a material, a single test value may not be representative of the bulk hardness.  
4.4 The Vickers indenter usually produces essentially the same hardness number at all test forces when testing homogeneous material, except for tests using very low forces (below 25 gf) or for indentations with diagonals smaller than about 25 µm (see Test Method E384). For isotropic materials, the two diagonals of a Vickers indentation are equal in length.  
4.5 The Knoop indenter usually produces similar hardness numbers over a wide range of test forces, but the numbers tend to rise as the test force is decreased. This rise in hardness number with lower test forces is often more significant when testing higher hardness materials, and is increasingly more significant when using test forces below 50 gf (see Test Method E384).  
4.6 The elongated four-sided rhombohedral shape of the Knoop indenter, where the length of the long diagonal is 7.114 times greater than the short diagonal, produces narrower and shallower indentations than the square-based pyramid Vickers indenter under identical test conditions. Hence, the Knoop hardness test is very useful for evaluating hardness gradients since Knoo...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Vickers hardness and Knoop hardness of metallic materials by the Vickers and Knoop indentation hardness principles. This standard provides the requirements for Vickers and Knoop hardness machines and the procedures for performing Vickers and Knoop hardness tests.  
1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in annexes:    
Verification of Vickers and Knoop Hardness Testing Machines  
Annex A1  
Vickers and Knoop Hardness Standardizing Machines  
Annex A2  
Standardization of Vickers and Knoop Indenters  
Annex A3  
Standardization of Vickers and Knoop Hardness Test Blocks  
Annex A4  
Correction Factors for Vickers Hardness Tests Made on Spherical and Cylindrical Surfaces  
Annex A5  
1.3 This standard includes nonmandatory information in an appendix which relates to the Vickers and Knoop hardness tests:    
Examples of Procedures for Determining Vickers and Knoop Hardness Uncertainty  
Appendix X1  
1.4 This test method covers Vickers hardness tests made utilizing test forces ranging from 9.807 × 10-3 N to 1176.80 N (1 gf to 120 kgf), and Knoop hardness tests made utilizing test forces from 9.807 × 10-3 N to 19.613 N (1 gf to 2 kgf).  
1.5 Additional information on the procedures and guidance when testing in the microindentation force range (forces ≤ 1 kgf) may be found in Test Method E384, Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials.  
1.6 Units—When the Vickers and Knoop hardness tests were developed, the force levels were specified in units of grams-force (gf) and kilograms-force (kgf). This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in mm or µm. However, because of the historical precedent and continued common usage, force values in gf and kgf units are provided for information and much of the discussion in this standard as well as the...

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ASTM E10-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Brinell hardness test is an indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information may correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, or other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and may be useful in quality control and selection of materials.  
4.2 Brinell hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used extensively in industry for this purpose.  
4.3 Brinell hardness testing at a specific location on a part may not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Brinell hardness of metallic materials by the Brinell indentation hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for a Brinell testing machine and the procedures for performing Brinell hardness tests.  
1.2 This test method includes requirements for the use of portable Brinell hardness testing machines that measure Brinell hardness by the Brinell hardness test principle and can meet the requirements of this test method, including the direct and indirect verifications of the testing machine. Portable Brinell hardness testing machines that cannot meet the direct verification requirements and can only be verified by indirect verification requirements are covered in Test Method E110.  
1.3 This standard includes additional requirements in the following annexes:    
Verification of Brinell Hardness Testing Machines  
Annex A1  
Brinell Hardness Standardizing Machines  
Annex A2  
Standardization of Brinell Hardness Indenters  
Annex A3  
Standardization of Brinell Hardness Test Blocks  
Annex A4  
1.4 This standard includes nonmandatory information in the following appendixes that relates to the Brinell hardness test:    
Table of Brinell Hardness Numbers  
Appendix X1  
Examples of Procedures for Determining
Brinell Hardness Uncertainty  
Appendix X2  
1.5 At the time the Brinell hardness test was developed, the force levels were specified in units of kilograms-force (kgf). Although this standard specifies the unit of force in the International System of Units (SI) as the Newton (N), because of the historical precedent and continued common usage of kgf units, force values in kgf units are provided for information and much of the discussion in this standard refers to forces in kgf units.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E23-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), designation of test specimen orientation (see Terminology E1823), and determining the shear fracture appearance (see Annex A4). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), and methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).  
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below –196 °C (77 K).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Section 9 and Annex A4 provide inch-pound units for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.  
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ASTM E110-14(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Rockwell and Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials by Portable Hardness Testers

ABSTRACT
This test method establishes the standard procedures, including the calibration, precision and bias of the apparatus used, for the determination of indentation hardness of metallic materials by means of portable hardness testers.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Portable hardness testers are used for testing materials that because of their size, location or other requirements such as test point are unable to be tested using traditional fixed instruments.  
3.2 Portable hardness testers, by their nature, induce variation that could influence the test results; therefore, hardness measurements made in accordance with this test method are not considered to meet the requirements of E10 or E18. The user should compare the results of the precision and bias studies in E110, E10 and E18 to understand the differences in results expected between portable and fixed instruments.  
3.3 Two test parameters that can significantly influence the measurement accuracy when using portable hardness testers are the alignment of the indenter to the test surface and the timing of the test forces. The user is cautioned to do everything possible to keep the centerline of the indenter perpendicular to the test surface and to apply the test forces using the same time cycle as defined in Test Method E10 or Test Methods E18.  
3.4 Portable hardness testers are delicate instruments that are subject to damage when they are moved from one test site to another. Therefore, repeating the daily verification process during the testing sequence is recommended to insure that they are working properly.  
3.5 Hardness testing at a specific location on a part may not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method defines the requirements for portable instruments that are intended to be used to measure the Rockwell or Brinell hardness of metallic materials by performing indentation tests on the surface of materials in the field or outside of a test lab, or in cases where the size or weight of the test piece prevents it from being tested on a standard E10 or E18 hardness tester.  
1.2 The principles used to measure the Rockwell or Brinell hardness are the same as those defined in the E18 standard test method for Rockwell or E10 standard test method for Brinell.  
Note 1: Standard test methods E10 and E18 will be referred to in this test method as the standard methods.  
1.3 The portable hardness testers covered by this test method are verified only by the indirect verification method. Although the portable hardness testers are designed to employ the same test conditions as those defined in the standard test methods, the forces applied by the portable Rockwell and Brinell testers and the depth measuring systems of the portable Rockwell testers may not meet the tolerance requirements of the standard methods. Portable hardness testers shall use indenters that meet the requirements of the standard test methods.  
1.4 This test method does not apply to portable hardness testers that measure hardness by a means or procedure that is different than those defined in E10 or E18 For example, this test method does not apply to the methods defined in ASTM standard Practice A833, Test Methods A956 and A1038 or B647.  
1.5 A report section is included to define how to indicate that the test result was obtained by using a portable device that conforms to this document.  
1.6 Annex A1 is included that defines the periodic indirect verification and daily verification requirements for these instruments.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on...

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ASTM E290-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Bend Testing of Material for Ductility

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Bend tests for ductility provide a simple way to evaluate the quality of materials by their ability to resist cracking or other surface irregularities during one continuous bend. No reversal of the bend force shall be employed when conducting these tests.  
5.2 The type of bend test used determines the location of the forces and constraints on the bent portion of the specimen, ranging from no direct contact to continuous contact.  
5.3 The test can terminate at a given angle of bend over a specified radius of bend or continue until the specimen legs are in contact. The angle of bend can be measured while the specimen is under the bending force (usually when the semi-guided bend test is employed), or after removal of the force as when performing a free-bend test. Product requirements for the material being tested determine the method used.  
5.4 Materials with an as-fabricated cross section of rectangular, round, hexagonal, or similar defined shape can be tested in full section to evaluate their bend properties by using the procedures outlined in these test methods, in which case relative width and thickness requirements do not apply.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover bend testing for ductility of materials. Included in the procedures are four conditions of constraint on the bent portion of the specimen; a guided-bend test using a mandrel or plunger of defined dimensions to force the mid-length of the specimen between two supports separated by a defined space; a semi-guided bend test in which the specimen is bent, while in contact with a mandrel, through a specified angle of bend or to a specified inside radius of bend (r) measured while under the bending force; a free-bend test in which the ends of the specimen are brought toward each other, but in which no transverse force is applied to the bend itself and there is no contact of the concave inside surface of the bend with other material; a bend-and-flatten test, in which a transverse force is applied to the bend such that the legs make contact with each other over the length of the specimen.  
1.2 After bending, the convex surface of the bend is examined for evidence of a crack or surface irregularities. If the specimen fractures, the material has failed the test. When complete fracture does not occur, the criterion for failure is the number and size of cracks or surface irregularities visible to the unaided eye occurring on the convex surface of the specimen after bending, as specified by the product specification. Any cracks within one thickness of the edge of the specimen are not considered a bend test failure. Cracks occurring in the corners of the bent portion shall not be considered significant unless they exceed the size specified for corner cracks in the product specification.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound values given in parentheses were used in establishing test parameters and are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E8/E8M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tension tests provide information on the strength and ductility of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. This information may be useful in comparisons of materials, alloy development, quality control, and design under certain circumstances.  
4.2 The results of tension tests of specimens machined to standardized dimensions from selected portions of a part or material may not totally represent the strength and ductility properties of the entire end product or its in-service behavior in different environments.  
4.3 These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. The test methods have been used extensively in the trade for this purpose.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the tension testing of metallic materials in any form at room temperature, specifically, the methods of determination of yield strength, yield point elongation, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area.  
1.2 The gauge lengths for most round specimens are required to be 4D for E8 and 5D for E8M. The gauge length is the most significant difference between E8 and E8M test specimens. Test specimens made from powder metallurgy (P/M) materials are exempt from this requirement by industry-wide agreement to keep the pressing of the material to a specific projected area and density.  
1.3 Exceptions to the provisions of these test methods may need to be made in individual specifications or test methods for a particular material. For examples, see Test Methods and Definitions A370 and Test Methods B557, and B557M.  
1.4 Room temperature shall be considered to be 10 °C to 38 °C [50 °F to 100°F] unless otherwise specified.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as separate from inch/pound units. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E18-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Rockwell hardness test is an empirical indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information may correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, and other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and may be useful in quality control and selection of materials.  
4.2 Rockwell hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used extensively in industry for this purpose.  
4.3 Rockwell hardness testing at a specific location on a part may not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product.  
4.4 Adherence to this standard test method provides traceability to national Rockwell hardness standards except as stated otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Rockwell hardness and the Rockwell superficial hardness of metallic materials by the Rockwell indentation hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Rockwell hardness machines and the procedures for performing Rockwell hardness tests.  
1.2 This test method includes requirements for the use of portable Rockwell hardness testing machines that measure Rockwell hardness by the Rockwell hardness test principle and can meet all the requirements of this test method, including the direct and indirect verifications of the testing machine. Portable Rockwell hardness testing machines that cannot meet the direct verification requirements and can only be verified by indirect verification requirements are covered in Test Method E110.  
1.3 This standard includes additional requirements in the following annexes:    
Verification of Rockwell Hardness Testing Machines  
Annex A1  
Rockwell Hardness Standardizing Machines  
Annex A2  
Standardization of Rockwell Indenters  
Annex A3  
Standardization of Rockwell Hardness Test Blocks  
Annex A4  
Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a
Test Piece  
Annex A5  
Hardness Value Corrections When Testing on Convex
Cylindrical Surfaces  
Annex A6  
1.4 This standard includes nonmandatory information in the following appendixes that relates to the Rockwell hardness test.    
List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Values Corresponding
to Tensile Strength  
Appendix X1  
Examples of Procedures for Determining Rockwell
Hardness Uncertainty  
Appendix X2  
1.5 Units—At the time the Rockwell hardness test was developed, the force levels were specified in units of kilograms-force (kgf) and the indenter ball diameters were specified in units of inches (in.). This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in millimeters (mm). However, because of the historical precedent and continued common usage, force values in kgf units and ball diameters in inch units are provided for information and much of the discussion in this standard refers to these units.  
1.6 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for both the Rockwell and Rockwell superficial hardness tests. The significant differences between the two tests are that the test forces are smaller for the Rockwell superficial test than for the Rockwell test. The same type and size indenters may be used for either test, depending on the scale being employed. Accordingly, throughout this standard, the term Rockwell will imply both Rockwell and Rockwell superficial unless stated otherwise.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized p...

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ASTM
ASTM E3246-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Differential Indentation Depth Hardness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Differential Indentation Depth hardness test is an empirical indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information can correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, and other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and can be useful in quality control and selection of materials.  
4.2 Differential Indentation Depth hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used in industry for this purpose.  
4.3 Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing at a specific location on a part might not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product. Machines that comply with this Standard are used when machines that comply with the regular hardness standards such as Test Methods E10, E18, E92, and E384 cannot be used. Test results obtained with these machines are comparable BUT NOT EQUIVALENT to those obtained with machines that comply with the above mentioned standards.  
4.4 Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing machines covered by this standard do not comply with Test Methods E10, E18, E92, or E110.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Differential Indentation Depth hardness of metallic materials by the Differential Indentation Depth hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing machines and the procedures for performing Differential Indentation Depth hardness tests.  
1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in annexes:    
Verification of Differential Indentation Depth Hardness Testing Machines  
Annex A1  
Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a Test Piece  
Annex A2  
1.3 This standard includes non-mandatory information in appendixes which relates to the Differential Indentation Depth hardness test.    
List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Numbers Corresponding to Tensile Strength  
Appendix X1  
Examples of Procedures for Determining Differential Indentation Depth Hardness Uncertainty  
Appendix X2  
Examples of Indenters Used in Differential Indentation Depth Machines  
Appendix X3  
1.4 Units—This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in micrometers (µm). However, because of continued common usage, values are provided in other units of measure for information.  
1.5 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for all the Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing instruments. The testing instruments may use different test forces and indenter shapes. The type and size of the indenters are matched to the design of the instrument by the manufacturer. Accordingly, the indenters, probes and other instrument components are generally not interchangeable among manufacturers.  
1.6 The hardness number reported by these instruments are based on direct correlations to existing hardness scales as determined by each manufacturer for each instrument and hardness scale. Unless otherwise noted on the instrument or in the operating manual for the instrument, the hardness numbers reported by the instrument are only applicable to non-austenitic steels. See 5.6.1 for additional information.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organizati...

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ASTM
ASTM E436-03(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Drop-Weight Tear Tests of Ferritic Steels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to determine the appearance of propagating fractures in plain carbon or low-alloy pipe steels (yield strengths less than 825 MPa) over the temperature range where the fracture mode changes from brittle (cleavage or flat) to ductile (shear or oblique).  
4.2 This test method can serve the following purposes:  
4.2.1 For research and development, to study the effect of metallurgical variables such as composition or heat treatment, or of fabricating operations such as welding or forming on the mode of fracture propagation.  
4.2.2 For evaluation of materials for service to indicate the suitability of a material for specific applications by indicating fracture propagation behavior at the service temperature(s).  
4.2.3 For information or specification purposes, to provide a manufacturing quality control only when suitable correlations have been established with service behavior.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers drop-weight tear tests (DWTT) on ferritic steels with thicknesses between 3.18 mm and 19.1 mm.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E143-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Shear Modulus at Room Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Shear modulus is a material property useful in calculating compliance of structural materials in torsion provided they follow Hooke's law, that is, the angle of twist is proportional to the applied torque. Examples of the use of shear modulus are in the design of rotating shafts and helical compression springs.  
5.2 The procedural steps and precision of the apparatus and the test specimens should be appropriate to the shape and the material type, since the method applies to a wide variety of materials and sizes.  
5.3 Precise determination of shear modulus depends on the numerous variables that may affect such determinations.  
5.3.1 These factors include characteristics of the specimen such as residual stress, concentricity, wall thickness in the case of tubes, deviation from nominal value, previous strain history, and specimen dimension.  
5.3.2 Testing conditions that influence the results include axial position of the specimen, temperature and temperature variations, and maintenance of the apparatus.  
5.3.3 Interpretation of data also influences results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of shear modulus of structural materials. This test method is limited to materials in which, and to stresses at which, creep is negligible compared to the strain produced immediately upon loading. Elastic properties such as shear modulus, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio are not determined routinely and are generally not specified in materials specifications.  
1.2 For materials that follow nonlinear elastic stress-strain behavior, the value of tangent or chord shear modulus is useful for estimating the change in torsional strain to corresponding stress for a specified stress or stress-range, respectively. Such determinations are, however, outside the scope of this standard. (See for example Ref (1).)2  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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