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ASTM B735-05

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Nitric Acid Vapor

Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Nitric Acid Vapor

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers equipment and procedures for using nitric acid vapor for determining porosity in gold coatings, greater than 0.6 m (25 in.) in thickness, particularly electrodeposits and clad metals used on electrical contacts.
1.2 This test method is designed to show whether the porosity level is less or greater than some value that, by experience, is considered by the user to be acceptable for the intended application.
1.3 A variety of other porosity testing methods are described in Guide B 765 and in the literature., Other porosity test methods are Test Methods B 741, B 798, B 799, and B 809.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautions are given in Section and .

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2005
ICS
25.220.40 - Metallic coatings
Technical Committee
B02 - Nonferrous Metals and Alloys
Drafting Committee
B02.11 - Electrical Contact Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM B735-95(2000) - Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Nitric Acid Vapor
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Replaced By
ASTM B735-06 - Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Nitric Acid Vapor
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM B488-18 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Gold for Engineering Uses
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Referred By
ASTM B798-95(2020) - Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold or Palladium Coatings on Metal Substrates by Gel-Bulk Electrography
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Referred By
ASTM B866-95(2018) - Standard Test Method for Gross Defects and Mechanical Damage in Metallic Coatings by Polysulfide Immersion
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Referred By
ASTM B809-95(2018) - Standard Test Method for Porosity in Metallic Coatings by Humid Sulfur Vapor (“Flowers-of-Sulfur”)
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Referred By
ASTM B765-03(2018) - Standard Guide for Selection of Porosity and Gross Defect Tests for Electrodeposits and Related Metallic Coatings
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Referred By
ASTM B920-16(2022) - Standard Practice for Porosity in Gold and Palladium Alloy Coatings on Metal Substrates by Vapors of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Referred By
ASTM B877-96(2018) - Standard Test Method for Gross Defects and Mechanical Damage in Metallic Coatings by the Phosphomolybdic Acid (PMA) Method
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Referred By
ASTM B799-95(2020) - Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold and Palladium Coatings by Sulfurous Acid/Sulfur-Dioxide Vapor
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005

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ASTM B735-05 - Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Nitric Acid VaporASTM B735-05 - Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Nitric Acid Vapor
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ASTM B735-05 - Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Nitric Acid Vapor
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:B735–05
Standard Test Method for
Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Nitric
1
Acid Vapor
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 735; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope B 741 Test Method for Porosity In Gold Coatings on Metal
5
Substrates By Paper Electrography
1.1 This test method covers equipment and procedures for
B 765 Guide for Selection of Porosity and Gross Defects
using nitric acid vapor for determining porosity in gold
Tests for Electrodeposits and Related Metallic Coatings
coatings,greaterthan0.6µm(25µin.)inthickness,particularly
B 798 Test Method for Porosity in Gold or Palladium
electrodeposits and clad metals used on electrical contacts.
Coatings on Metal Substrates by Gel-Bulk Electrography
1.2 This test method is designed to show whether the
B 799 Test Method for Porosity in Gold and Palladium
porosity level is less or greater than some value that, by
Coatings by Sulfurous Acid/Sulfur-Dioxide Vapor
experience, is considered by the user to be acceptable for the
B 809 Test Method for Porosity in Metallic Coatings by
intended application.
Humid Sulfur Vapor (“Flowers-of-Sulfur”)
1.3 Avarietyofotherporositytestingmethodsaredescribed
,
2 3
in Guide B 765 and in the literature. Other porosity test
3. Terminology
methods are Test Methods B 741, B 798, B 799, and B 809.
3.1 Definitions: Many terms used in this test method are
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
defined in Terminology B 542 and terms relating to metallic
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
coatings are defined in Terminology B 374.
only.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.1 corrosion products, n—those reaction products ema-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
nating from the pores that protrude from, or are otherwise
responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar
attached to, the coating surface after a vapor test exposure.
with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate
3.2.2 measurement area (or “significant surface”), n—the
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for this product/material
surface that is examined for the presence of porosity. The
as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate
significant surfaces or measurement areas of the part to be
safety and health practices, and determine the applicability of
tested shall be indicated on the drawing of the part or by
regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautions are
provision of suitably marked samples.
given in Section 8 and 9.4.
3.2.3 Discussion—For specification purposes, the signifi-
2. Referenced Documents cant surfaces or measurement areas are often defined as those
4
portions of the surface that are essential to the serviceability or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
functionofthepart,suchasitscontactproperties,orwhichcan
B 374 Terminology Relating to Electroplating
be the source of corrosion products or tarnish films that
B 542 Terminology Relating to Electrical Contacts and
interfere with the function of the part.
Their Use
3.2.4 metallic coatings, n—include platings, claddings, or
other metallic layers applied to the substrate. The coating can
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B02 on
comprise a single metallic layer or a combination of metallic
Nonferrous Metals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
layers.
B02.11 on Electrical Contact Test Methods.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originally
3.2.5 porosity, n—the presence of any discontinuity, crack,
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as B 735 – 95 (2000).
or hole in the coating that exposes a different underlying metal.
2
For example see: Nobel, F. J., Ostrow, B. D., and Thompson, D. W., “Porosity
3.2.6 underplate, n—a metallic coating layer between the
Testing of Gold Deposits,” Plating, Vol 52, 1965, p. 1001.
3
substrate and the topmost layer or layers. The thickness of an
S. J. Krumbein, Porosity Testing of Contact Platings, Proceedings, Connectors
and Interconnection Technology Symposium, Oct. 1987, p. 47.
underplate is usually greater than 0.8 µm (30 µin.).
4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
5
the ASTM website. Withdrawn.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
...

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ASTM B735-16(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold Coatings on Metal Substrates by Nitric Acid Vapor

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Gold coatings are often specified for the contacts of separable electrical connectors and other devices. Electrodeposits are the form of gold that is most used on contacts, although it is also employed as clad metal and as weldments on the contact surface. The intrinsic nobility of gold enables it to resist the formation of insulating oxide films that could interfere with reliable contact operation.  
5.2 In order that the nobility of gold be assured, porosity, cracks, and other defects in the coating that expose base-metal substrates and underplates must be minimal or absent, except in those cases where it is feasible to use the contacts in structures that shield the surface from the environment or where corrosion inhibiting surface treatments for the deposit are employed. The level of porosity in the coating that may be tolerable depends on the severity of the environment to the underplate or substrate, design factors for the contact device like the force with which it is mated, circuit parameters, and the reliability of contact operation that it is necessary to maintain. Also, when present, the location of pores on the surface is important. If the pores are few in number and are outside of the zone of contact of the mating surfaces, their presence can often be tolerated.  
5.3 Methods for determining pores on a contact surface are most suitable if they enable their precise location and numbers to be determined. Contact surfaces are often curved or irregular in shape, and testing methods should be suitable for them. In addition, the severity of porosity-determining tests may vary. This test method is regarded as severe.  
5.4 The relationship of porosity levels revealed by particular tests to contact behavior must be made by the user of these tests through practical experience or by judgement. Thus, absence of porosity in the coating may be a requirement for some applications, while a few pores on the critical surfaces may be acceptable for another. Such ac...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers equipment and procedures for using nitric acid vapor for determining porosity in gold coatings, greater than 0.6 μm (25 μin.) in thickness, particularly electrodeposits and clad metals used on electrical contacts.  
1.2 This test method is designed to show whether the porosity level is less or greater than some value that, by experience, is considered by the user to be acceptable for the intended application.  
1.3 A variety of other porosity testing methods are described in Guide B765 and in the literature.2,3 Other porosity test methods are Test Methods B741, B798, B799, and B809.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautions are given in Section 8 and 9.4.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM B920-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Porosity in Gold and Palladium Alloy Coatings on Metal Substrates by Vapors of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Palladium and gold coatings are often specified for the contacts of separable electrical connectors and other devices. Electrodeposits are the form of gold that is most used on contacts, although it is also employed as inlay or clad metal and as weldments on the contact surface. The intrinsic nobility of gold and palladium alloys enables it to resist the formation of insulating oxide films that could interfere with reliable contact operation.  
5.2 In order for these coatings to function as intended, porosity, cracks, and other defects in the coating that expose base-metal substrates and underplates must be minimal or absent, except in those cases where it is feasible to use the contacts in structures that shield the surface from the environment or where corrosion inhibiting surface treatments for the deposit are employed. The level of porosity in the coating that may be tolerable depends on the severity of the environment to the underplate or substrate, design factors for the contact device like the force with which it is mated, circuit parameters, and the reliability of contact operation that it is necessary to maintain. Also, when present, the location of pores on the surface is important. If the pores are few in number and are outside of the zone of contact of the mating surfaces, their presence can often be tolerated.  
5.3 Methods for determining pores on a contact surface are most suitable if they enable their precise location and numbers to be determined. Contact surfaces are often curved or irregular in shape, and testing methods should be suitable for them. In addition, the severity of porosity-determining tests may vary from procedures capable of detecting all porosity to procedures that detect only highly porous conditions.  
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1.1 This test practice covers equipment and methods for revealing the porosity of gold and palladium coatings, particularly electrodeposits and clad metals used on electrical contacts.  
1.2 This test practice is suitable for coatings containing gold or 75 % by mass of palladium on substrates of copper, nickel, and their alloys, which are commonly used in electrical contacts.  
1.3 A variety of full porosity testing methods is described in the literature.2,3 These porosity Test Methods are B735, B741, B798, B799, and B809. An ASTM Guide to the selection of porosity tests for electrodeposits and related metallic coatings is available as Guide B765.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Porosity in Gold or Palladium Coatings on Metal Substrates by Gel-Bulk Electrography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Noble metal coatings, particularly gold or palladium, are often specified for the contacts of separable electrical connectors and other devices. Electrodeposits are the form of gold or palladium which is most used on contacts, although gold and palladium are also employed as clad metal and as weldments on the contact surface. The intrinsic nobility of gold and to a certain extent palladium enables them to resist the formation of insulating films that could interfere with reliable contact operation.  
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1.1 This test method covers equipment and techniques for determining porosity in noble metal coatings, particularly electrodeposits and clad metals used on electrical contacts.  
1.2 The test method is designed to show whether the porosity level is less or greater than some value which by experience is considered by the user to be acceptable for the intended application.  
1.3 Other porosity testing methods are outlined in Guide B765. Detailed critical reviews of porosity testing are also available.2 Other porosity test methods are B735, B741, B799, and B809.  
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1.1 This test method covers equipment and methods for determining the porosity of gold and palladium coatings, particularly electrodeposits and clad metals used on electrical contacts.  
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1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited palladium-nickel (Pd-Ni) coatings for engineering applications. Composite coatings consisting of palladium-nickel and a thin gold over-plate for applications involving electrical contacts are also covered. The classification system for the coatings covered here shall be specified by the basis metal, the thickness of the underplating, the composition type and thickness class of the palladium-nickel coating, and the grade of the gold overplating. Coatings should be sampled, tested, and conform to specified requirements as to purity, appearance, thickness, composition, adhesion, ductility, and integrity (including gross defects, mechanical damage, porosity, and microcracks). Alloy composition shall be examined either by wet method, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Auger or electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA), or wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS). Coating adhesion shall be analyzed either by bend, heat, or cutting test.
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1.1 Composition—This specification covers requirements for electrodeposited palladium-nickel coatings containing between 70 and 95 mass % of palladium metal. Composite coatings consisting of palladium-nickel and a thin gold overplate for applications involving electrical contacts are also covered.  
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Note 1: Electroplated deposits generally have a lower density than their wrought metal counterparts.
Approximate Hardness (HK25)  
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Palladium  
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Platinum  
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Palladium-Nickel  
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Rhodium  
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Ruthenium  
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4.1 The thickness of a decorative chromium coating is often critical to its performance.  
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1.1 This guide covers the use of the spot test for the measurement of thicknesses of electrodeposited chromium coatings over nickel and stainless steel with an accuracy of about ±20 % (Section 9). It is applicable to thicknesses up to 1.2 μm.2
Note 1: Although this test can be used for coating thicknesses up to 1.2 μm, there is evidence that the results obtained by this method are high at thicknesses greater than 0.5 μm.3 In addition, for coating thicknesses above 0.5 μm, it is advisable to use a double drop of acid to prevent depletion of the test solution before completion of the test.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited copper coatings used for engineering purposes including surface hardening, heat treatment stop-off, as an underplate for other engineering coatings, for electromagnetic interference shielding in electronic circuitry, and in certain joining operations. This specification does not cover electrodeposited copper used as a decorative finish, as an undercoat for other decorative finishes, or for electroforming. Coatings shall be classified according to thickness. Metal parts shall undergo pre- and post-coating treatment for reducing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement, and peening. Coatings shall be sampled, tested, and shall conform to specified requirements as to appearance, thickness, porosity, solderability, adhesion, embrittlement relief, and packaging.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for electrodeposited coatings of copper used for engineering purposes. Examples include surface hardening, heat treatment stop-off, as an underplate for other engineering coatings, for electromagnetic interferences (EMI) shielding in electronic circuitry, and in certain joining operations.  
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1.3 This specification is not intended for electrodeposited copper when used for electroforming.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for hot-dip zinc coating applied to carbon steel and alloy steel bolts, screws, washers, nuts, and special threaded fasteners applied by the hot-dip coating process. The zinc used for the coating shall conform to the chemical composition required. The following tests shall be made to ensure that the zinc coating is being furnished in accordance with this specification: coating thickness; finish and appearance; embrittlement test; and adhesion test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for hot-dip zinc coating applied to carbon steel and alloy steel bolts, screws, washers, nuts, and special threaded fasteners. It also provides for minor coating repairs. Nails and rivets are not included in this specification.  
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SCOPE
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Standard Guide for Electroforming with Nickel and Copper

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The specialized use of the electroplating process for electroforming results in the manufacture of tools and products that are unique and often impossible to make economically by traditional methods of fabrication. Current applications of nickel electroforming include: textile printing screens; components of rocket thrust chambers, nozzles, and motor cases; molds and dies for making automotive arm-rests and instrument panels; stampers for making phonograph records, video-discs, and audio compact discs; mesh products for making porous battery electrodes, filters, and razor screens; and optical parts, bellows, and radar wave guides (1-3).3  
4.2 Copper is extensively used for electroforming thin foil for the printed circuit industry. Copper foil is formed continuously by electrodeposition onto rotating drums. Copper is often used as a backing material for electroformed nickel shells and in other applications where its high thermal and electrical conductivities are required. Other metals including gold are electroformed on a smaller scale.  
4.3 Electroforming is used whenever the difficulty and cost of producing the object by mechanical means is unusually high; unusual mechanical and physical properties are required in the finished piece; extremely close dimensional tolerances must be held on internal dimensions and on surfaces of irregular contour; very fine reproduction of detail and complex combinations of surface finish are required; and the part cannot be made by other available methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers electroforming practice and describes the processing of mandrels, the design of electroformed articles, and the use of copper and nickel electroplating solutions for electroforming.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    9 pages
    English language
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