ASTM D5035-11(2015)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
Standard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The raveled strip test in this test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of woven textile fabrics because the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. The same is true for the cut strip test for felted or nonwoven textile fabrics.
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. At a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
5.2 The method is not recommended for knitted fabrics because of their high stretch.
5.3 Some modification of the techniques may be necessary for any fabric having a strength in excess of 200 N/cm (1140 lbf/in.) width. Special precautionary measures are provided for use when necessary with strong fabrics, or fabrics made from glass fibers (see Specification D579), to prevent them from slipping in the clamps or being damaged as a result of being gripped in the clamps.
5.4 All of the procedures are applicable for testing fabrics either conditioned or wet.
5.5 Comparison of results from tensile testing machines operating on different principles is not recommended. When different types of machines are used for comparison testing, constant time-to-break at 20± 3 s is the established way of producing data. Even then the data may ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers raveled strip and cut strip test procedures for determining the breaking force and elongation of most textile fabrics. Provision is made for wet testing.
1.1.1 The raveled strip test is applicable to woven fabrics while the cut strip test is applicable to nonwoven fabrics, felted fabrics, and dipped or coated fabrics.
1.2 This test method is not recommended for knitted fabrics or for other textile fabrics which have high stretch (more than 11 %).
Note 1: For the determination of the breaking force and elongation of textile fabrics using the grab test and modified grab test procedures, refer to Test Method D5034.
Note 2: For determination of the breaking force and elongation of some specific types of fabrics which use the strip test, refer to Specifications D579 and D580.
1.3 This test method shows the values in both inch-pound units and SI units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. The values stated in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining in any way.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D5035 − 11 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5035; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers raveled strip and cut strip test
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
procedures for determining the breaking force and elongation
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
of most textile fabrics. Provision is made for wet testing.
D579 Specification for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics
1.1.1 The raveled strip test is applicable to woven fabrics
D580 Specification for Greige Woven Glass Tapes and
while the cut strip test is applicable to nonwoven fabrics, felted
Webbings
fabrics, and dipped or coated fabrics.
D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
1.2 This test method is not recommended for knitted fabrics D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
or for other textile fabrics which have high stretch (more than
11 %). Related Properties of Textiles
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
NOTE 1—For the determination of the breaking force and elongation of
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
textile fabrics using the grab test and modified grab test procedures, refer
Methods
to Test Method D5034.
D5034 TestMethodforBreakingStrengthandElongationof
NOTE 2—For determination of the breaking force and elongation of
Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
some specific types of fabrics which use the strip test, refer to Specifica-
tions D579 and D580.
3. Terminology
1.3 This test method shows the values in both inch-pound
3.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method:
units and SI units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct
breaking force, elongation, tensile test, refer to Terminology
nameforthecustomaryunitsusedintheUnitedStates.SIunits
D4848.
is the technically correct name for the system of metric units
known as the International System of Units. The values stated
3.2 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method:
in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be
constant-rate-of-extension, constant rate of load, constant rate
regarded separately as standard. The values expressed in each
of traverse, refer to Terminology D4849.
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
3.3 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method:
must be used independently of the other, without combining in
cut strip test, raveled strip test, strip test, refer to Terminology
any way.
D4850.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.4 For other textile terms used in this test method, refer to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Terminology D123.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4. Summary of Test Method
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 A test specimen is clamped in a tensile testing machine
and a force applied to the specimen until it breaks. Values for
the breaking force and elongation of the test specimen are
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
Specific.
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2015.PublishedSeptember2015.Replacesstrip For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
testing sections, Sections 17 through 20, of Test Method D1682. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D5035 – 11. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D5035-11R15. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5035 − 11 (2015)
obtained from machine scales, dials, autographic recording 5.4 All of the procedures are applicable for testing fabrics
charts, or a computer interfaced with the testing machine. either conditioned or wet.
4.2 This test method describes procedures for carrying out 5.5 Comparison of results from tensile testing machines
fabric tensile tests using four types of specimen, and three operating on different principles is not recommended. When
alternative types of testing machines. For reporting, use the different types of machines are used for comparison testing,
following system to identify specific specimen and machine constant time-to-break at 206 3 s is the established way of
combinations. producing data. Even then the data may differ significantly.
4.2.1 Type of specimen:
5.6 Although a constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing
4.2.1.1 1R—25 mm (1.0 in.) raveled strip test
machine is preferred in these methods, in cases of dispute,
4.2.1.2 2R—50 mm (2.0 in.) raveled strip test
unlessthereisagreementtothecontrarybetweenthepurchaser
4.2.1.3 1C—25 mm (1.0 in.) cut strip test
and supplier, a constant-time-to-break (20 6 3 s) is to be used.
4.2.1.4 2C—50 mm (2.0 in.) cut strip test
5.7 The raveled strip procedure is applicable to the deter-
4.2.2 Type of tensile testing machine:
mination of the force required to break a specific width of
4.2.2.1 E—constant-rate-of-extension (CRE)
fabric. The breaking force information on woven fabrics is
4.2.2.2 L—constant-rate-of-load (CRL)
particularly useful for comparison of the effective strength of
4.2.2.3 T—constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT)
the yarns in the fabric with the combined strength of an equal
4.2.3 Possible combinations can be identified as follows:
number of the same yarns which are not woven.The procedure
Type of Tester
is not recommended for fabrics having fewer than 20 yarns
Constant-Rate- Constant-Rate- Constant-Rate-
across the width of the specimen. If a 20-yarns-per-specimen
Test Specimen of-Extension of-Load of-Traverse
width cannot be obtained with a 25-mm (1-in.) strip, a 50-mm
25-mm (1-in.) raveled strip 1R-E 1R-L 1R-T
(2-in.) strip should be used. In general, the observed force for
50-mm (2-in.) raveled strip 2R-E 2R-L 2R-T
a 50-mm (2-in.) specimen is not double the observed force for
25-mm (1-in.) cut strip 1C-E 1C-L 1C-T
50-mm (2-in.) cut strip 2C-E 2C-L 2C-T
a 25-mm (1-in.) specimen and the results should be reported as
observed on a 50-mm (2-in.) strip without mathematical
4.2.3.1 For example, 1R-E refers to a 25-mm (1-in.) raveled
adjustment to 25 mm (1 in.). If a fabric cannot be raveled
strip test carried out on a constant-rate-of-extension tensile
readily, use either a cut strip or grab procedure.
testing machine.
5.8 The cut strip procedure is applicable to heavily fulled
5. Significance and Use
fabrics, woven fabrics that cannot be readily raveled, felted
fabrics and nonwoven fabrics. This procedure is not recom-
5.1 The raveled strip test in this test method is considered
mended for fabrics which can be raveled because the yarns at
satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of
the edges tend to unravel during testing. The recommendation
woven textile fabrics because the method has been used
regarding the minimum number of yarns in a woven specimen
extensivelyinthetradeforacceptancetesting.Thesameistrue
discussed in 5.7 for raveled strips applies equally to cut strips.
for the cut strip test for felted or nonwoven textile fabrics.
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
6. Apparatus, Reagents, and Materials
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, of the CRE, CRL, or CRTtype
statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assis-
conforming to Specification D76, with respect to force
tance. At a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative
indication, working range, capacity, and elongation indicator
test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same
and designed for operation at a speed of 300 6 10 mm/min (12
lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results
6 0.5 in./min); or, a variable speed drive, change gears, or
during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers
interchangeable loads as required to obtain the 20 6 3s
to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories
time-to-break (see 5.5 and 5.6).
involved should be compared using a statistical test for
6.2 Clamps and Jaw Faces—Each jaw face shall be smooth,
unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing
flat,andwithametallicorotheragreeduponsurface.Thefaces
series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and
shall be parallel and have machining centers with respect to
corrected, or future test results for that material must be
one another in the same clamp and to the corresponding jaw
adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
face of the other clamp.
5.2 The method is not recommended for knitted fabrics
6.2.1 For all strip tests or for narrow fabrics and tapes being
because of their high stretch.
tested full width, each jaw face shall measure at least 10 mm
(0.5 in.) wider than the specimen being tested and at least 25
5.3 Some modification of the techniques may be necessary
mm (1.0 in.) in the direction of the applied force.
for any fabric having a strength in excess of 200 N/cm (1140
lbf/in.) width. Special precautionary measures are provided for
6.3 Metal Clamp, auxiliary, weighing 170 g (6.0 oz) with
use when necessary with strong fabrics, or fabrics made from
100-mm (4-in.) width anvils.
glass fibers (see Specification D579), to prevent them from
6.4 Distilled Water, for wet testing.
slipping in the clamps or being damaged as a result of being
gripped in the clamps. 6.5 Nonionic Wetting Agent, for wet testing.
D5035 − 11 (2015)
6.6 Container, for wetting out specimens. 8.1.1 If the samples have a higher moisture content than the
3 moisture present when at equilibrium in the standard atmo-
6.7 Standard fabrics , for use in verification of apparatus.
sphere for testing textiles, precondition as directed in Practice
(See Annex A1.)
D1776.
6.8 Pins, stainless-steel, 10-mm ( ⁄8-in.) diameter by 125
8.1.2 Bring samples to moisture equilibrium in the standard
mm (5 in.) long, two required if used.
atmosphere for testing textiles as directed in Practice D1776.
Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when the
7. Sampling
increaseinmassofthespecimeninsuccessiveweighingsmade
at intervals of not less than 2 h does not exceed 0.1 % of the
7.1 Lot Sample—Take a lot sample as directed in the
mass of the specimen.
applicable material specification. In the absence of such a
specification randomly select the rolls or pieces that constitute
NOTE 6—It is recognized that, in practice, materials are frequently not
the lot sample using the following schedule: weighedtodeterminewhenmoistureequilibriumhasbeenreached.While
conditioningforafixedtimecannotbeacceptedincasesofdispute,itmay
Number of Rolls, Pieces in Number of Rolls or Pieces in
be sufficient in routine testing to expose the material to the standard
Lot, Inclusive Lot Sample
atmosphere for testing textiles for a reasonable period of time before the
1to3 All
specimens are tested. As a guide, the following conditioning periods are
4to24 4
suggested:
25 to 50 5
Over 50 10 % to a maximum of 10 of the rolls Minimum
or pieces Conditioning
Fiber Period, h
NOTE 3—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
Animal Fibers (for example, wool and regenerated proteins) 8
purchaserandsupplierrequirestakingintoaccountthevariabilitybetween
Vegetable Fibers (for example, cotton) 6
Viscose 8
rolls of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a roll of fabric
Acetate 4
to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s
Fibers having a regain less than 5 % at 65 % relative 2
risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
humidity
7.2 Laboratory Sample—From each roll or piece of fabric
8.2 For Wet Testing:
taken from the lot sample, cut at least one laboratory sample
8.2.1 Specimens to be tested in the wet condition shall be
the full width of the fabric and1m(1yd) along the selvage
immersedinwateratroomtemperatureuntilthoroughlywetted
(machine direction).
(Note7).Tothoroughlywetaspecimen,itmaybenecessaryto
add not more than 0.05 % of a nonionic wetting agent to the
NOTE 4—Results obtained on small hand samples or swatches can only
beconsideredasrepresentativeofthesampleswatchsubmittedandcannot water.Atest of any specimen shall be completed within 2 min
be assumed to be representative of the fabric piece from which the hand
after its removal from the water.
sample or swatch was taken.
NOTE 7—The material has been thoroughly wet out when it has been
7.3 Test Specimens—From each laboratory sample, take five
determined that additional immersion time does not produce any addi-
specimens from the warp (machine) direction and eight speci-
tional changes in breaking strength of test specimens. This method of
determination must be used in cases of dispute; however, for routine
mens from the filling (cross) direction (if tested) for each
testing in the laboratory, it may be sufficient to immerse the material 1 h.
testing condition.
8.2.2 Theproceduresinthistestmethodshouldbeusedwith
7.3.1 Testing conditions include the following:
caution when testing fabrics that do not wet out uniformly and
7.3.1.1 Warp or Machine Direction—Standard conditions
thoroughly because of the presence of sizing, oil, protective
for testing textiles,
coatings, or water repellents.
7.3.1.2 Warp or Machine Direction—Wet at 21°C (70°F),
8.2.3 When the strength of wet specimens without sizing,
7.3.1.3 Filling or Cross Direction—Standard conditions for
water repellents, etc. is required, before preparing the test
testing textiles, and
specimens,treatthematerialasdirectedinTestMethodsD629,
7.3.1.4 Filling or Cross Direction—Wet at 21°C (70°F).
using appropriate de-sizing, etc. procedures, that will not affect
7.3.2 When using the constant-time-to-break technique and
the normal physical properties of the fabric.
unfamiliar fabrics, prepare two or three extra specimens to
establish the proper rate of loading (speed for testing).
9.
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5035 − 11 D5035 − 11 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for
Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5035; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers raveled strip and cut strip test procedures for determining the breaking force and elongation of most
textile fabrics. Provision is made for wet testing.
1.1.1 The raveled strip test is applicable to woven fabrics while the cut strip test is applicable to nonwoven fabrics, felted
fabrics, and dipped or coated fabrics.
1.2 This test method is not recommended for knitted fabrics or for other textile fabrics which have high stretch (more than
11 %).
NOTE 1—For the determination of the breaking force and elongation of textile fabrics using the grab test and modified grab test procedures, refer to
Test Method D5034.
NOTE 2—For determination of the breaking force and elongation of some specific types of fabrics which use the strip test, refer to Specifications D579
and D580.
1.3 This test method shows the values in both inch-pound units and SI units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct name
for the customary units used in the United States. SI units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known
as the International System of Units. The values stated in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be regarded separately
as standard. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently
of the other, without combining in any way.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D579 Specification for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics
D580 Specification for Greige Woven Glass Tapes and Webbings
D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
D5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method: breaking force, elongation, tensile test, refer to Terminology D4848.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, Specific.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011July 1, 2015. Published January 2011September 2015. Replaces strip testing sections, Sections 17 through 20, of Test Method D1682.
ε1
Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20082011 as D5035 – 06D5035 – 11.(2008) . DOI: 10.1520/D5035-11.10.1520/D5035-11R15.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5035 − 11 (2015)
3.2 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method: constant-rate-of-extension, constant rate of load, constant rate of
traverse, refer to Terminology D4849.
3.3 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method: cut strip test, raveled strip test, strip test, refer to Terminology
D4850.
3.4 For other textile terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A test specimen is clamped in a tensile testing machine and a force applied to the specimen until it breaks. Values for the
breaking force and elongation of the test specimen are obtained from machine scales, dials, autographic recording charts, or a
computer interfaced with the testing machine.
4.2 This test method describes procedures for carrying out fabric tensile tests using four types of specimen, and three alternative
types of testing machines. For reporting, use the following system to identify specific specimen and machine combinations.
4.2.1 Type of specimen:
4.2.1.1 1R—25 mm (1.0 in.) raveled strip test
4.2.1.2 2R—50 mm (2.0 in.) raveled strip test
4.2.1.3 1C—25 mm (1.0 in.) cut strip test
4.2.1.4 2C—50 mm (2.0 in.) cut strip test
4.2.2 Type of tensile testing machine:
4.2.2.1 E—constant-rate-of-extension (CRE)
4.2.2.2 L—constant-rate-of-load (CRL)
4.2.2.3 T—constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT)
4.2.3 Possible combinations can be identified as follows:
Type of Tester
Constant-Rate- Constant-Rate- Constant-Rate-
Test Specimen of-Extension of-Load of-Traverse
25-mm (1-in.) raveled strip 1R-E 1R-L 1R-T
50-mm (2-in.) raveled strip 2R-E 2R-L 2R-T
25-mm (1-in.) cut strip 1C-E 1C-L 1C-T
50-mm (2-in.) cut strip 2C-E 2C-L 2C-T
4.2.3.1 For example, 1R-E refers to a 25-mm (1-in.) raveled strip test carried out on a constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing
machine.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The raveled strip test in this test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of woven
textile fabrics because the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. The same is true for the cut strip
test for felted or nonwoven textile fabrics.
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative
test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. At a
minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material
as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory.
The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level
chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material
must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
5.2 The method is not recommended for knitted fabrics because of their high stretch.
5.3 Some modification of the techniques may be necessary for any fabric having a strength in excess of 200 N/cm (1140 lbf/in.)
width. Special precautionary measures are provided for use when necessary with strong fabrics, or fabrics made from glass fibers
(see Specification D579), to prevent them from slipping in the clamps or being damaged as a result of being gripped in the clamps.
5.4 All of the procedures are applicable for testing fabrics either conditioned or wet.
5.5 Comparison of results from tensile testing machines operating on different principles is not recommended. When different
types of machines are used for comparison testing, constant time-to-break at 206 3 s is the established way of producing data.
Even then the data may differ significantly.
5.6 Although a constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing machine is preferred in these methods, in cases of dispute, unless there
is agreement to the contrary between the purchaser and supplier, a constant-time-to-break (20 6 3 s) is to be used.
5.7 The raveled strip procedure is applicable to the determination of the force required to break a specific width of fabric. The
breaking force information on woven fabrics is particularly useful for comparison of the effective strength of the yarns in the fabric
with the combined strength of an equal number of the same yarns which are not woven. The procedure is not recommended for
D5035 − 11 (2015)
fabrics having fewer than 20 yarns across the width of the specimen. If a 20-yarns-per-specimen width cannot be obtained with
a 25-mm (1-in.) strip, a 50-mm (2-in.) strip should be used. In general, the observed force for a 50-mm (2-in.) specimen is not
double the observed force for a 25-mm (1-in.) specimen and the results should be reported as observed on a 50-mm (2-in.) strip
without mathematical adjustment to 25 mm (1 in.). If a fabric cannot be raveled readily, use either a cut strip or grab procedure.
5.8 The cut strip procedure is applicable to heavily fulled fabrics, woven fabrics that cannot be readily raveled, felted fabrics
and nonwoven fabrics. This procedure is not recommended for fabrics which can be raveled because the yarns at the edges tend
to unravel during testing. The recommendation regarding the minimum number of yarns in a woven specimen discussed in 5.7 for
raveled strips applies equally to cut strips.
6. Apparatus, Reagents, and Materials
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, of the CRE, CRL, or CRT type conforming to Specification D76, with respect to force indication,
working range, capacity, and elongation indicator and designed for operation at a speed of 300 6 10 mm/min (12 6 0.5 in./min);
or, a variable speed drive, change gears, or interchangeable loads as required to obtain the 20 6 3 s time-to-break (see 5.5 and
5.6).
6.2 Clamps and Jaw Faces—Each jaw face shall be smooth, flat, and with a metallic or other agreed upon surface. The faces
shall be parallel and have machining centers with respect to one another in the same clamp and to the corresponding jaw face of
the other clamp.
6.2.1 For all strip tests or for narrow fabrics and tapes being tested full width, each jaw face shall measure at least 10 mm (0.5
in.) wider than the specimen being tested and at least 25 mm (1.0 in.) in the direction of the applied force.
6.3 Metal Clamp, auxiliary, weighing 170 g (6.0 oz) with 100-mm (4-in.) width anvils.
6.4 Distilled Water, for wet testing.
6.5 Nonionic Wetting Agent, for wet testing.
6.6 Container, for wetting out specimens.
6.7 Standard fabrics , for use in verification of apparatus. (See Annex A1.)
6.8 Pins, stainless-steel, 10-mm ( ⁄8-in.) diameter by 125 mm (5 in.) long, two required if used.
7. Sampling
7.1 Lot Sample—Take a lot sample as directed in the applicable material specification. In the absence of such a specification
randomly select the rolls or pieces that constitute the lot sample using the following schedule:
Number of Rolls, Pieces in Number of Rolls or Pieces in
Lot, Inclusive Lot Sample
1 to 3 All
4 to 24 4
25 to 50 5
Over 50 10 % to a maximum of 10 of the rolls
or pieces
NOTE 3—An adequate specification or other agreement between the purchaser and supplier requires taking into account the variability between rolls
of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a roll of fabric to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk,
acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
7.2 Laboratory Sample—From each roll or piece of fabric taken from the lot sample, cut at least one laboratory sample the full
width of the fabric and 1 m (1 yd) along the selvage (machine direction).
NOTE 4—Results obtained on small hand samples or swatches can only be considered as representative of the sample swatch submitted and cannot be
assumed to be representative of the fabric piece from which the hand sample or swatch was taken.
7.3 Test Specimens—From each laboratory sample, take five specimens from the warp (machine) direction and eight specimens
from the filling (cross) direction (if tested) for each testing condition.
7.3.1 Testing conditions include the following:
7.3.1.1 Warp or Machine Direction—Standard conditions for testing textiles,
7.3.1.2 Warp or Machine Direction—Wet at 21°C (70°F),
7.3.1.3 Filling or Cross Direction—Standard conditions for testing textiles, and
7.3.1.4 Filling or Cross Direction—Wet at 21°C (70°F).
7.3.2 When using the constant-time-to-break technique and unfamiliar fabrics, prepare two or three extra specimens to establish
the proper rate of loading (speed for testing).
NOTE 5—Reinforcing fabric systems generally need to demonstrate a compatibility with the properties of the system being reinforced. This comes with
an understanding that this compatibility may be influenced by such factors as stress and strain orientation. It is therefore suggested that the option of
Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.
D5035 − 11 (2015)
testing in off-axis orientations, such as 645°, be considered to verify suitability for applications where stresses and strains are known to exist in
orientations other than along the direction of the primary axes.
8. Conditioning
8.1 For Conditioned Testing:
8.1.1 If the samples have a higher moisture content than the moisture present when at equilibrium in the standard atmosphere
for testing textiles, precondition as directed in Practice D1776.
8.1.2 Bring samples to moisture equilibrium in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles as directed in Practice D1776.
Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when the increase in mass of the specimen in successive weighings made at
intervals of not less than 2 h does not exceed 0.1 % of the mass of the specimen.
NOTE 6—It is recognized that, in practice, materials are frequently not weighed to determine when moisture equilibrium has been reached. While
conditioning for a fixed time cannot be accepted in cases of dispute, it may be sufficient in routine testing to expose the material to the standard atmosphere
for testing textiles for a reasonable period of time before the specimens are tested. As a guide, the following conditioning periods are suggested:
Minimum
Conditioning
Fiber Period, h
Animal Fibers (for example, wool and regenerated proteins) 8
Vegetable Fibers (for example, cotton) 6
Viscose 8
Acetate 4
Fibers having a regain less than 5 % at 65 % relative 2
humidity
8.2 For Wet Testing:
8.2.1 Specime
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