ASTM D5084-16
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods apply to one-dimensional, laminar flow of water within porous materials such as soil and rock.
4.2 The hydraulic conductivity of porous materials generally decreases with an increasing amount of air in the pores of the material. These test methods apply to water-saturated porous materials containing virtually no air.
4.3 These test methods apply to permeation of porous materials with water. Permeation with other liquids, such as chemical wastes, can be accomplished using procedures similar to those described in these test methods. However, these test methods are only intended to be used when water is the permeant liquid. See Section 6.
4.4 Darcy's law is assumed to be valid and the hydraulic conductivity is essentially unaffected by hydraulic gradient.
4.5 These test methods provide a means for determining hydraulic conductivity at a controlled level of effective stress. Hydraulic conductivity varies with varying void ratio, which changes when the effective stress changes. If the void ratio is changed, the hydraulic conductivity of the test specimen will likely change, see Appendix X2. To determine the relationship between hydraulic conductivity and void ratio, the hydraulic conductivity test would have to be repeated at different effective stresses.
4.6 The correlation between results obtained using these test methods and the hydraulic conductivities of in-place field materials has not been fully investigated. Experience has sometimes shown that hydraulic conductivities measured on small test specimens are not necessarily the same as larger-scale values. Therefore, the results should be applied to field situations with caution and by qualified personnel.
4.7 In most cases, when testing high swell potential materials and using a constant-volume hydraulic system, the effective confining stress should be about 1.5 times the swell pressure of the test specimen or a stress which prevents swelling. If the confining stress is less ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover laboratory measurement of the hydraulic conductivity (also referred to as coefficient of permeability) of water-saturated porous materials with a flexible wall permeameter at temperatures between about 15 and 30°C (59 and 86°F). Temperatures outside this range may be used; however, the user would have to determine the specific gravity of mercury and RT (see 10.3) at those temperatures using data from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. There are six alternate methods or hydraulic systems that may be used to measure the hydraulic conductivity. These hydraulic systems are as follows:
1.1.1 Method A—Constant Head
1.1.2 Method B—Falling Head, constant tailwater elevation
1.1.3 Method C—Falling Head, rising tailwater elevation
1.1.4 Method D—Constant Rate of Flow
1.1.5 Method E—Constant Volume–Constant Head (by mercury)
1.1.6 Method F—Constant Volume–Falling Head (by mercury), rising tailwater elevation
1.2 These test methods use water as the permeant liquid; see 4.3 and Section 6 on Reagents for water requirements.
1.3 These test methods may be utilized on all specimen types (undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted, etc.) that have a hydraulic conductivity less than about 1 × 10−6 m/s (1 × 10−4 cm/s), providing the head loss requirements of 5.2.3 are met. For the constant-volume methods, the hydraulic conductivity typically has to be less than about 1 × 10−7 m/s.
1.3.1 If the hydraulic conductivity is greater than about 1 × 10−6 m/s, but not more than about 1 × 10−5 m/s; then the size of the hydraulic tubing needs to be increased along with the porosity of the porous end pieces. Other strategies, such as using higher viscosity fluid or properly decreasing the cross-sectional area of the test specimen, or both, may also be possible. The key criterion is that the requirements covered in Section 5 have to be met.
1.3.2 If the hydraulic conductivity is less tha...
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Designation: D5084 − 16
StandardTest Methods for
Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous
1
Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5084; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* possible. The key criterion is that the requirements covered in
Section 5 have to be met.
1.1 Thesetestmethodscoverlaboratorymeasurementofthe
1.3.2 If the hydraulic conductivity is less than about
hydraulic conductivity (also referred to as coeffıcient of per-
−11
1×10 m/s, then standard hydraulic systems and tempera-
meability) of water-saturated porous materials with a flexible
tureenvironmentswilltypicallynotsuffice.Strategiesthatmay
wall permeameter at temperatures between about 15 and 30°C
be possible when dealing with such impervious materials may
(59 and 86°F). Temperatures outside this range may be used;
include the following: (a) controlling the temperature more
however, the user would have to determine the specific gravity
precisely, (b) adoption of unsteady state measurements by
of mercury and R (see 10.3) at those temperatures using data
T
using high-accuracy equipment along with the rigorous analy-
from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. There are six
ses for determining the hydraulic parameters (this approach
alternate methods or hydraulic systems that may be used to
2
reducestestingdurationaccordingtoZhangetal.(1) ),and (c)
measure the hydraulic conductivity. These hydraulic systems
shortening the length or enlarging the cross-sectional area, or
are as follows:
both, of the test specimen. Other items, such as use of higher
1.1.1 Method A—Constant Head
hydraulic gradients, lower viscosity fluid, elimination of any
1.1.2 Method B—Falling Head, constant tailwater elevation
possible chemical gradients and bacterial growth, and strict
1.1.3 Method C—Falling Head, rising tailwater elevation
verification of leakage, may also be considered.
1.1.4 Method D—Constant Rate of Flow
1.4 The hydraulic conductivity of materials with hydraulic
1.1.5 Method E—ConstantVolume–ConstantHead(bymer-
−5
conductivitiesgreaterthan1×10 m/smaybedeterminedby
cury)
Test Method D2434.
1.1.6 Method F—Constant Volume–Falling Head (by
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
mercury), rising tailwater elevation
guideforsignificantdigitsandroundingestablishedinPractice
1.2 Thesetestmethodsusewaterasthepermeantliquid;see
D6026.
4.3 and Section 6 on Reagents for water requirements.
1.5.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected,
1.3 These test methods may be utilized on all specimen
recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
types (undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted, etc.)
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
−6
that have a hydraulic conductivity less than about 1×10 m/s
significant digits that should generally be retained. The proce-
−4
(1×10 cm/s), providing the head loss requirements of 5.2.3
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
are met. For the constant-volume methods, the hydraulic
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
−7
conductivity typically has to be less than about 1×10 m/s.
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
1.3.1 If the hydraulic conductivity is greater than about
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
−6 −5
1×10 m/s, but not more than about 1×10 m/s; then the
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
size of the hydraulic tubing needs to be increased along with
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
the porosity of the porous end pieces. Other strategies, such as
methods for engineering design.
using higher viscosity fluid or properly decreasing the cross-
1.6 This standard also contains a Hazards section about
sectional area of the test specimen, or both, may also be
using mercury, see Section 7.
1.7 The time to perform this test depends on such items as
the Method (A, B, C, D, E, or F) used, the initial degree of
1
This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
saturation of the test specimen and the hydraulic conductivity
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic
Properties and Hydraulic Barriers.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2016. Published August 2016. Originally
2
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D5084–10. DOI: The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references appended to
10.1520/D5084-16. this standard.
*A Summary of Changes sec
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5084 − 10 D5084 − 16
Standard Test Methods for
Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous
1
Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5084; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover laboratory measurement of the hydraulic conductivity (also referred to as coeffıcient of
permeability) of water-saturated porous materials with a flexible wall permeameter at temperatures between about 15 and 30°C (59
and 86°F). Temperatures outside this range may be used; however, the user would have to determine the specific gravity of mercury
and R (see 10.3) at those temperatures using data from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. There are six alternate methods or
T
hydraulic systems that may be used to measure the hydraulic conductivity. These hydraulic systems are as follows:
1.1.1 Method A—Constant Head
1.1.2 Method B—Falling Head, constant tailwater elevation
1.1.3 Method C—Falling Head, rising tailwater elevation
1.1.4 Method D—Constant Rate of Flow
1.1.5 Method E—Constant Volume–Constant Head (by mercury)
1.1.6 Method F—Constant Volume–Falling Head (by mercury), rising tailwater elevation
1.2 These test methods use water as the permeant liquid; see 4.3 and Section 6 on Reagents for water requirements.
1.3 These test methods may be utilized on all specimen types (undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted, etc.) that have
−6 −4
a hydraulic conductivity less than about 1 × 10 m/s (1 × 10 cm/s), providing the head loss requirements of 5.2.3 are met. For
−7
the constant-volume methods, the hydraulic conductivity typically has to be less than about 1 × 10 m/s.
−6 −5
1.3.1 If the hydraulic conductivity is greater than about 1 × 10 m/s, but not more than about 1 × 10 m/s; then the size of the
hydraulic tubing needs to be increased along with the porosity of the porous end pieces. Other strategies, such as using higher
viscosity fluid or properly decreasing the cross-sectional area of the test specimen, or both, may also be possible. The key criterion
is that the requirements covered in Section 5 have to be met.
−11
1.3.2 If the hydraulic conductivity is less than about 1 × 10 m/s, then standard hydraulic systems and temperature
environments will typically not suffice. Strategies that may be possible when dealing with such impervious materials may include
the following: (a) controlling the temperature more precisely, (b) adoption of unsteady state measurements by using high-accuracy
equipment along with the rigorous analyses for determining the hydraulic parameters (this approach reduces testing duration
2
according to Zhang et al. (1) ), and (c) shortening the length or enlarging the cross-sectional area, or both, of the test specimen.
Other items, such as use of higher hydraulic gradients, lower viscosity fluid, elimination of any possible chemical gradients and
bacterial growth, and strict verification of leakage, may also be considered.
−5
1.4 The hydraulic conductivity of materials with hydraulic conductivities greater than 1 × 10 m/s may be determined by Test
Method D2434.
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures
used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s
objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these
considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1
This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic Properties
and Hydraulic Barriers.
Current edition approved July 1, 2010Aug. 1, 2016. Published August 2010August 2016. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20032010 as
D5084–03.–10. DOI: 10.1520/D5084-1
...
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