ASTM E3353-22
(Guide)Standard Guide for In-Process Monitoring Using Optical and Thermal Methods for Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Standard Guide for In-Process Monitoring Using Optical and Thermal Methods for Laser Powder Bed Fusion
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Metal additive manufacturing has broadened design space, enabling production of more complex and customized products. Additive technology along with the broadened design space is pushing the limits of inspection capabilities and has led to challenges in process and product qualification, verification, certification, etc. In-process monitoring technologies have been developed to help address these challenges.
4.2 In-process monitoring in AM is emerging from the realm of Research and Development (R&D). As such, there are not yet well-established procedures for incorporating AM process monitoring within a qualification or certification framework outside of a specific company or institution’s internal use. Practical application of in-process monitoring data spans multiple disciplines and parts of the production cycle, each with well-established practices, terminology, expectations, etc. This guide draws on these where appropriate.
4.3 Inspection and Statistical Process Control (SPC)—A primary motivation for using in-process monitoring technologies is to aid in process and product qualification, verification, certification of AM components that are increasingly difficult to inspect. AM process monitoring functions can be broadly separated into two categories of application: in-process inspection and process control. In-process inspection refers to the identification of in-process signatures that correlate to the formation of physical flaws and defects in additively manufactured component. This is discussed further in 5.2 on Flaw Detection. Statistical Process Control (SPC) encompasses measurement or observation of process signatures or metrics associated with the stability or repeatability of the additive manufacturing process. This is discussed further in 5.3 on Statistical Process Control (SPC). Real-time feed-forward or feed-back control methods and techniques may be considered subcategories under process control, and can make use of the same in-process moni...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information on emerging in-process monitoring sensors, sensor configurations, sensor data analysis, and sensor data uses for the laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process.
1.2 The sensors covered produce data related to and affected by feedstock, processing parameters, build atmosphere, microstructure, part geometry, part complexity, surface finish, and the printing equipment being used.
1.3 The parts monitored by the sensors covered in this guide are used in aerospace applications; therefore, their final inspection requirements for discontinuities are different and more stringent than for materials and components used in non-aerospace applications.
1.4 The metal materials under consideration include, but are not limited to, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel-based alloys, cobalt-chromium alloys, and stainless steels.
1.5 This guide discusses sensor observation of parts while they are being fabricated. Sensor data analysis may take place concurrently or after the manufacturing process has concluded.
1.6 The sensors discussed in this guide may be used by cognizant engineering organizations to detect both surface and volumetric flaws.
1.7 The sensors discussed in this guide may be used by cognizant engineering organizations to detect process stability or drift, or both.
1.8 The sensors discussed in this guide are primarily configured in staring, co-axial, or mounted configurations.
1.9 This guide does not recommend a specific course of action, sensor type, or configuration for application of in-process monitoring to additively manufactured (AM) parts. It is intended to increase the awareness of emerging in-process sensors, sensor configurations, data analysis, and data usage.
1.10 Recommendations about the control of input materials, process equipment calibration, manufacturing processes, and post-processing are beyond the scope of this guide and are und...
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E3353 − 22
Standard Guide for
In-Process Monitoring Using Optical and Thermal Methods
1
for Laser Powder Bed Fusion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3353; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope is intended to increase the awareness of emerging in-process
sensors, sensor configurations, data analysis, and data usage.
1.1 Thisguideprovidesinformationonemerging in-process
monitoringsensors,sensorconfigurations,sensordataanalysis, 1.10 Recommendationsaboutthecontrolofinputmaterials,
process equipment calibration, manufacturing processes, and
and sensor data uses for the laser powder bed fusion additive
manufacturing process. post-processing are beyond the scope of this guide and are
under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F42 on Additive
1.2 Thesensorscoveredproducedatarelatedtoandaffected
Manufacturing Technologies. Standards under the jurisdiction
by feedstock, processing parameters, build atmosphere,
ofASTM F42 or equivalent are followed whenever possible to
microstructure, part geometry, part complexity, surface finish,
ensure reproducible parts suitable for NDT are made.
and the printing equipment being used.
1.11 Recommendations about the inspection requirements
1.3 Thepartsmonitoredbythesensorscoveredinthisguide
and management of fracture critical AM parts are beyond the
areusedinaerospaceapplications;therefore,theirfinalinspec-
scope of this guide. Recommendations on fatigue, fracture
tion requirements for discontinuities are different and more
mechanics, and fracture control are found in appropriate end
stringent than for materials and components used in non-
user requirements documents, and in standards under the
aerospace applications.
jurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE08onFatigueandFracture.
1.4 Themetalmaterialsunderconsiderationinclude,butare
NOTE 1—To determine the deformation and fatigue properties of metal
not limited to, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel-based
parts made by additive manufacturing using destructive tests, consult
alloys, cobalt-chromium alloys, and stainless steels.
Guide F3122.
NOTE 2—To quantify the risks associated with fracture critical AM
1.5 This guide discusses sensor observation of parts while
parts, it is incumbent upon the structural assessment community, such as
they are being fabricated. Sensor data analysis may take place
ASTM Committee E08 on Fatigue and Fracture, to define critical initial
concurrentlyorafterthemanufacturingprocesshasconcluded.
flaw sizes (CIFS) for the part to define the objectives of the NDT.
1.6 The sensors discussed in this guide may be used by 1.12 This guide does not specify accept-reject criteria used
cognizant engineering organizations to detect both surface and
in procurement or as a means for approval of AM parts for
volumetric flaws. service.Anyaccept-rejectcriteriaaregivensolelyforpurposes
of illustration and comparison.
1.7 The sensors discussed in this guide may be used by
cognizant engineering organizations to detect process stability 1.13 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
or drift, or both.
as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in
this standard.
1.8 The sensors discussed in this guide are primarily con-
1.14 This standard does not purport to address all of the
figured in staring, co-axial, or mounted configurations.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.9 This guide does not recommend a specific course of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
action, sensor type, or configuration for application of in-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
process monitoring to additively manufactured (AM) parts. It
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.15 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
tiveTesting and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on Specialized
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
NDT Methods.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Current edition approved July 1, 2022. Published September 2022. DOI:
10.1520/E3353-22. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consh
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