ASTM E1640-09

Standard Test Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature By Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method can be used to locate the glass transition region and assign a glass transition temperature of amorphous and semi-crystalline materials.
Dynamic mechanical analyzers monitor changes in the viscoelastic properties of a material as a function of temperature and frequency, providing a means to quantify these changes. In ideal cases, the temperature of the onset of the decrease in storage modulus marks the glass transition.
A glass transition temperature ( Tg ) is useful in characterizing many important physical attributes of thermoplastic, thermosets, and semi-crystalline materials including their thermal history, processing conditions, physical stability, progress of chemical reactions, degree of cure, and both mechanical and electrical behavior. T g may be determined by a variety of techniques and may vary in accordance with the technique.
This test method is useful for quality control, specification acceptance, and research.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the assignment of a glass transition temperature (Tg) of materials using dynamic mechanical analyzers.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to thermoplastic polymers, thermoset polymers, and partially crystalline materials which are thermally stable in the glass transition region.
1.3 The applicable range of temperatures for this test method is dependent upon the instrumentation used, but, in order to encompass all materials, the minimum temperature should be about −150 °C.  
1.4 This test method is intended for materials having an elastic modulus in the range of 0.5 MPa to 100 GPa.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard is similar to IEC 61006 except that standard uses the peak temperature of the loss modulus peak as the glass transition temperature while this standard uses the extrapolated onset temperature of the storage modulus change.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Aug-2009
• ICS: 81.040.10 - Raw materials and raw glass
• Technical Committee: E37 - Thermal Measurements
• Drafting Committee: E37.10 - Fundamental, Statistical and Mechanical Properties

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E1640-04 - Standard Test Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature By Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM F942-18(2023)e1 - Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods for Interlayer Materials for Aerospace Transparent Enclosures
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E3301-22 - Standard Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Dynamic Mechanical Analyzers Using Thermal Lag
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E1867-22 - Standard Test Methods for Temperature Calibration of Dynamic Mechanical Analyzers
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM F790-23 - Standard Guide for Testing Materials for Aerospace Plastic Transparent Enclosures
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E2602-22 - Standard Test Methods for Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature by Modulated Temperature Differential Scanning Calorimetry
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D3794-22 - Standard Guide for Testing Coil Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D7028-07(2015) - Standard Test Method for Glass Transition Temperature (DMA Tg) of Polymer Matrix Composites by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM F3131-14(2023) - Standard Specification for Epoxy / Cotton Raw Materials for the Use in Bearing Cages
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1640 − 09
StandardTest Method for
Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature By
1
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1640; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.1 This test method covers the assignment of a glass
E1142Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
transition temperature (Tg) of materials using dynamic me-
E1363Test Method forTemperature Calibration ofThermo-
chanical analyzers.
mechanical Analyzers
1.2 This test method is applicable to thermoplastic
E1545Test Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition
polymers, thermoset polymers, and partially crystalline mate-
Temperature by Thermomechanical Analysis
rials which are thermally stable in the glass transition region.
E1867TestMethodforTemperatureCalibrationofDynamic
1.3 The applicable range of temperatures for this test Mechanical Analyzers
E2254Test Method for Storage Modulus Calibration of
method is dependent upon the instrumentation used, but, in
order to encompass all materials, the minimum temperature Dynamic Mechanical Analyzers
2.2 Other Standards:
should be about−150°C.
IEC 61006Methods of Test for the Determination of the
1.4 This test method is intended for materials having an
GlassTransitionTemperature of Electrical Insulating Ma-
elastic modulus in the range of 0.5 MPa to 100 GPa.
3
terials
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3. Terminology
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Specific technical terms used in this document are
1.6 This standard is similar to IEC 61006 except that
defined in Terminology D4092 and E1142 including Celsius,
standardusesthepeaktemperatureofthelossmoduluspeakas
dynamic mechanical analyzer, glass transition, glass transition
the glass transition temperature while this standard uses the
temperature, loss modulus, storage modulus, tangent delta and
extrapolated onset temperature of the storage modulus change.
viscoelasticity.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2 dynamic mechanical analyzer—any of various com-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
mercial or experimental devices used to study the viscoelastic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
response of a specimen under a forced or free resonant
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
oscillatory load. The force may be applied in torsion, flexure,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
or a combination of tension and compression.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Summary of Test Method
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 Aspecimen of known geometry is placed in mechanical
D4092 Terminology for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical
oscillationateitherfixedorresonantfrequencyandchangesin
Properties
the viscoelastic response of the material are monitored as a
function of temperature. Under ideal conditions, during
heating, the glass transition region is marked by a rapid
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE37onThermal
decreaseinthestoragemodulusandarapidincreaseintheloss
Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.10 on
modulus and tangent delta. The glass transition of the test
Fundamental, Statistical and Mechanical Properties.
specimenisindicatedbytheextrapolatedonsetofthedecrease
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originally
instoragemoduluswhichmarksthetransitionfromaglassyto
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E1640–04. DOI:
10.1520/E1640-09.
a rubbery solid.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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E1640 − 09
5. Significance and Use 7.2.1 Clamps,aclampingarrangementthatpermitsgripping
ofthespecimen.Samplesmaybemountedbyclampingatboth
5.1 This test method can be used to locate the glass
ends (most systems), one end (for example, torsional
transition region and assign a glass transition temperature of
pendulum), or neith
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately,ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1640–04 Designation:E1640–09
Standard Test Method for
Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature By
1
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1640; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the assignment of a glass transition temperature (Tg) of materials using dynamic mechanical
analyzers.
1.2 This test method is applicable to thermoplastic polymers, thermoset polymers, and partially crystalline materials which are
thermally stable in the glass transition region.
1.3 The applicable range of temperatures for this test method is dependent upon the instrumentation used, but, in order to
encompass all materials, the minimum temperature should be about−150°C.
1.4 This test method is intended for materials having an elastic modulus in the range of 0.5 MPa to 100 GPa.
1.5Electronicinstrumentationorautomateddataanalysisanddatareductionsystemsortreatmentsequivalenttothistestmethod
may also be used.
NOTE1—Theuserbearstheresponsibilityfordeterminingtheprecision,accuracy,andvalidityofthetechniquesandmeasurementsmadeusingdynamic
mechanical analyzers in accordance with this standard.
1.6SI units are the standard.
1.7This standard is similar to IEC 61006 except that standard uses the peak temprature of the mechanical loss peak as the glass
transition temperature while this standard uses the extrapolated onset temperature of the loss modulus change.
1.8
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard is similar to IEC 61006 except that standard uses the peak temperature of the loss modulus peak as the glass
transition temperature while this standard uses the extrapolated onset temperature of the storage modulus change.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4092 Terminology Relating to Dynamic Mechanical Measurements in Plastics Terminology for Plastics: Dynamic
Mechanical Properties
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
E1363 Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Thermomechanical Analyzers
E1545 Test Method for the Determination Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperatures by Thermomechanical Analysis
E1867 Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Dynamic Mechanical Analyzers
E2254 Test Method for Storage Modulus Calibration of Dynamic Mechanical Analyzers
2.2 Other Standards: SRM 18R-94 Recommended Method for Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) Determination by DMA of
Oriented Fiber-Resin Composites
3
IEC 61006 Methods of Test for the Determianation of the Glass Transition Temperature of Electrical Insulating Materials
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE37onThermalMeasurementsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE37.10onFundamental,
Statistical and Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved JuneSept. 1, 2004.2009. Published July 2004.October 2009. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 19992004 as E
1640–991640–04
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,[e-mail] Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Cuppliers of Advanced Composite Materials Association, Arlington, VA.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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E1640–09
3. Terminology
3.1 Definition:
3.1.1Specific technical terms used in this document are defined in Terminology D4092 and E1142.
3.1.1 SpecifictechnicaltermsusedinthisdocumentaredefinedinTerminologyD4092andE1142includingCelsius,dynamic
mechanicalanalyzer,glasstransition,glasstransitiontemperature,lossmodulus,storagemodulus,tangentdeltaandviscoelasticity.
3.1.2 dynamic mechanical analyzer—an
...