ASTM D3427-12
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils
Standard Test Method for Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may produce a dispersion of finely divided air bubbles in the oil. If the residence time in the reservoir is too short to allow the air bubbles to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will circulate through the lubricating oil system. This may result in an inability to maintain oil pressure (particularly with centrifugal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and poor hydraulic system performance or failure.
5.2 This test method measures the time for the entrained air content to fall to the relatively low value of 0.2 % volume under a standardized set of test conditions and hence permits the comparison of the ability of oils to separate entrained air under conditions where a separation time is available. The significance of this test method has not been fully established. However, entrained air can cause sponginess and lack of sensitivity of the control of turbine and hydraulic systems. This test may not be suitable for ranking oils in applications where residence times are short and gas contents are high.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the ability of turbine, hydraulic, and gear oils to separate entrained air.Note 1—This test method was developed for mineral based oils. It may be used for some synthetic fluids; however, the precision statement applies only to petroleum oils.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D3427 − 12
Designation313–01
Standard Test Method for
1
Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3427; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3.1.1 air release time, n—thenumberofminutesneededfor
air entrained in the oil to reduce in volume to 0.2% under the
1.1 Thistestmethodcoverstheabilityofturbine,hydraulic,
conditions of this test and at the specified temperature.
and gear oils to separate entrained air.
NOTE1—Thistestmethodwasdevelopedformineralbasedoils.Itmay
4. Summary of Test Method
beusedforsomesyntheticfluids;however,theprecisionstatementapplies
only to petroleum oils. 4.1 Compressed air is blown through the test oil, which has
been heated to a temperature of 25, 50, or 75°C. After the air
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
flowisstopped,thetimerequiredfortheairentrainedintheoil
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
toreduceinvolumeto0.2%isrecordedastheairreleasetime.
standard.
NOTE2—Byagreementbetweenthecustomerandthelaboratory,theoil
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
may be heated at other temperatures. However, the precision at these
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
different temperatures is not known at present.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. Significance and Use
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such
2. Referenced Documents as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may
2
produce a dispersion of finely divided air bubbles in the oil. If
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the residence time in the reservoir is too short to allow the air
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
bubbles to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will
D1401TestMethodforWaterSeparabilityofPetroleumOils
circulate through the lubricating oil system.This may result in
and Synthetic Fluids
aninabilitytomaintainoilpressure(particularlywithcentrifu-
E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
gal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and
3
2.2 DIN Standard:
poor hydraulic system performance or failure.
DIN 51381
5.2 This test method measures the time for the entrained air
3. Terminology
content to fall to the relatively low value of 0.2% volume
under a standardized set of test conditions and hence permits
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
the comparison of the ability of oils to separate entrained air
under conditions where a separation time is available. The
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
significance of this test method has not been fully established.
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
However, entrained air can cause sponginess and lack of
D02.C0.02 on Corrosion and Water/Air Separability.
sensitivityofthecontrolofturbineandhydraulicsystems.This
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012. Published January 2013. Originally
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D3427–07. DOI: test may not be suitable for ranking oils in applications where
10.1520/D3427-12.
residence times are short and gas contents are high.
ThisstandardhasbeendevelopedthroughthecooperativeeffortbetweenASTM
International and the Energy Institute, London. The EI and ASTM International
6. Apparatus
logos imply that the ASTM International and EI standards are technically
equivalent, but does not imply that both standards are editorially identical.Adopted
6.1 AschematicdiagramoftheapparatusisshowninFig.1.
as a joint ASTM/IP standard in 2006.
2
The component parts are described as follows:
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.1.1 TestVessel,madeofborosilicateglassasshowninFig.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
2, consisting of a jacketed sample tube fitted with an air inlet
the ASTM website.
3
capillary,baffleplate,andairoutlettube.Thetwopartsofeach
Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstrasse 6, 1000 Berlin 30,
Germany. test vessel should be marked and preferably used as a pair.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3427 − 07 D3427 − 12
Designation 313–01
Standard Test Method for
1
Air Release Properties of Petroleum Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3427; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the ability of turbine, hydraulic, and gear oils to separate entrained air.
NOTE 1—This test method was developed for mineral based oils. It may be used for some synthetic fluids; however, the precision statement applies
only to petroleum oils.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1401 Test Method for Water Separability of Petroleum Oils and Synthetic Fluids
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
3
2.2 DIN Standard:
DIN 51 381
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 air release time, n—the number of minutes needed for air entrained in the oil to reduce in volume to 0.2 % under the
conditions of this test and at the specified temperature.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Compressed air is blown through the test oil, which has been heated to a temperature of 25, 50, or 75°C. After the air flow
is stopped, the time required for the air entrained in the oil to reduce in volume to 0.2 % is recorded as the air release time.
NOTE 2—By agreement between the customer and the laboratory, the oil may be heated at other temperatures. However, the precision at these different
temperatures is not known at present.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may
produce a dispersion of finely divided air bubbles in the oil. If the residence time in the reservoir is too short to allow the air bubbles
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.C0.02
on Corrosion and Water/Air Separability.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007Dec. 1, 2012. Published December 2007January 2013. Originally approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 20062007
as D3427–06. –07. DOI: 10.1520/D3427-12.
This standard has been developed through the cooperative effort between ASTM International and the Energy Institute, London. The EI and ASTM International logos
imply that the ASTM International and EI standards are technically equivalent, but does not imply that both standards are editorially identical. Adopted as a joint ASTM/IP
standard in 2006. DOI: 10.1520/D3427-07.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstrasse 6, 1000 Berlin 30, Germany.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3427 − 12
to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will circulate through the lubricating oil system. This may result in an inability
to maintain oil pressure (particularly with centrifugal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and poor hydraulic
system performance or failure.
5.2 This test method measures the time for the entrained air content to fall to the relatively low value of 0.2 % volume under
a standardized set of test conditions and hence permits the comparison of the ability of oils to separate entrained air under
conditions where a separation time is available. The significance of this test method has not been fully established. However,
entrained air can cause sponginess and lack of sensitivity of the control of turbine and hydraulic s
...
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