ASTM D3412/D3412M-13
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn
Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method for testing yarn-to-yarn friction is being used, but is not recommended, for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since between-laboratory precision is known to be poor.
5.1.1 In some cases, the purchaser and supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D3412/D3412M for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
5.2 This test method is intended for the determination of yarn-to-yarn boundary friction coefficients measured over a specified length of yarn.
5.3 The test method is useful for quality control, research, and the characterization of yarn boundary lubricants.Note 3—Because the geometry of the yarns is different, Options 1 and 2 should not be expected to give the same numerical values on the same yarns.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of frictional properties for both continuous filament and spun-staple yarns under boundary friction conditions.
1.2 This test method has been used with yarns having linear densities ranging from 1.5 to 400 tex, but may be used with yarns outside these ranges [15 to 3600 denier]. Note 1—For coefficient of friction, yarn to metal, see Test Method D3108.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D3412/D3412M − 13
Standard Test Method for
1
Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3412/D3412M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
Terminology D123.
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of frictional
properties for both continuous filament and spun-staple yarns
4. Summary of Test Method
under boundary friction conditions.
4.1 A length of yarn is moved at a known speed in contact
1.2 This test method has been used with yarns having linear
with itself or similar yarn at a specified wrap angle. The input
densities ranging from 1.5 to 400 tex, but may be used with
and output tensions are measured and the coefficient of friction
yarns outside these ranges [15 to 3600 denier].
calculated. Alternatively, apparatus may be used in which the
NOTE 1—For coefficient of friction, yarn to metal, see Test Method
ratio of input to output tension is measured allowing the
D3108/D3108M.
coefficient of friction to be indicated directly.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
4.2 Three optional procedures are included. Option 1 is
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
based on the Twisted Strand Method, using a wrap angle of
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
15.71 rad [900°]. Option 2 is based on the Capstan Method,
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
using a wrap angle of 3.14 radians [180°]. Option 3 is based on
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
the Fixed Yarn-Body Capstan Method, using a wrap angle of
with the standard.
3.14 radians [180°].
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
NOTE 2—Editions of Test Method D3412/D3412M prior to the 1986
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
revision incorrectly stated the wrap angle for Option 1 to be 18.85 rad.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
This is incorrect, since 3 turns of the swivel pulley do not result in a wrap
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
angle of 18.85 radians. This has now been corrected to 15.71 rad. This
should be taken into account in comparing with earlier results.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
5. Significance and Use
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.1 This test method for testing yarn-to-yarn friction is
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
being used, but is not recommended, for acceptance testing of
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
commercial shipments since between-laboratory precision is
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Num-
known to be poor.
ber) by the Skein Method
5.1.1 In some cases, the purchaser and supplier may have to
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials
D3108/D3108M Test Method for Coefficient of Friction,
by the best available method even though the method has not
Yarn to Solid Material
been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
shipments. In case of a dispute arising from differences in
reported test results when using Test Method D3412/D3412M
3. Terminology
for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns and
and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine
Fibers, refer to Terminology D4849.
if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Compe-
tent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
testspecimensthatareashomogeneousaspossibleandthatare
Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published August 2013. Originally
from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
approved in 1975T. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D3412 – 07. DOI:
10.1520/D3412_D3412M-13.
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
to each laboratory for testing.The average results from the two
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3412 − 07 D3412/D3412M − 13
Standard Test Method for
1
Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Yarn
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3412;D3412/D3412M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of frictional properties for both continuous filament and spun-staple yarns under
boundary friction conditions.
1.2 This test method has been used with yarns having linear densities ranging from 1.5 to 200400 tex, but may be used with
yarns outside these ranges (15[15 to 1800 denier).3600 denier].
NOTE 1—For coefficient of friction, yarn to metal, see Test Method D3108D3108/D3108M.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The inch-pound units
given in parentheses are for information only.values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
D3108D3108/D3108M Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Solid Material
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns and Fibers, refer to Terminology D4849.
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to Terminology D123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A length of yarn is moved at a known speed in contact with itself or similar yarn at a specified wrap angle. The input and
output tensions are measured and the coefficient of friction calculated. Alternatively, apparatus may be used in which the ratio of
input to output tension is measured allowing the coefficient of friction to be indicated directly.
4.2 TwoThree optional procedures are included. Option 1 is based on the Twisted Strand Method, using a wrap angle of 15.71
rad (900°).[900°]. Option 2 is based on the Capstan Method, using a wrap angle of 3.14 radians (180°).[180°]. Option 3 is based
on the Fixed Yarn-Body Capstan Method, using a wrap angle of 3.14 radians [180°].
NOTE 2—Editions of Test Method D3412D3412/D3412M prior to the 1986 revision incorrectly stated the wrap angle for Option 1 to be 18.85 rad. This
is incorrect, since 3 turns of the swivel pulley do not result in a wrap angle of 18.85 radians. This has now been corrected to 15.71 rad. This should be
taken into account in comparing with earlier results.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2007July 1, 2013. Published January 2007August 2013. Originally approved in 1975T. Last previous edition approved in 20012007 as
D3412 – 01.D3412 – 07. DOI: 10.1520/D3412-07.10.1520/D3412_D3412M-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D3412/D3412M − 13
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method for testing yarn-to-yarn friction is being used, but is not recommended, for acceptance testing of
commercial shipments since between-laboratory precision is known to be poor.
5.1.1 In some cases, the purchaser and supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by
the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.
In case of a dispute arising from
...
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