CEN/TS 19100-1:2021
(Main)Design of glass structures - Part 1: Basis of design and materials
Design of glass structures - Part 1: Basis of design and materials
1.1 Scope of FprCEN/TS 19100-1
(1) FprCEN/TS 19100-1 gives basic design rules for mechanically supported glass components. This document is concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability, fracture characteristics and glass component failure consequences in relation to human safety, robustness, redundancy and durability of glass structures.
(2) This document covers the basis of design, materials, durability and structural design.
(3) This document also covers construction rules for the structural design of glass components.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to FprCEN/TS 19100-1.
(2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1993-1-1, EN 1995 1 1, EN 1998 1, EN 1999 1 1 and EN 12488.
Bemessung und Konstruktion von Tragwerken aus Glas - Teil 1: Grundlagen der Bemessung und Materialien
0.1 Anwendungsbereich von CEN/TS 19100 1
(1) CEN/TS 19100 1 enthält grundlegende Bemessungsregeln für mechanisch gelagerte Glaskomponenten. Dieses Dokument behandelt die Anforderungen an Widerstand, Gebrauchstauglichkeit, Brucheigenschaften und Folgen des Versagens von Glaskomponenten für die Sicherheit von Personen, die Robustheit, die Redundanz und die Dauerhaftigkeit von Tragwerken aus Glas.
(2) Dieses Dokument behandelt die Grundlagen der Bemessung, Werkstoffe, Dauerhaftigkeit und Tragwerksplanung.
(3) Dieses Dokument behandelt auch die Konstruktionsregeln für die Tragwerksplanung von Glaskomponenten.
0.2 Annahmen
(1) Die Annahmen nach EN 1990 gelten für CEN/TS 19100 1.
(2) Dieses Dokument ist für die Anwendung in Zusammenhang mit EN 1990, EN 1991 (alle Teile), EN 1993 1 1, EN 1995 1 1, EN 1998 1, EN 1999 1 1 und EN 12488 vorgesehen.
Conception et calcul des structures en verre - Partie 1 : Bases de conception et matériaux
1.1 Domaine d’application de la CEN/TS 19100-1
(1) La CEN/TS 19100-1 énonce des règles de conception de base pour les composants en verre maintenus mécaniquement. Le présent document porte sur les exigences relatives à la résistance, à l’aptitude au service, aux caractéristiques de rupture et aux conséquences des défaillances des composants en verre en matière de sécurité humaine, robustesse, redondance et durabilité des structures en verre.
(2) Le présent document couvre les bases de conception, des matériaux, de la durabilité et du calcul des structures.
(3) Le présent document couvre également les règles de construction pour le calcul des structures en verre.
1.2 Hypothèses
(1) Les hypothèses énoncées dans l’EN 1990 s’appliquent à la CEN/TS 19100-1.
(2) Le présent document est destiné à être utilisé conjointement avec l’EN 1990, l’EN 1991 (toutes les parties), l’EN 1993-1-1, l’EN 1995 1 1, l’EN 1998 1, l’EN 1999 1 1 et l’EN 12488.
Projektiranje steklenih konstrukcij - 1. del: Osnove projektiranja in materiali
1.1 Področje uporabe FprCEN/TS 19100-1
(1) FprCEN/TS 19100-1 določa osnovna pravila projektiranja mehansko podprtih steklenih elementov. Ta dokument obravnava zahteve glede odpornosti, uporabnosti, lastnosti loma in posledic okvare steklenih elementov za varnost ljudi, robustnosti, redundance in vzdržljivosti steklenih konstrukcij.
(2) Ta dokument zajema osnove projektiranja, materiale, vzdržljivost in konstrukcijsko zasnovo.
(3) Ta dokument zajema tudi konstrukcijska pravila za konstrukcijsko projektiranje steklenih elementov.
1.2 Predpostavke
(1) Predpostavke standarda EN 1990 veljajo tudi za FprCEN/TS 19100-1.
(2) Ta dokument je namenjen za uporabo skupaj s standardi EN 1990, EN 1991 (vsi deli), EN 1993-1-1, EN 1995 1 1, EN 1998 1, EN 1999 1 1 in EN 12488.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2022
Projektiranje steklenih konstrukcij - 1. del: Osnove projektiranja in materiali
Design of glass structures - Part 1: Basis of design and materials
Bemessung und Konstruktion von Tragwerken aus Glas - Teil 1: Grundlagen der
Bemessung und Materialien
Conception et calcul des structures en verre - Partie 1 : Bases de conception et
matériaux
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 19100-1:2021
ICS:
91.080.99 Druge konstrukcije Other structures
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
CEN/TS 19100-1
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
November 2021
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
ICS 91.080.99
English Version
Design of glass structures - Part 1: Basis of design and
materials
Conception et calcul des structures en verre - Partie 1 : Bemessung und Konstruktion von Tragwerken aus
Bases de conception et matériaux Glas - Teil 1: Grundlagen der Bemessung und
Materialien
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 25 July 2021 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to
submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS
available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in
parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 19100-1:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
0 Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 7
1.1 Scope of CEN/TS 19100-1 . 7
1.2 Assumptions . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 8
3.1 Terms and definitions . 8
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations . 12
4 Basis of design . 13
4.1 Requirements . 13
4.2 Principles of limit state design . 14
4.3 Basic variables . 16
4.4 Verification by the partial factor method . 17
5 Materials . 18
5.1 Glass . 18
5.2 Interlayer . 20
5.3 Insulating glass units (IGUs) . 21
5.4 Material for further load transfer elements . 21
6 Durability . 21
7 Structural Analysis . 22
7.1 Basic assumptions. 22
7.2 Determination of sectional forces, stresses and deformations . 22
7.3 General structural provisions . 24
8 Ultimate limit state . 25
8.1 General . 25
8.2 Partial factors . 25
8.3 Resistance . 26
9 Serviceability Limit States . 26
Annex A (informative) Bending strength resistance . 28
Annex B (informative) Bending strength resistance with interference factor . 32
Annex C (informative) Thermally induced stress caused by temperature differentials in the glass
pane . 36
Annex D (informative) Risk Assessment . 40
Bibliography . 41
European foreword
This document (CEN/TS 19100-1:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 250
“Structural Euro-codes”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. CEN/TC 250 is responsible for all
Structural Eurocodes and has been assigned responsibility for structural and geotechnical design matters
by CEN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under Mandate M/515 issued to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association.
This document has been drafted to be used in conjunction with relevant execution, material, product and
test standards, and to identify requirements for execution, materials, products and testing that are relied
upon by this document.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United
Kingdom.
0 Introduction
0.1 Introduction to the Eurocodes
The Structural Eurocodes comprise the following standards generally consisting of a number of Parts:
• EN 1990 Eurocode: Basis of structural and geotechnical design
• EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
• EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
• EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
• EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
• EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
• EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
• EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
• EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
• EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
The Eurocodes are intended for use by designers, clients, manufacturers, constructors, relevant
authorities (in exercising their duties in accordance with national or international regulations),
educators, software developers, and committees drafting standards for related product, testing and
execution standards.
NOTE Some aspects of design are most appropriately specified by relevant authorities or, where not specified,
can be agreed on a project-specific basis between relevant parties such as designers and clients. The Eurocodes
identify such aspects making explicit reference to relevant authorities and relevant parties.
0.2 Introduction to CEN/TS 19100 (all parts)
CEN/TS 19100 applies to the structural design of mechanically supported glass components and
assemblies of glass components. It complies with the principles and requirements for the safety and
serviceability of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990, Basis of
structural design.
CEN/TS 19100 is subdivided into three parts:
— Part 1: Basis of design and materials
— Part 2: Design of out-of-plane loaded glass components
— Part 3: Design of in-plane loaded glass components and their mechanical joints
0.3 Introduction to CEN/TS 19100-1
CEN/TS 19100-1 applies to the structural design of mechanically supported glass components and
assemblies of glass components according CEN/TS 19100-2 and CEN/TS 19100-3.
0.4 Verbal forms used in the Eurocodes
The verb “shall" expresses a requirement strictly to be followed and from which no deviation is permitted
in order to comply with the Eurocodes.
The verb “should” expresses a highly recommended choice or course of action. Subject to national
regulation and/or any relevant contractual provisions, alternative approaches could be used/adopted
where technically justified.
The verb “may" expresses a course of action permissible within the limits of the Eurocodes.
The verb “can" expresses possibility and capability; it is used for statements of fact and clarification of
concepts.
0.5 National annex for CEN/TS 19100-1
CEN/TS 19100-1 gives values within notes indicating where national choices can be made. Therefore, a
national document implementing CEN/TS 19100-1 can have a National Annex containing all Nationally
Determined Parameters to be used for the assessment of buildings and civil engineering works in the
relevant country.
When not given in the National Annex, the national choice will be the default choice specified in the
relevant Technical Specification.
The national choice can be specified by a relevant authority.
When no choice is given in the Technical Specification, in the National Annex, or by a relevant authority,
the national choice can be agreed for a specific project by appropriate parties.
National choice is allowed in CEN/TS 19100-1 through the following clauses:
3.1.16 NOTE
4.1.2. (1) NOTE 2
4.2.4 (1) NOTE 2
4.4.2 (2) NOTE
4.4.2 (3) NOTE
5.2 (1) NOTE 4
7.2.2 (2) NOTE 1
7.2.2 (3) NOTE
7.2.2 (4) NOTE
7.2.4 (2) NOTE 2
7.2.4 (2) NOTE 3
8.2 (2) NOTE
8.3.2 (1) NOTE 1
Clause 9 (2) NOTE
National choice is allowed in CEN/TS 19100-1 on the application of the following informative annexes:
Annex A Bending strength resistance based on nominal product strengths
Annex B Bending strength resistance based on intrinsic glass strength and glass surface pre-stress
Annex C Thermally induced stress caused by temperature differentials in the glass pane
Annex D Risk Assessment
The National Annex can contain, directly or by reference, non-contradictory complementary information
for ease of implementation, provided it does not alter any provisions of the Eurocodes.
1 Scope
1.1 Scope of CEN/TS 19100-1
(1) CEN/TS 19100-1 gives basic design rules for mechanically supported glass components. This
document is concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability, fracture characteristics and
glass component failure consequences in relation to human safety, robustness, redundancy and
durability of glass structures.
(2) This document covers the basis of design, materials, durability and structural design.
(3) This document also covers construction rules for the structural design of glass components.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to CEN/TS 19100-1.
(2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1993-1-1,
EN 1995-1-1, EN 1998-1, EN 1999-1-1 and EN 12488.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE See the Bibliography for a list of other documents cited that are not normative references, including
those referenced as recommendations (i.e. through ‘should’ clauses) and permissions (i.e. through ‘may’ clauses).
EN 572 (all parts), Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products
EN 1279-5:2018, Glass in building - Insulating glass units - Part 5: Product standard
EN 1863-1, Glass in building - Heat strengthened soda lime silicate glass - Part 1: Definition and description
EN 1990:2002, Eurocode - Basis of structural design
EN 1991 (all parts), Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures
EN 12150-1, Glass in building - Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass - Part 1: Definition and
description
EN 12488, Glass in building - Glazing recommendations - Assembly principles for vertical and sloping
glazing
EN 13022-1, Glass in building - Structural sealant glazing - Part 1: Glass products for structural sealant
glazing systems for supported and unsupported monolithic and multiple glazing
EN 13022-2, Glass in building - Structural sealant glazing - Part 2: Assembly rules
EN 14179-1, Glass in building - Heat soaked thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass - Part 1:
Definition and description
EN 15434, Glass in building - Product standard for structural and/or ultra-violet resistant sealant (for use
with structural sealant glazing and/or insulating glass units with exposed seals)
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
Table 3.1— Glass component, glass member and system of glass members
Monolithic glass (MG)
Key
1 pane
2 single ply
Laminated glass (LG)
Key
1 pane
Glass
2 ply
component
3 interlayer
Insulated glass unit (IGU)
Key
1 pane
2 ply
3 interlayer
4 cavity
5 spacer
Glass Glass component +
member boundary conditions
System of Glass components + their
glass interconnections +
members boundary conditions
3.1.1
glass component
glass product being monolithic, laminated, and/or insulating glass unit, after installation
Note 1 to entry: See Table 3.1.
3.1.2
glass member
glass component with clear mechanical boundary conditions so that the effects (stresses or sectional
forces) of a defined action can be calculated
Note 1 to entry: See Table 3.1.
3.1.3
insulating glass unit
IGU
assembly consisting of at least two panes of glass, separated by one or more spacers, hermetically sealed
along the periphery, mechanically stable and durable
3.1.4
Limit State Scenario
LSS
set of limit states (SLS, ULS, FLS and PFLS) to be verified whilst designing a glass component
3.1.5
Ultimate Limit State
ULS
state associated with collapse or with other similar forms of structural failure
Note 1 to entry: Generally, corresponds to the maximum load-carrying resistance of a structure or structural
member.
[SOURCE: prEN 1990:2021, 3.1.2.15]
3.1.6
Serviceability Limit State
SLS
state that correspond to conditions beyond which specified service requirements for a structure or
structural member are no longer met
[SOURCE: prEN 1990:2021, 3.1.2.16]
3.1.7
failure
event where the total loss of structural resistance of the glass component or supports or bonding occurs
3.1.8
fracture
macroscopic physical disintegration due to crack propagation in glass
Note 1 to entry: For monolithic sections, a glass fracture results into a failure of the component; for laminated
sections, a glass fracture of a ply or even of all plies does not necessarily result into a failure of the component.
3.1.9
Fracture Limit State
FLS
state beyond which, during accidental fracture of a glass component or part of glass component
— the prevention of injuries by contact with glass fragments and/or,
— the prevention of body to pass through and/or,
— the ability to limit the failure to that glass component or part of glass component
are no longer satisfied without an appropriate choice of glass mode of breakage, boundary conditions and
other mechanical characteristics
3.1.10
Post Fracture Limit State
PFLS
state beyond which, in case of accidental failure of a glass component, the required residual load bearing
capacity provided by
— redundancy of the glass component,
— undamaged ply(ies) of that glass component,
— structure alternative load path(s)
during a defined period is no longer satisfied
3.1.11
redundancy
provision or existence of additional load paths or structural systems than strictly necessary to resist
design actions
3.1.12
robustness
ability of a structure to withstand unforeseen adverse events without being damaged to an extent
disproportionate to the original cause
[SOURCE: prEN 1990:2021, 3.1.2.29]
Note 1 to entry: See EN 1990 and EN 1991-1-7.
3.1.13
ply
sheet of monolithic glass, cut to size and shape and possibly edge-worked
3.1.14
in-plane loaded glass component
glass component subjected to a significant force component parallel to the glass surface
3.1.15
out-of-plane loaded glass component
glass component subjected to a significant force component perpendicular to the glass surface
3.1.16
vertical glass component
glass component which subtends an angle of no more than ± 15° to the vertical
Note 1 to entry: The value of the angle is given in EN 13830, unless the National Annex gives different values for
use in a country.
3.1.17
interlayer
one or more layers of material acting as an adhesive and separator between plies of glass and/or plastic
glazing sheet material
Note 1 to entry: The interlayer can also give additional performance to the finished product, for example impact
resistance, resistance to fire, solar control and acoustic insulation.
Note 2 to entry: The interlayer itself can also encapsulate non-adhesive films and plates, wires, grids, etc.
3.1.18
laminated glass
LG
assembly consisting of one ply of glass with one or more plies of glass and/or plastics sheet material
joined together with one or more interlayers (see EN ISO 12543-1)
Note 1 to entry: The number of glass plies and the requirements on the interlayer depend on the application of
the glass component.
3.1.19
laminated safety glass
laminated glass, where in case of breakage the interlayer serves to retain the glass fragments, limits the
size of opening, offers residual resistance and reduces the risk of cutting or piercing injuries (see
EN ISO 12543-1)
3.1.20
effective thickness
mechanically equivalent thickness used in structural calculation to represent the “as if monolithic
thickness” of laminated glass when calculating its resistance or stiffness
3.1.21
thermal stress
stress induced by thermal expansion, e.g. due to temperature differences in the glass
3.1.22
cavity pressure
pressure applied to the panes of insulating glass units due to the internal volume of the hermetically
sealed cavity or cavities being affected by variable cavity loading and permanent cavity loading
3.1.23
variable cavity loading
pressure acting on the panes of insulating glass unit resulting from the effect of sealed cavity volume
variations due to temperature and atmospheric changes
3.1.24
permanent cavity loading
pressure acting on the panes of insulating glass unit resulting solely from a difference in altitude between
the place of assembly (sealing) and the place of use
3.1.25
pre-stressed glass
glass within which a permanent surface compressive stress has been induced by a controlled process in
order to give it increased resistance to mechanical and thermal stress and prescribed fracture
characteristics
Note 1 to entry: Pre-stressed glasses can be thermally toughened glass, heat soaked thermally toughened glass,
heat strengthened glass or chemically strengthened glass.
3.1.26
mid plane of a hole
symmetry plane of a hole in a glass ply, which is parallel to the glass surfaces
3.1.27
glazing block
piece of suitable material, placed between the glass component and the frame preventing direct contact
between the two of them (see EN 12488)
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviations apply.
Young’s modulus of glass
E
E Design value of effect of actions
d
E Characteristic value of effect of actions
k
F Design value of an action
d
G Interlayer shear modulus or interlayer shear relaxation modulus
L
N Design value of normal forces in the relevant direction of the considered cross section or joint
E,d
N Design value of resisting normal forces in the direction of the corresponding effect
R,d
V Design value of transverse forces in the relevant direction of the considered cross section or
E,d
joint
V Design value of resisting transverse forces in the direction of the corresponding effect
R,d
M Design value of moments in the relevant direction of the considered cross section or joint
E,d
M Design value of resisting moments in the direction of the corresponding effect
R,d
R Design values for resistance
d
R Characteristic value for resistance
k
T External air temperature
ext
T Maximum summer air temperature on the building site
max
T Minimum winter air temperature on the building site
min
f Characteristic value of glass strength after a strengthening treatment
b,k
f Design value of bending strength of glass
g,d
f Characteristic value of bending strength of annealed glass
g,k
f Characteristic value of surface prestress
p,k
Glass ply thickness
h
k Coefficient accounting for the reduction of the process-induced prestress
p
k Edge or hole finishing factor
e
k Edge or hole prestress factor
e,p
k Modification factor depending on load duration
mod
k Surface treatment factor
sp
k Interference factor
i
X Characteristic value of a material property
k
Temperature change
∆T
a Design values of the geometric parameters
d
αT Coefficient of linear thermal expansion
γ Material partial factor
M,i
γ Partial factor associated with the uncertainty of the resistance model
Rd
Partial factor for prestress on the surface
γ
p
λ Size-effect factor area
A
λ Size-effect factor length (edge, hole)
l
µ
Poisson’s ratio
ρ Glass density
g
σ Design value of principal stresses on the surface of the glass in the relevant direction
prin,Ed
ψ Cavity pressure combination factors
cp,i
4 Basis of design
4.1 Requirements
4.1.1 Basic requirements
(1) Glass structures shall be designed in accordance with the general rules given in EN 1990.
(2) In conjunction with EN 1990, the specific provisions for resistance, serviceability, durability and
robustness given in this document should be used.
4.1.2 Consequences classes
(1) Considering the consequences of failure or malfunction, glass components shall be classified
according to the Consequences Classes given in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 — Definition of consequences classes
Consequences Examples of buildings and civil
Description
class engineering works
High consequence for loss of human life, Grandstands, public buildings where
CC3 or economic, social or environmental consequences of failure are high (e.g. a
consequences very great concert hall)
Medium consequence for loss of human Residential and office buildings, public
CC2 life, economic, social or environmental buildings where consequences of failure
consequences considerable are medium (e.g. an office building)
Low consequence for loss of human life, Agricultural buildings where people do
CC1 and economic, social or environmental not normally enter (e.g. storage
consequences small or negligible buildings), greenhouses
NOTE 1 For infill panels that are in a class of consequence lower than those covered in Table 4.1, see EN 16612.
NOTE 2 The classification of a glass component into CCs can be given in the National Annex.
NOTE 3 Guidance on classification of glass components into CCs can also be obtained from Risk Assessment (RA).
The result of RA can also provide further information, e.g. about glass type, glass structure and other structural
details. The necessity of conducting RA depends on the individual requirement of the project or on the authorities'
requirements. Further information on RA is given in Annex D.
4.1.3 Design working life
(1) Glass components should be designed for a design working life category according to EN 1990.
NOTE The design working life refers to structural design only. Other performance requirements (e.g. thermal
insulation, weather tightness, etc.) or aesthetic requirements can lead to a different working life of a glass
component.
(2) It is recommended to establish a maintenance concept, explicitly describing inspection measures.
(3) Requirements for replaceability may be as specified by the relevant authority or, where not specified,
agreed for a specific project by the relevant parties.
(4) Glass components of CEN/TS 19100-3 should correspond to the design working life of the rest of the
global structure.
NOTE See also Clause 6 “Durability”.
4.2 Principles of limit state design
4.2.1 General
(1) The choice of glass is depending on the mode of breakage. Therefore, the required mode of breakage
and subsequently, the choice of glass type should be clarified prior to the verification in the limit states.
(2) Glass components should be designed for the following limit states as relevant:
— the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) where glass is unfractured,
— the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) where glass is unfractured,
— the Fracture Limit State (FLS) during the event of fracture,
— the Post Fracture Limit State (PFLS) where glass is fractured.
NOTE 1 For SLS, see EN 1990 as well as 4.2.2 and Clause 9 of this document.
NOTE 2 For ULS, see EN 1990 as well as 4.2.2 and Clause 8 of this document.
NOTE 3 For FLS and PFLS, see 4.2.3 and CEN/TS 19100-2 and CEN/TS 19100-3.
NOTE 4 See also Note of 4.2.3 (3).
(3) FLS and PFLS verifications may be performed either by calculation (theoretical assessment) or by
testing.
(4) For glass structures, special attention should be paid for robustness and redundancy.
NOTE Design for the additional limit states FLS and PFLS is a means to achieve sufficient robustness and
redundancy.
(5) In situations where risk of breakage exists and is critical, the design should start with consideration
of FLS and PFLS respectively.
4.2.2 Ultimate Limit State (ULS) and Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
(1) The limit states that concern the safety verification and structural detailing of unfractured (intact)
glass components shall be classified as Ultimate Limit States (ULS), see EN 1990.
NOTE Design rules in the ULS are given in Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3 of CEN/TS 19100.
(2) The limit states that concerns the serviceability verification of unfractured (intact) glass components
shall be classified as Serviceability Limit States (SLS), see EN 1990.
NOTE Design rules for the SLS are given in Clause 9. Design limiting values are given in CEN/TS 19100-2 and
CEN/TS 19100-3.
4.2.3 Fracture Limit State (FLS) and Post Fracture Limit State (PFLS)
(1) Design of glass structures shall always consider situations where parts of or the entire glass
component fractures. This includes the situation during the event of fracture or the situation after
fracture.
NOTE Due to the brittleness of glass, the risk of breakage exists and can be critical if no further measures for
the situation during the event of fracture or for the situation after the event of fracture are taken.
(2) The limit states associated with these situations are the Fracture Limit State (FLS) and the Post
Fracture Limit State (PFLS). In the Fracture Limit State (FLS) safety during the event of fracture shall be
verified. In the Post Fracture Limit State (PFLS) safety after fracture shall be verified for a defined limited
time period.
(3) Safety verification in the Fracture Limit State (FLS) shall consider dynamic impact, together with
static permanent and variable loadings likely to occur during impact. Safety verification in the Post
Fracture Limit State (PFLS) shall consider static permanent and variable loading likely to occur for the
considered limited time period.
NOTE FLS and PFLS refer to accidental design situations according to 3.2 of EN 1990:2002. Because of the
importance, here special Limit States (FLS and PFLS) were created for these accidental design situations.
(4) Design rules for the FLS and for the PFLS are given in CEN/TS 19100-2 and CEN/TS 19100-3.
NOTE 1 The PFLS requires a suitable post fracture load bearing capacity for a defined time period. The time
period usually comprises the expected times from fracture incidence to identification of the fractured glass and
further, the time required to replace the fractured glass pane.
NOTE 2 The fracture can refer to one or several plies or to the entire component.
4.2.4 Limit State Scenarios (LSS)
(1) In addition to the classification into CCs, glass components may be assigned to Limit State Scenarios
(LSS), LSS describe groups of limit state considerations, see Table 4.2.
NOTE 1 Limit State Scenarios (LSS) are introduced to group different glass components with a common set of
Limit States.
NOTE 2 Generally, a glass component can be assigned to a LSS according to the National Annex. Countries are
encouraged to establish lists where typical glass applications (e.g. balustrade, roof, column, beam…) are classified
according to LSS-0, LSS-1, LSS-2 or LSS-3.
(2) LSS 0 should be selected where verification in SLS and safety verification in ULS is required, but not
in FLS and PFLS.
(3) LSS 1 should be selected where, apart from SLS and ULS, safety verification in FLS is required but not
in PFLS.
(4) LSS 2 should be selected where, apart from SLS and ULS, safety verification in FLS is not required but
in PFLS.
(5) LSS 3 should be selected where, apart from SLS and ULS, safety verification in FLS and PFLS is
required.
Table 4.2 — Limit State Scenarios (LSS) depending on limit or fracture state
Limit State Scenario (LSS)
LSS-0 LSS-1 LSS-2 LSS-3
SLS SLS SLS SLS
Design for the unfractured glass state
ULS ULS ULS ULS
Design for the glass fracture state (safe glass fracture) FLS FLS
Design for the post-fractured state (residual load capacity) PFLS PFLS
4.3 Basic variables
4.3.1 Actions from environmental and climatic influences
(1) The characteristic values of actions for the design of glass structures, including any regional, climatic
and accidental situations, shall be obtained from the relevant parts of EN 1991.
(2) The climatic actions causing cavity pressure variations of the insulating glass unit such as gas
temperature variation, the difference of altitude between production and installation sites and change of
atmospheric pressure at the place of use shall be taken into account.
NOTE The cavity pressure due to the difference of altitude is a permanent action.
(3) Settlements, changes in position, stiffness of constraints of the adjacent structure should be
considered in the design.
(4) If applicable, construction stages should be considered to derive actions during execution according
to EN 1991-1-6.
(5) In case of IGUs, besides the effect of the temperature on the cavity pressure of IGUs (see above),
occurring stresses from temperature differences within the glass pane itself should be considered in the
stress verification. Such temperature differences can be caused by partial shading, large edge cover, heat
absorbing glass or coating, etc.
(6) Seismic design actions should be calculated in accordance with methods established under EN 1998
and/or national standards. The following limit states shall be considered: Fully Operational limit state
(FO), Operational limit state (OP), Life Safety limit state (LS), Near Collapse limit state (NC).
4.3.2 Material and product properties
(1) The material properties for glass and other construction products and the geometrical data to be used
should be those specified in the relevant EN or EN ISO product standards or European Technical
Specifications. If they do not exist, assessment shall be made in compliance with the relevant
requirements of EN 1990 (see Clause 5 of this document).
4.4 Verification by the partial factor method
4.4.1 Design values of actions
(1) Except of changes of cavity pressures in insulated glass units (IGUs), the design value of the effects of
actions E shall be obtained using EN 1990 and EN 1991 (all parts).
d
NOTE For calculation of cavity pressures, see EN 16612.
(2) The partial factors of the actions required to determine E shall be taken from EN 1990.
d
4.4.2 Combination of actions
(1) The combination factors shall be taken from EN 1990. Exceptions or additions from or to this are as
follows:
— Load combination factors for SLS should be selected according to Clause 9 of this document;
— Load combination factors for ULS should be selected according to the fundamental load combination
of EN 1990;
— Load combination factors for FLS should be selected according to the load combination for the
accidental design situation of EN 1990;
— Load combination factors for PFLS should be selected according to the load combination for the
accidental design situation of EN 1990.
(2) When effects of cavity pressure variations are taken into account, the specific combination factors
ψ for cavity pressure variations shall be used.
cp,i
NOTE The values of ψ are given in Table 4.3 (NDP) unless the National Annex gives different values.
cp,i
Table 4.3 (NDP) — Cavity pressure combination factors ψ
cp,i
ψ ψ ψ
cp,0 cp,1 cp,2
0,3 0,3 0,0
(3) Barrier loads need not to be combined with other variable loads.
NOTE Different rules on combination of barrier loads with other variable loads can be given in the National
Annex.
(4) Generally, stresses due to temperature differences (thermal stresses) within the glass may be verified
neglecting all other variable actions (exception see 4.3.1 (5)).
NOTE Information on determining temperature distribution of the glass component is given in Annex C of this
document.
4.4.3 Design values of material properties
(1) For the design of glass structures, the design value for a material property is obtained by dividing its
characteristic value X by the relevant partial factor for materials, γ .
k M
(2) Deviations of real material properties from the characteristic values are considered by the partial
factor of the design resistances.
4.4.4 Design values of geometrical data
(1) Deviations of real geometrical data from the nominal or characteristic values are considered by the
partial factor of the design resistances.
(2) Further geometrical data may be taken from further product specification or relevant drawings. For
the latter, the dimensions may be assumed to be nominal.
(3) The design values of imperfections, provided in CEN/TS 19100-3 comprise the following influences
coming from:
— geometrical imperfections of the glass component limited to the maximum tolerances of the product
standards,
— structural imperfections of the glass component due to production,
— execution imperfections limited to the maximum tolerances of the execution standards if available.
4.4.5 Design resistance
(1) For glass components, Formula (6.6) of EN 1990:2002 applies.
5 Materials
5.1 Glass
5.1.1 Properties for design of products of basic soda lime silicate glass
(1) If products of basic soda lime silicate glass are used, their properties shall be in accordance with
EN 572 (all parts). The general physical and mechanical properties of Table 5.1 may be taken into account
for design purposes.
Table 5.1 — General physical and mechanical properties of basic soda lime silicate glass for
design
modulus of elasticity E = 70 000 N/mm
Poisson’s ratio μ = 0,23
−6
coefficient of linear thermal expansion α = 9 × 10 1/K
T
glass density ρ = 2 500 kg/m
g
(2) If products of float glass according to EN 572 (all parts) are used, the characteristic bending strength
as given in Table 5.2 may be taken into account for design purposes.
Table 5.2 — Characteristic bending strength f for design for basic soda lime silicate float glass
g,k
f
g,k
Type of glass Standard
N/mm
Float glass EN 572-2 45
Polished wired glass EN 572-3 33
Drawn sheet glass EN 572-4 45
Patterned glass EN 572-5 33
Wired patterned glass EN 572-6 27
(3) If products of glass according to EN 572-1 are thermally pre-stressed according to EN 1863-1,
EN 12150-1 or EN 14179-1, the characteristic values for the bending strength f as given in Table 5.3
b,k
may be taken into account.
Table 5.3 — Characteristic bending strength f for design of prestressed basic soda lime silicate
b,k
glass
Glass material per product Values for characteristic bending strength f for pre-stressed
b,k
(whichever composition) glass processed from:
thermally toughened
heat chemically
safety glass to EN 12150-1,
strengthened strengthened
and heat soaked thermally
glass to glass to
toughened safety glass to
EN 1863-1 EN 12337-1
EN 14179-1
2 2 2
float glass or drawn sheet glass 120 N/mm 70 N/mm 150 N/mm
2 2 2
patterned glass 90 N/mm 55 N/mm 100 N/mm
enamelled float or drawn sheet
2 2
75 N/mm 45 N/mm
glass
2 2
enamelled patterned glass 75 N/mm 45 N/mm
NOTE 1 The values for thermally toughened safety glass and heat soaked thermally toughened safety glass can
also be used for glass conforming to EN 13024-1, EN 14321-1 and EN 15682-1.
NOTE 2 The characteristic bending strength values in the table are the same as in the product standards at the
time of publication of this document. In the case of revision of the values in the product standards, then the values
in the product standards take precedence.
5.1.2 Properties for design of glass products other than basic soda lime
(1) For design purposes of glass other than basic soda lime glass, the values of the mechanical and
physical properties needed for calculation, such as Young's modulus E, Poisson ratio μ, coefficient of
linear thermal expansion α and density ρ , which are specified in the corresponding product standards,
T g
should be used, see Table 5.4.
(2) The strength values as specified in the appropriate product standard listed in Table 5.4 may be taken
as characteristic values for the bending strength f of annealed glass.
g,k
Table 5.4 — Product standards of annealed glass other than soda lime silicate glass
Glass product Standard
Borosilicate glass EN 1748-1-1
Glass ceramics EN 1748-2-1
Alkaline earth silicate glass EN 14178-1
Alumino silicate glass EN 15681-1
(3) If glass other than basic soda lime glass is thermally pre-stressed, the strength values as specified in
the appropriate product standard listed in Table 5.5 may be taken as characteristic values for the bending
strength of pre-stressed glass fb,k.
Table 5.5 — product standards of pre-stressed glass other than soda lime silicate glass
Glass product Standard
Thermally toughened borosilicate safety glass EN 13024-1
Thermally toughened alkaline earth silicate safety glass EN 14321-1
Heat soaked thermally toughened alkaline earth silicate safety glass EN 15682-1
5.1.3 Requirements for glass concerning execution
(1) Thermally toughened glass and heat strengthened glass shall be checked in view of damage at all
edges (whether conceale
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.
Loading comments...