prEN 18219
(Main)Digital product passport - Unique identifiers
Digital product passport - Unique identifiers
This document defines the principles and specifies the requirements and guidelines for unique product identifiers, unique economic operator identifiers, and unique facility identifiers used in digital product passports. It covers the following areas:
a) global uniqueness;
b) persistence;
c) syntax;
d) semantics;
e) interoperability;
f) openness.
This document accommodates unique product identifiers at three granularity levels of specificity: model, batch, or individual item, to support various operational needs.
This document describes identification (ID) schemes that use issuing agencies, self-issuing systems, or a combination of both.
Digitaler Produktpass - Eindeutige Kennungen
Dieses Dokument definiert die Grundsätze und legt die Anforderungen und die Leitlinien für eindeutige Produktkennungen, eindeutige Wirtschaftsteilnehmerkennungen und eindeutige Einrichtungskennungen fest, die in digitalen Produktpässen verwendet werden. Es deckt die folgenden Bereiche ab:
a) globale Eindeutigkeit;
b) Dauerhaftigkeit;
c) Syntax;
d) Semantik;
e) Interoperabilität;
f) Offenheit.
Dieses Dokument erfasst eindeutige Produktkennungen auf drei Granularitätsgraden der Spezifizität (Modell, Charge oder Einzelartikel), um verschiedene operative Bedürfnisse zu unterstützen.
Dieses Dokument beschreibt Identifikations-(ID )Schemata, die ausstellende Stellen, selbst ausstellende Systeme oder eine Kombination von beiden verwenden.
Passeport numérique des produits - Identifiants uniques
Le présent document définit les principes et spécifie les exigences et lignes directrices pour les identifiants uniques de produits, les identifiants uniques d'opérateur économique et les identifiants uniques d'installation utilisés dans les passeports numériques de produits. Il couvre les domaines suivants :
a) l'unicité globale ;
b) la persistance ;
c) la syntaxe ;
d) la sémantique ;
e) l'interopérabilité ;
f) l'ouverture.
Le présent document contient des identifiants uniques de produits à trois niveaux de granularité de spécificité : modèle, lot ou article individuel, afin de répondre à divers besoins opérationnels.
Le présent document décrit des systèmes d'identification (ID) qui utilisent des organismes de délivrance, des systèmes d'auto-délivrance ou une combinaison des deux.
Digitalni potni list izdelka - Enoznačni identifikatorji
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2025
Digitalni potni list za proizvode - Enoznačni identifikatorji
Digital product passport - Unique identifiers
Digitaler Produktpass - Eindeutige Kennungen
Passeport numérique des produits - Identifiants uniques
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 18219
ICS:
13.020.20 Okoljska ekonomija. Environmental economics.
Trajnostnost Sustainability
35.240.63 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in trade
trgovini
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD DRAFT
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
June 2025
ICS 35.240.63; 13.020.20
English version
Digital product passport - Unique identifiers
Passeport numérique des produits - Identifiants Digitaler Produktpass - Eindeutige Kennungen
uniques
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/CLC/JTC 24.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN and CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal
Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any
alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN and CENELEC in three official versions (English, French, German). A
version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN and CENELEC member into its own language
and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification
of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2025 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means
Ref. No. prEN 18219:2025 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
0.1 General . 5
0.2 Orientation . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 General principles, requirements and guidelines . 10
4.1 Global uniqueness . 10
4.1.1 Principle . 10
4.1.2 Requirements . 11
4.2 Persistence . 11
4.2.1 Principle . 11
4.2.2 Requirements . 11
4.3 Syntax . 11
4.3.1 Principle . 11
4.3.2 Requirements . 11
4.3.3 Guidelines . 12
4.4 Semantic . 12
4.4.1 Principle . 12
4.4.2 Requirements . 12
4.4.3 Guidelines . 12
4.5 Interoperability . 12
4.5.1 Principle . 12
4.5.2 Requirements . 13
4.6 Openness . 13
4.6.1 Principle . 13
4.6.2 Requirements . 13
4.6.3 Guidelines . 13
5 ID schemes for products . 14
5.1 ID scheme 5.1: Web enabled, structured path and query ID for products . 14
5.1.1 Description . 14
5.1.2 Requirements . 14
5.2 ID scheme 5.2: Identification Link (IL) . 14
5.2.1 Description . 14
5.2.2 Requirements . 15
5.2.3 Guidelines . 15
5.2.4 Model, batch and item level identification . 15
5.3 ID scheme 5.3: Decentralized identifiers (DID) for products . 15
5.3.1 Description . 15
5.3.2 Requirements . 15
5.4 ID scheme 5.4: Product and group identification . 15
5.4.1 Description . 15
5.4.2 Requirements . 16
5.4.3 Guidelines . 16
5.5 ID Scheme 5.5: Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for products . 16
5.5.1 Description . 16
5.5.2 Requirements . 16
6 ID schemes for economic operators and facilities . 17
6.1 ID scheme 6.1: Structured path identification for organizations . 17
6.1.1 Description . 17
6.1.2 Requirements . 17
6.1.3 Guidelines . 17
6.2 ID scheme 6.2: Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) . 17
6.2.1 Description . 17
6.2.2 Requirements . 17
6.2.3 Guidelines . 17
6.3 ID scheme 6.3: Decentralized identifiers (DID) for organizations . 18
6.3.1 Description . 18
6.3.2 Requirements . 18
6.3.3 Guidelines . 18
6.4 ID scheme 6.4: Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) for organizations . 18
6.4.1 Description . 18
6.4.2 Requirements . 19
Annex A (informative) Guidance on selecting item-level identification for products . 20
Annex B (informative) Overview of ID schemes for products . 21
B.1 General information . 21
B.2 Issuing and ownership . 22
B.3 General technical properties . 23
B.4 Requirements . 24
B.5 Security . 27
B.6 Issuing process and prerequisites . 28
B.7 Examples . 30
B.7.1 ID scheme 5.1: Web enabled, structured path and query string identification for
products . 30
B.7.2 ID scheme 5.2: Identification Link (IL) . 31
B.7.3 ID scheme 5.3: Decentralized identifiers (DIDs) for products . 32
B.7.4 ID scheme 5.4: Product and group identification . 33
B.7.5 ID Scheme 5.5: Digital Object Identifier for products . 34
Annex C (informative) Overview of ID schemes for economic operators and facilities . 35
C.1 General information . 35
C.2 Issuing and ownership . 35
C.3 General technical properties . 35
C.4 Requirements . 36
C.5 Security . 37
C.6 Issuing process and prerequisites . 38
C.7 Examples . 39
C.7.1 ID scheme 6.1: Structured path identification for organizations . 39
C.7.2 ID scheme 6.2: Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) . 39
C.7.3 ID Scheme 6.3: Decentralized identifiers (DIDs) for organizations . 39
C.7.4 ID Scheme 6.4: Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) for organizations . 40
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of 2024/1781 . 41
Bibliography . 43
European foreword
This document (prEN 18219:2025) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/CLC/JTC 24
"Digital product passport – Framework and system", the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document has been prepared under a standardization request addressed to CEN by the European
Commission. The Standing Committee of the EFTA States subsequently approves these requests for its
Member States.
For relationship with EU Legislation, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.
This document has been prepared as one of eight standards developed under Standardization Request
M/604, issued by the European Commission to CEN and CENELEC.
Introduction
0.1 General
In 2019, the European Commission introduced the European Green Deal, a detailed strategic plan aimed
at sustainable growth. A key component of this plan is the Ecodesign for Sustainable Product Regulation
(ESPR) [1], which is designed to guide the European Union towards achieving climate neutrality by
2050. The ESPR promotes a vision of a society that is equitable and thriving, functioning within a modern,
competitive, and circular economy, all while preserving a toxin-free environment.
In detail, the ESPR mandates the adoption of production and consumption patterns that are in harmony
with the Union’s comprehensive sustainability goals related to climate change, environmental
protection, energy use, resource efficiency, and biodiversity conservation, all within defined planetary
boundaries. To achieve these goals, the regulation introduces a set of stringent ecodesign requirements.
These are specifically crafted to enhance the durability, reliability, repairability, upgradability,
reusability, and recyclability of products. Such measures are vital for reducing waste, diminishing the
presence of hazardous substances in products, and improving their energy and resource efficiency.
Collectively, these requirements establish a rigorous framework for sustainability within the industry,
pivotal for supporting the Union's transition to sustainability.
To support the implementation of these comprehensive requirements, the ESPR highlights Digital
Product Passports (DPP) as a key element and a pivotal tool to ensures that all stakeholders in the value
chain – manufacturers, distributors, consumers, and recyclers – have access to essential, traceable, and
reliable product information, supporting informed consumer choices, and promoting better resource
management and sustainability practices.
The rollout of the Digital Product Passport (DPP) concept is set to occur gradually over the coming years.
Specific details, including what will be included in the DPP for various product groups will be outlined
in delegated acts. This approach ensures a comprehensive strategy that balances environmental
objectives with regulatory requirements and stakeholder expectations. This also includes other EU
policies and regulations, such as construction products or batteries.
To support the implementation of the DPPs, this document establishes a framework for the creation
and management of unique identifiers. These identifiers connect products, economic operators, and
facilities to their digital counterparts, and are designed to be distinct, reliable, and universally
recognizable. They are crucial for establishing robust and resilient digital product passports, enabling
effective tracking of environmental attributes and compliance across the life cycle. This improves the
accessibility of product information through data carrier scans, giving consumers, business partners,
and regulators access to a digital product passport. This digital passport provides valuable insights into
the product's durability, reparability, recycled content, availability of spare parts, and more.
To ensure interoperability and reduce implementation costs for businesses, these identifiers are
designed to integrate with existing International Standards and align with current technological
advancements, while maintaining consistency and coherence with established industry practices.
0.2 Orientation
This document provides the foundation for the identification of products, economic operators, and
facilities to be used for digital product passports.
Clause 4 sets out the principles, requirements, and guidelines that apply across all identification use
cases. These are structured around six key areas: global uniqueness, persistence, syntax, semantics,
interoperability, and openness.
— Principles: Provide the intent and purpose for each area.
— Requirements: Define what must be fulfilled when implementing identifiers and identification
schemes, serving as the foundation for assessment and compliance.
— Guidelines: Offer optional recommendations that can support or enhance implementation but are
not mandatory.
Clause 5 specifies the permitted identification schemes for creating a unique product identifier. Five
different schemes are described, each of which may be used to meet the requirements established in
Clause 4, provided that both the rules of the chosen scheme and the requirements of Clause 4 are fully
satisfied.
Clause 6 specifies the permitted identification schemes for creating a unique economic operator
identifier and unique facility identifier. Four schemes are described, each of which may be used to meet
the requirements established in Clause 4, provided that both the rules of the chosen scheme and the
requirements of Clause 4 are fully satisfied.
In addition, the document includes informative annexes to support practical understanding and
implementation:
— Annex A: Guidance on selecting item-level identification for products.
— Annex B: Overview of identification schemes for products.
— Annex C: Overview of identification schemes for economic operators and facilities.
— Annex ZA: Relationship between this European Standard and the essential requirements of
2024/1781.
1 Scope
This document defines the principles and specifies the requirements and guidelines for unique product
identifiers, unique economic operator identifiers, and unique facility identifiers used in digital product
passports. It covers the following areas:
a) global uniqueness;
b) persistence;
c) syntax;
d) semantics;
e) interoperability;
f) openness.
This document accommodates unique product identifiers at three granularity levels of specificity:
model, batch, or individual item, to support various operational needs.
This document describes identification (ID) schemes that use issuing agencies, self-issuing systems, or
a combination of both.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
ISO/IEC 646:1991, Information technology -- ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange
ISO/IEC 6523-1:2023, Information technology — Structure for the identification of organizations and
organization parts — Part 1: Identification of organization identification schemes
ISO/IEC 6523-2:1998, Information technology -- Structure for the identification of organizations and
organization parts -- Part 2: Registration of organization identification schemes
ISO/IEC 15418:2016, Information technology - Automatic identification and data capture techniques -
GS1 Application Identifiers and ASC MH10 Data Identifiers and maintenance
ISO/IEC 15434:2019, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques
— Syntax for high-capacity ADC media
ISO/IEC 15459-2:2015, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques
— Unique identification — Part 2: Registration procedures
ISO/IEC 15459-4:2014, Information technology -- Automatic identification and data capture techniques
-- Unique identification -- Part 4: Individual products and product packages
ISO/IEC 15459-6:2014, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques
— Unique identification — Part 6: Groupings
ISO/IEC 15961-1:2021, Information technology - Data protocol for radio frequency identification (RFID)
for item management - Part 1: Application interface
ISO/IEC 17360:2023, Automatic identification and data capture techniques — Supply chain applications
of RFID — Product tagging, product packaging, transport units, returnable transport units and returnable
packaging items
ISO 17442-1:2020, Financial services — Legal entity identifier (LEI) — Part 1: Assignment
ISO/IEC 18975:2024, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques
— Encoding and resolving identifiers over HTTP
ISO/IEC 19762:2016, Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC)
techniques — Harmonized vocabulary
ISO 26324:2025, Information and documentation — Digital object identifier system
EN IEC 61406-1:2022, Identification Link - Part 1: General requirements
EN IEC 61406-2:2024, Identification link - Part 2: Types/models, lots/batches, items and characteristics
Decentralized Identifier Resolution (DID Resolution) v0.3:2025, https://www.w3.org/TR/did
-resolution/
Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) v1.0:2022, https://www.w3.org/TR/did-1.0/
Verifiable Credentials Data Model v1.1:2022, https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-data-model/
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 19762:2016 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
batch
subset of a model that is grouped by the economic operator based on the identical properties
3.2
consumer
individual member of the general public purchasing or using goods, property or services for private
purposes
[SOURCE: ISO 14025:2006]
3.3
digital product passport
DPP
digital record of product characteristics throughout its life cycle
Note 1 to entry: Example characteristics include environmental sustainability, environmental impact, and
recyclability.
3.4
economic operator
manufacturer, authorized representative, importer, distributor, dealer or fulfilment service provider
3.5
identification scheme
ID scheme
system for allocating identifiers to registered objects
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 6523-1:2023]
3.6
interoperability
ability of independent systems to exchange meaningful information and initiate actions from each other,
in order to operate together to mutual benefit
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 26324:2025, 3.11]
3.7
issuing agency
centralized identification scheme
federated identification scheme
organization that allocates company codes, defines rules and/or identification schemes
3.8
item
single unit of a model
3.9
life cycle
consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or generation
from natural resources to final disposal
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006]
3.10
model
version of a product of which all units share the same technical characteristics and the same model
identifier
3.11
object
entity to which specified requirements apply
Note 1 to entry: Product, process, service, system, installation, project, data, design, material, claim, person, body
or organization, or any combination thereof.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 17000:2020]
3.12
persistence
existence, and ability to be used in services outside the direct control of the issuing assigner, without a
stated time limit
[SOURCE: ISO 26324:2022]
3.13
placed on the market
first making available of a product on the market
3.14
product
any physical good that is placed on the market or put into service
3.15
put into service
first use, for its intended purpose, of a product
3.16
resolution
process in which an identifier translates or maps to associated information or metadata about the object
it represents
Note 1 to entry: DNS resolution and HTTP/HTTPS resolution utilize standard web functionality and do not require
additional software. In contrast, DID resolution typically requires additional software.
3.17
resolver
service that accepts an identifier or parameters as input and responds in some way specific to that input
Note 1 to entry: An economic operator can set up a resolver by themself or use a service of a designated service
provider.
3.18
self-issuing system
decentralized identification scheme
system or mechanism that an organization uses to generate and assign unique identifiers to its objects
without the intervention or oversight of an external authority
3.19
unique economic operator identifier
unique string of characters for the identification of actors involved in a product’s value chain
3.20
unique facility identifier
unique string of characters for the identification of locations or buildings involved in a product’s value
chain or used by actors involved in a product’s value chain
3.21
unique identifier
identifier which is guaranteed to be unique among all identifiers used for those objects and for a specific
purpose
Note 1 to entry: A unique identifier refers to unique product identifier (3.22), unique economic operator identifier
(3.19), and unique facility identifier (3.20).
[SOURCE: ISO 29404:2015, modified – Note 1 to entry added]
3.22
unique product identifier
unique string of characters for the identification of a product that also enables a web link to the digital
product passport
4 General principles, requirements and guidelines
4.1 Global uniqueness
4.1.1 Principle
The principle of global uniqueness ensures that each identifier is distinct, at least exclusive within its
domain of use, and non-coexisting, enabling clear object differentiation and preventing
misidentification. Products (3.14) receive at least one globally unique product identifier (3.22) at one
of the three levels of granularity (model, batch, or individual item), and when necessary, economic
operator or facility is assigned a globally unique economic operator identifier (3.19) or a globally unique
facility identifier (3.20). The economic operator and/or issuing agency ensures this uniqueness when
placing products on the market (3.13) or putting them into service (3.15).
4.1.2 Requirements
The unique identifier shall be globally unique, by ensuring:
1) No duplication: The same unique identifier shall not be used to identify different objects.
2) Distinct: The unique identifier shall be unique at least within its domain and across all potential
contexts in which it may be used.
3) Non-coexistence: A unique identifier, once issued, shall not coexist with or be reassigned to another
object.
4.2 Persistence
4.2.1 Principle
The principle of persistence (3.12) ensures that the unique identifier remains associated with the same
object at least throughout its life cycle (3.9). The purpose of a persistent identifier is to accurately
represent an object for as long as it exists, regardless of changes in company status, ownership, location,
including mergers, acquisitions, splits or spin-offs. The economic operator is responsible for recording,
maintaining, and securely storing each identifier, either directly or through a service provider, to ensure
persistency.
4.2.2 Requirements
The unique identifier shall provide persistence, with the economic operator responsible for:
1) Consistency: The unique identifier, once assigned, shall remain unchanged and consistently refer
to the same object without ambiguity, for as long as it remains within the control of the economic
operator.
2) Preservation: The unique identifier shall be preserved, at least throughout its expected life cycle
(3.9), or as long as required by applicable regulations.
3) Permanence: The unique identifier shall remain available including after an insolvency, a
liquidation, or a cessation of the economic operator responsible for its creation.
NOTE For products placed on the European market, the EU DPP registry ensures a minimum level of
preservation and permanence of identifiers.
4.3 Syntax
4.3.1 Principle
The principle of syntax establishes a clear, standardized structure for unique identifiers, ensuring
consistent recognition and usage across systems, services, and platforms when needed. This structure
supports interoperability and efficient processing, by enabling the mapping between different syntaxes.
The unique identifiers maintain a distinguishable format to enhance identification, searchability and
retrieval. The length is specified for optimized processing and storage, and the syntax structure enables
accessibility and usability on smartphones, other similar consumer devices and common web browsers.
4.3.2 Requirements
The unique identifier shall follow a predefined syntax, by ensuring:
1) Character set: The character set for the unique identifier shall include alphanumeric characters
and, where necessary, percent encoding and specific symbols as set out in ISO/IEC 646:1991.
2) Web: The unique product identifier shall either be in the form of a URL, or have specified
transformation into a URL (e.g. resolvable from URI to URL), ensuring compatibility with web-
based systems.
4.3.3 Guidelines
1) Structure: The unique identifier may conform to a predefined structural pattern, ensuring it is easily
parsed and recognized across various systems, services and platforms.
2) Variable length: Unique identifier may use variable length as long it does not exceed limitations of
the chosen ID scheme.
4.4 Semantic
4.4.1 Principle
The principle of semantics ensures that a unique identifier accurately represents the object it refers to,
when needed. Semantics also enable effective access to the data encoded within the identifier,
supporting interpretation by both systems and users. Identifiers are aligned with the characteristics of
the objects they represent, including distinctions between different types of identifiers and varying
levels of granularity. Additionally, identifiers facilitate access to a digital product passport—either
directly, via a data carrier, or through a resolution (3.16) mechanism.
4.4.2 Requirements
The unique identifier shall maintain specified semantics, by ensuring:
1) Granularity: Each product identifier shall be unique at least at the smallest granularity level it
serves, whether it is a model (3.10), batch (3.1), or item (3.8).
2) Granularity consistency: The granularity level of a unique product identifier shall remain consistent
once the product is placed on the market or put into service (3.15).
3) Change in granularity: If a change in granularity becomes necessary that has not been foreseen, a
new or extended unique product identifier shall be assigned. The new or extended identifier shall
be linked to the old unique identifier to maintain traceability.
4.4.3 Guidelines
1) Granularity level: The economic operator may adopt a more granular level of specificity for the
unique product identifier than mandated by regulation (e.g., using batch instead of model, or item
instead of batch) to enhance traceability or meet specific operational needs.
2) Resolver: The economic operator may utilize a resolver (3.17) for the resolution of a unique
identifier, either established by themselves or provided by a designated service provider.
3) Hierarchy: A unique product identifier may be structured to represent multiple levels of
granularity, such as model, batch and individual item identification, within a single hierarchical
format.
4.5 Interoperability
4.5.1 Principle
The principle of interoperability (3.6) is enabled by the global uniqueness and the digital product system.
In addition, unique identifiers ensure seamless operation across systems, services, and platforms
without modification of the identifier or the platform, enabling consistent interpretation and
unambiguous data exchange. A structured format supports compatibility with external components to
enable automated processing and integration across industries. Portability ensures continuity across
technological and organizational transitions. Key interoperability interfaces include data carriers, web
links, APIs, and digital product passports.
4.5.2 Requirements
The unique identifier shall be interoperable, by ensuring:
1) Data carrier: The unique product identifier shall be retrievable from a data carrier specified in EN
JTO24002, linking it to the digital product passport (3.3).
2) Digital copy: The economic operator shall give retailers and online marketplaces access to the
unique product identifier that they need to lead consumers to the DPP of a given product.
3) Compatibility: The unique product identifier shall be compatible with external components, such
as professional scanning devices, smartphones and similar digital consumer devices.
4) Portability: The unique identifier shall be portable across different systems, services, and platforms
without losing their meaning or function.
5) Existing ID: Wherever possible, the economic operator shall be permitted to continue using their
existing ID scheme to generate unique identifiers for the digital product passport.
4.6 Openness
4.6.1 Principle
The principle of openness promotes transparency by ensuring that policies, processes, and standards
are publicly accessible, allowing stakeholders to study and implement them. The use of widely accessible
rules and procedures foster broad adoption and interoperability. Identifiers are used to access DPP
public information without requiring registration, download DPP specific software, or authentication.
Openness aims to avoid unnecessary restrictions that could limit access, use, or innovation. Openness
also facilitates the transition or switching between systems, services, and platforms without
compromising functionality or data integrity.
4.6.2 Requirements
The unique identifier shall remain open and transparent, by ensuring:
1) Transparency: The ID scheme and unique identifier shall be based on a system where policies,
processes, and standards can be studied, influenced, and used under fair, reasonable, and non-
discriminatory terms.
2) End consumer usage: For end consumer (3.2) usage, the unique identifier shall be useable to access
DPP public information without the need to register, download DPP-specific software, or add user
credentials.
3) No undue restrictions: The unique identifier shall not result in vendor lock-in. It shall also not impose
limitations on use, except where such restrictions are technically necessary.
4.6.3 Guidelines
1) Smartphones and similar devices: The ID scheme and unique identifier should be automatically
usable by state-of-the-art smartphones and similar consumer devices, and compatible with all
major operating systems and browsers.
5 ID schemes for products
5.1 ID scheme 5.1: Web enabled, structured path and query ID for products
5.1.1 Description
This ID scheme ensures globally unique identification based on ISO/IEC 15459-4 (individual products)
and ISO/IEC 15459-6 (grouped products). It structures identifiers using ISO/IEC 15418 and encodes
them in URLs or resolves them via HTTP as per ISO/IEC 18975. Users can choose between two web-
enabled approaches: a structured path format or a query string format. The scheme enables direct web
access to digital product passports and supports offline parsing for supply chain and point-of-sale
processes. This ID scheme is based on issuing agencies (3.7) as per ISO/IEC 15459-2.
5.1.2 Requirements
5.1.2.1 Web enabled, structured path ID for products
To ensure compliance with this ID scheme, the economic operator shall:
a) adhere to ISO/IEC 15459-4:2014 for individual products and/or ISO/IEC 15459-6:2014 for
product groupings to ensure identifier uniqueness,
b) apply the GS1 Application Identifier (AI) format in accordance with ISO/IEC 15418:2016,
c) follow the structured path approach specified in ISO/IEC 18975:2024 for encoding and resolving
identifiers over HTTP, and
d) use a registered numerical issuing agency according to ISO/IEC 15459-2:2015.
5.1.2.2 Web enabled, query string ID for products
To ensure compliance with this ID scheme, the economic operator shall:
a) adhere to ISO/IEC 15459-4:2014 for individual products and/or ISO/IEC 15459-6:2014 for
product groupings to ensure identifier uniqueness,
b) apply the ASC MH10 Data Identifiers (DI) format in accordance with ISO/IEC 15418:2016,
c) follow the query approach specified in ISO/IEC 18975:2024 for encoding and resolving identifiers
over HTTP, and
d) use a registered alphanumerical issuing agency according to ISO/IEC 15459-2:2015.
5.2 ID scheme 5.2: Identification Link (IL)
5.2.1 Description
This ID scheme, based on IEC 61406-1 and IEC 61406-2, enables unique product identification using
Identification Links (IL) in URL format. It allows economic operators to encode existing product IDs
(model, batch, or item) directly into the IL, ensuring integration with their IT systems. The IL is based
on a self-issuing system (3.18), removing external dependencies while supporting additional
structuring via ANSI MH10.8.2 Data Identifiers specified in ISO/IEC 15418. This approach ensures
compatibility with existing ID schemes and enables direct web access to digital product passports.
5.2.2 Requirements
5.2.2.1 Item level identification (only)
To ensure compliance with this ID scheme, the economic operator shall:
a) adhere to EN IEC 61406-1:2022, with optional use of [2], when a unique string of characters is
sufficient, and no syntactical or semantic intelligence is required.
5.2.3 Guidelines
The economic operator should use:
a) [3], IL, where the string of characters of the IL should be short, e.g. to be encoded into a 96-bit RFID
chip or to allow a compact 2D-code for small products; or where protection against the threat of
counting up the product serial number shall be intercepted by masking model and serial number
with a random alphanumerical string.
b) [2] for comprehensive product identification across model, batch, and item levels, ensuring
semantic interoperability with existing ID schemes. It also can contain internal further information
about the kind of identified object, for example product, pers
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