EN ISO 23783-2:2023
(Main)Automated liquid handling systems - Part 2: Measurement procedures for the determination of volumetric performance (ISO 23783-2:2022)
Automated liquid handling systems - Part 2: Measurement procedures for the determination of volumetric performance (ISO 23783-2:2022)
This document specifies procedures for the determination of volumetric performance of automated liquid handling systems (ALHS), including traceability and estimations of measurement uncertainty of measurement results.
This document is applicable to all ALHS with complete, installed liquid handling devices, including tips and other essential parts needed for delivering a specified volume, which perform liquid handling tasks without human intervention into labware.
NOTE For terminology and general requirements of automated liquid handling systems, see ISO 23783-1. Determination, specification, and reporting of volumetric performance of automated liquid handling systems is described in ISO 23783-3.
Automatisierte Flüssigkeitsdosiersysteme - Teil 2: Messverfahren zur Bestimmung der volumetrischen Leistung (ISO 23783-2:2022)
Dieses Dokument legt Verfahren zur Bestimmung der volumetrischen Leistung von automatisierten Flüssigkeitsdosiersystemen (ALHS), einschließlich Rückverfolgbarkeit und Abschätzung der Messunsicherheit von Messergebnissen fest.
Dieses Dokument ist anwendbar für alle ALHS mit vollständigen, installierten Flüssigkeitsdosiersystemen, einschließlich Spitzen und anderer wesentlicher Teile, die für die Dosierung eines bestimmten Volumens benötigt werden und die Flüssigkeitsdosier-Aufgaben ohne menschliches Zutun in Laborgeräten durchführen.
ANMERKUNG Zur Terminologie und den allgemeinen Anforderungen an automatisierte Flüssigkeitsdosiersysteme siehe ISO 23783 1. Die Bestimmung, Spezifikation und Dokumentation der volumetrischen Leistung von automatisierten Flüssigkeitsdosiersystemen wird in ISO 23783 3 beschrieben.
Systèmes automatisés de manipulation de liquides - Partie 2: Procédures de mesure pour la détermination des performances volumétriques (ISO 23783-2:2022)
Le présent document spécifie les procédures pour la détermination des performances volumétriques des systèmes automatisés de manipulation de liquides (ALHS), y compris la traçabilité et les estimations de l’incertitude de mesure des résultats obtenus.
Le présent document s’applique à tous les ALHS dans lesquels sont installés des dispositifs complets de manipulation de liquides, y compris les cônes et autres composants essentiels nécessaires à la distribution d’un volume spécifié, qui exécutent des tâches de manipulation de liquides avec du matériel de laboratoire, sans intervention humaine.
NOTE Pour la terminologie et les exigences générales applicables aux systèmes automatisés de manipulation de liquides, voir l’ISO 23783-1. La détermination, la spécification et le compte-rendu des performances volumétriques des systèmes automatisés de manipulation de liquides sont décrits dans l’ISO 23783-3.
Avtomatizirani sistemi za ravnanje s tekočinami - 2. del: Merilni postopki za določanje prostorninske zmogljivosti (ISO 23783-2:2022)
Ta dokument določa postopke za določanje volumetrične zmogljivosti avtomatiziranih sistemov za ravnanje s tekočinami (ALHS), vključno s sledljivostjo in ocenami merilne negotovosti merilnih rezultatov.
Ta dokument se uporablja za vse avtomatizirane sisteme za ravnanje s tekočinami s popolnimi, nameščenimi napravami za ravnanje s tekočinami, vključno s konicami in drugimi bistvenimi deli, ki so potrebni za dovajanje določene količine. Gre za sisteme, ki izvajajo opravila ravnanja s tekočinami brez človeškega posredovanja v laboratorijsko opremo.
OPOMBA: Za terminologijo in splošne zahteve avtomatiziranih sistemov za ravnanje s tekočinami glej standard ISO 23783-1. Določanje, specifikacija in poročanje volumetrične zmogljivosti avtomatiziranih sistemov za ravnanje s tekočinami so opisani v standardu ISO 23783-3.
General Information
Overview
EN ISO 23783-2:2023 (ISO 23783-2:2022) specifies standardized measurement procedures for determining the volumetric performance of automated liquid handling systems (ALHS). It applies to complete, installed liquid handling devices (including tips and essential delivery parts) that perform liquid handling tasks without human intervention into labware. The standard defines test methods, traceability requirements, and approaches for estimating measurement uncertainty of volumetric results.
Key topics and technical requirements
Scope and applicability
- Applies to all ALHS with installed liquid handling devices used in laboratory automation.
- Complements ISO 23783-1 (terminology/general requirements) and ISO 23783-3 (determination, specification, reporting).
Measurement methods covered
- Photometric methods: dual‑dye ratiometric, single‑dye, and fluorescence-based procedures (normative annexes).
- Gravimetric methods: single-channel mass measurement and regression analysis (linking mass to volume via density and balance readings).
- Hybrid photometric/gravimetric: combining techniques to improve accuracy.
- Dimensional methods: optical image analysis of droplets and capillaries for non-contact volume assessment.
Equipment, preparation and environmental factors
- Requirements for test equipment, calibration references, and preparation of ALHS for testing.
- Consideration of thermal expansion effects on liquid volumes and apparatus.
Traceability and uncertainty
- Guidance on establishing metrological traceability of measurements to recognized standards.
- Two approaches to estimating measurement uncertainty: the whole‑system approach and a measurement model (component) approach.
Reporting and documentation
- Specifies the information to report for test results, enabling reproducibility and comparison across systems.
Practical applications and who uses this standard
- Laboratories and research institutions: for calibration, performance verification, validation and routine quality control of automated liquid handlers used in high‑throughput assays.
- Manufacturers of ALHS: to define acceptance tests, produce manufacturer performance declarations, and incorporate quality control procedures into production.
- Calibration and test houses / Certification bodies: to perform independent verification, certification, and produce traceable measurement reports.
- Regulated industries (pharma, clinical diagnostics, biotech): to support method validation, regulatory submissions, and audit readiness where accurate dispensing and traceability are required.
Related standards
- ISO 23783-1 - Terminology and general requirements for ALHS
- ISO 23783-3 - Determination, specification and reporting of volumetric performance
- ISO 8655-6 - Gravimetric reference measurement procedure for piston-operated volumetric apparatus
- ISO 3696 - Water for analytical laboratory use (relevant to reagent quality)
This standard is published as EN ISO 23783-2:2023 and is adopted across CEN member states, making it a key reference for consistent, traceable volumetric testing of automated liquid handling systems. Keywords: automated liquid handling systems, volumetric performance, measurement procedures, ISO 23783-2, traceability, measurement uncertainty, photometric, gravimetric, calibration.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2023
Avtomatizirani sistemi za ravnanje s tekočinami - 2. del: Merilni postopki za
določanje prostorninske zmogljivosti (ISO 23783-2:2022)
Automated liquid handling systems - Part 2: Measurement procedures for the
determination of volumetric performance (ISO 23783-2:2022)
Automatisierte Flüssigkeitsdosiersysteme - Teil 2: Messverfahren zur Bestimmung der
volumetrischen Leistung (ISO 23783-2:2022)
Systèmes automatisés de manipulation de liquides - Partie 2: Procédures de mesure
pour la détermination des performances volumétriques (ISO 23783-2:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 23783-2:2023
ICS:
17.060 Merjenje prostornine, mase, Measurement of volume,
gostote, viskoznosti mass, density, viscosity
71.040.20 Laboratorijska posoda in Laboratory ware and related
aparati apparatus
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN ISO 23783-2
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
October 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 17.060; 71.040.20
English Version
Automated liquid handling systems - Part 2: Measurement
procedures for the determination of volumetric
performance (ISO 23783-2:2022)
Systèmes automatisés de manipulation de liquides - Automatisierte Flüssigkeitsdosiersysteme - Teil 2:
Partie 2: Procédures de mesure pour la détermination Messverfahren zur Bestimmung der volumetrischen
des performances volumétriques (ISO 23783-2:2022) Leistung (ISO 23783-2:2022)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 September 2023.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 23783-2:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
European foreword
The text of ISO 23783-2:2022 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 48 "Laboratory
equipment” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as
which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2024, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by April 2024.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 23783-2:2022 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 23783-2:2023 without any
modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23783-2
First edition
2022-08
Automated liquid handling systems —
Part 2:
Measurement procedures for
the determination of volumetric
performance
Systèmes automatisés de manipulation de liquides —
Partie 2: Procédures de mesure pour la détermination des
performances volumétriques
Reference number
ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 1
5 Measurement methods . 2
5.1 Overview of methods suitable for measuring ALHS performance . 2
5.2 Photometric methods . 9
5.2.1 Dual-dye ratiometric photometric method . 9
5.2.2 Single-dye photometric method . 9
5.2.3 Fluorescence method . 9
5.3 Gravimetric methods . 9
5.3.1 Single channel method . 9
5.3.2 Regression analysis . 10
5.4 Hybrid photometric/gravimetric method . 10
5.5 Dimensional methods . 10
5.5.1 Optical image analysis of droplets . 10
5.5.2 Optical image analysis of capillaries . 11
6 Equipment and preparation.11
6.1 Test equipment . 11
6.2 Manually operated single- and multi-channel pipettes .12
6.3 Preparation for testing .12
7 Thermal expansion .13
8 Traceability and measuring system uncertainty .13
8.1 Traceability . 13
8.2 Estimation of measuring system uncertainty . 13
8.2.1 Whole system approach . 13
8.2.2 Measurement model approach. 13
9 Reporting .14
Annex A (normative) Calculation of liquid volumes from balance readings .15
Annex B (normative) Dual-dye ratiometric photometric procedure .18
Annex C (normative) Single dye photometric procedure .24
Annex D (normative) Gravimetric procedure, single channel measurement .29
Annex E (normative) Gravimetric regression procedure .33
Annex F (normative) Photometric/gravimetric hybrid procedure .39
Annex G (normative) Optical image analysis of droplets .48
Annex H (normative) Fluorescence procedure.57
Annex I (normative) Optical image analysis of capillaries .70
Bibliography .76
iii
ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 48, Laboratory equipment.
This first edition of ISO 23783-2, together with ISO 23783-1 and ISO 23783-3, cancels and replaces
IWA 15:2015.
A list of all parts in the ISO 23783 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
Introduction
Globalization of laboratory operations requires standardized practices for operating automated
liquid handling systems (ALHS), communicating test protocols, as well as analysing and reporting
of performance parameters. IWA 15:2015 was developed to provide standardized terminology, test
protocols, and analytical methods for reporting test results. The concepts developed for, and described
in, IWA 15 form the foundation of the ISO 23783 series.
Specifically, this document addresses the needs of:
— users of ALHS, as a basis for calibration, verification, validation, optimization, and routine testing of
trueness and precision;
— manufacturers of ALHS, as a basis for quality control, communication of acceptance test specifications
and conditions, and issuance of manufacturer’s declarations (where appropriate);
— test houses and other bodies, as a basis for certification, calibration, and testing.
The tests established in this document should be carried out by trained personnel.
v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
Automated liquid handling systems —
Part 2:
Measurement procedures for the determination of
volumetric performance
1 Scope
This document specifies procedures for the determination of volumetric performance of automated
liquid handling systems (ALHS), including traceability and estimations of measurement uncertainty of
measurement results.
This document is applicable to all ALHS with complete, installed liquid handling devices, including tips
and other essential parts needed for delivering a specified volume, which perform liquid handling tasks
without human intervention into labware.
NOTE For terminology and general requirements of automated liquid handling systems, see ISO 23783-1.
Determination, specification, and reporting of volumetric performance of automated liquid handling systems is
described in ISO 23783-3.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods
ISO 8655-6, Piston-operated volumetric apparatus – Part 6: Gravimetric reference measurement procedure
for the determination of volume
ISO 23783-1, Automated liquid handling systems — Part 1: Terminology and general requirements
ISO 23783-3, Automated liquid handling systems — Part 3: Determination, specification, and reporting of
volumetric performance
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 23783-1 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the abbreviated terms given in ISO 23783-1 apply.
ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
5 Measurement methods
5.1 Overview of methods suitable for measuring ALHS performance
When choosing a test method for an ALHS, its suitability for the specific test situation shall be evaluated.
This evaluation shall consider the systematic and random error requirements of the ALHS to which the
test method is being applied. The selected test method shall be adequate to evaluate whether the ALHS
performance is fit for its intended purpose.
NOTE 1 Fitness for purpose is a foundational concept and closely related to the process of metrological
confirmation as described in ISO 9000 and ISO 9001.
The test method shall have a sufficiently small measuring system uncertainty (MSU) for the specific
test situation. The MSU should be determined in accordance with a suitable approach (see 8.2 for more
detail).
NOTE 2 The measurement model approach for estimating MSU is described in ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 and the
[4]
measurement system approach is described in EURACHEM/CITAG Guide CG 4 .
Table 1 is intended to provide an overview of methods suitable for determining the volumetric
performance of ALHS. It provides cross-references between the method abstracts from 5.2 to 5.5, and
the corresponding procedures in Annexes B to I. It further describes the volume ranges, plate and
liquid types which can be used for testing ALHS performance with a given method. It also lists typical
systematic and random errors achievable if a test procedure is exactly followed as described in its
respective annex. The suitability of a method for a given test situation may also be determined by the
required equipment or environmental conditions under which it needs to be carried out.
Only key test equipment is listed in Table 1, while test equipment to monitor liquid and air temperatures,
relative humidity, and barometric pressure is required for each procedure, as specified in the
corresponding annexes.
ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
Table 1 — Test methods for ALHS
Typical Typical
Method Liquid Environmental
Method Plate type Volume range systematic random Test equipment
b
Ref. type conditions
a a
error error
wells µl % %
Photometric methods
5.2.1 Dual-dye ratiom- Aqueous, 96 0,1 to 350,0 2,0 to 3,0 0,15 to 0,25 Temperature: — Microplate absorbance reader capable
c
etric photometric DMSO of measuring absorbance at 520 nm
384 0,01 to 55,0 2,5 to 5,5 0,35 to 0,55
Annex B Aqueous:
method and 730 nm;
15 °C to 30 °C
— dimensionally characterized 96- or
c
DMSO :
384-well microplates with optically
clear bottom;
19 °C to 30 °C
d
RH : 20 % to 90 %
— calibration plate for plate reader;
— microplate shaker;
— balance;
— spectrophotometer capable of
measuring absorbance at 520 nm and
730 nm;
— pH meter;
— volumetric flasks.
a
Typically, larger test volumes lead to smaller errors.
b
The minimum temperature of the test environment shall be above the melting point of the test liquid, ensuring that it will not solidify at any point during the test. The relative
humidity of the test environment shall be non-condensing.
c
Dimethylsulfoxide.
d
Relative humidity.
ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Typical Typical
Method Liquid Environmental
Method Plate type Volume range systematic random Test equipment
b
Ref. type conditions
a a
error error
wells µl % %
5.2.2 Single-dye photo- Aqueous 96 1,0 to 100,0 3 1,5 Temperature: — Microplate absorbance reader capable
metric method of measuring absorbance at 492 nm
384 0,25 to 20,0 3 1,5
Annex C 15 °C to 30 °C
and 620 nm;
d
RH : 40 % to 70 %
— 96- or 384-well microplates with
optically clear bottom;
— balance;
— magnetic stirrer;
— microplate shaker;
— pH meter;
— manual pipettes;
— volumetric flasks.
a
Typically, larger test volumes lead to smaller errors.
b
The minimum temperature of the test environment shall be above the melting point of the test liquid, ensuring that it will not solidify at any point during the test. The relative
humidity of the test environment shall be non-condensing.
c
Dimethylsulfoxide.
d
Relative humidity.
ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Typical Typical
Method Liquid Environmental
Method Plate type Volume range systematic random Test equipment
b
Ref. type conditions
a a
error error
wells µl % %
5.2.3 Fluorescence meth- Aqueous, 384 0,001 to 0,015 <8 <8 Temperature: — Microplate fluorescence reader with
od excitation wavelength at 494 nm and
c
1 536 0,001 to 0,015 <8 <8
Annex H DMSO 17 °C to 27 °C
emission analysis at 521 nm;
d
RH : non-condensing
— 384- or 1536-well fluorescence
microplates;
— balance;
— bulk liquid dispenser or multi-channel
pipette;
— microplate shaker;
— pH meter;
— manual pipettes;
— volumetric flasks.
a
Typically, larger test volumes lead to smaller errors.
b
The minimum temperature of the test environment shall be above the melting point of the test liquid, ensuring that it will not solidify at any point during the test. The relative
humidity of the test environment shall be non-condensing.
c
Dimethylsulfoxide.
d
Relative humidity.
ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Typical Typical
Method Liquid Environmental
Method Plate type Volume range systematic random Test equipment
b
Ref. type conditions
a a
error error
wells µl % %
Gravimetric methods
5.3.1 Single channel anal- Any n/a 0,5 to <20 ≤1,4 ≤0,6 Temperature: — Balance;
ysis
20 to <200 ≤0,9 ≤0,3
Annex D 17 °C to 30 °C
— density meter;
200 to 1 000 ≤0,9 ≤0,3 d
RH : 45 % to 80 %
— anti-electrostatic equipment;
— anti-vibration table;
— temperature- and humidity control for
environment;
— draft shield or draft-free environment
for balance.
5.3.2 Regression analysis Any n/a <0,015 20 to 50 <10 Temperature: — Balance;
0,015 to <0,050 2 to 5 2,5 to 5
Annex E 17 °C to 27 °C
— density meter with 6 decimal places;
0,050 to 1 0,5 to 2 <0,5 d
RH : 45 % to 80 %
— anti-electrostatic equipment;
Barometric pressure:
— anti-vibration table;
600 hPa to 1 100 hPa
— temperature- and humidity control for
environment;
— draft shield or draft-free environment
for balance.
a
Typically, larger test volumes lead to smaller errors.
b
The minimum temperature of the test environment shall be above the melting point of the test liquid, ensuring that it will not solidify at any point during the test. The relative
humidity of the test environment shall be non-condensing.
c
Dimethylsulfoxide.
d
Relative humidity.
ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Typical Typical
Method Liquid Environmental
Method Plate type Volume range systematic random Test equipment
b
Ref. type conditions
a a
error error
wells µl % %
Photometric/gravimetric hybrid method
5.4 Tartrazine as Aqueous 96 1,0 to 300,0 0,2 to 0,8 0,5 to 1,0 Temperature: — Balance;
chromophore
Annex F
— microplate absorbance reader
capable to measure absorbance at the
following wavelengths, depending on
the chromophore used:
384 1,0 to 20,0 0,4 to 1,0 0,9 to 1,5 17 °C to 30 °C — 4-nitrophenol: 405 nm and 620 nm,
4-nitrophenol as Aqueous 96 10 to 1 000 <1 to 5 1 to 2 Temperature stability: — Tartrazine: 450 nm and 620 nm,
chromophore
5 to 250 < ±0,5 °C
d
96, 384 1 to 60 <1 to 5 1 to 2 RH : 45 % to 80 % — Orange G: 492 nm and 620 nm
d
0,5 to 25 RH stability:
< ±10 %
384, 1 536 0,1 to 8 <2 to 10 2 to 5 — microplate shaker;
— 96- or 384-well microplates with
optically clear bottom;
— manual pipettes;
— centrifuge tubes 1,5 ml;
— anti-vibration table;
Orange G as chromo- Aqueous 96 1 to 100 <1 to 5 1,5 — temperature- and humidity control for
phore environment;
384 1 to 50 <1 to 5 1,5 — draft shield or draft-free environment
for balance.
a
Typically, larger test volumes lead to smaller errors.
b
The minimum temperature of the test environment shall be above the melting point of the test liquid, ensuring that it will not solidify at any point during the test. The relative
humidity of the test environment shall be non-condensing.
c
Dimethylsulfoxide.
d
Relative humidity.
ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Typical Typical
Method Liquid Environmental
Method Plate type Volume range systematic random Test equipment
b
Ref. type conditions
a a
error error
wells µl % %
Dimensional methods
5.5.1 Optical image anal- Any n/a Free flying drop- <5 <2 Temperature: — Stroboscopic camera or high-speed
ysis of droplets lets of V <0,5 µl camera;
Annex G (20 ± 3) °C or (27 ± 3) °C
d
— automatic image detection software.
RH : 50 % to 80 %
5.5.2 Optical image analy- Any n/a 0,1 to 1,0 <10 <7 Temperature: — Flatbed scanner;
sis of capillaries
>1,0 to 1 000 <5 <4
Annex I 15 °C to 35 °C
— image analysis software;
d
RH : 15 % to 90 %
— specialized plates with capillaries.
a
Typically, larger test volumes lead to smaller errors.
b
The minimum temperature of the test environment shall be above the melting point of the test liquid, ensuring that it will not solidify at any point during the test. The relative
humidity of the test environment shall be non-condensing.
c
Dimethylsulfoxide.
d
Relative humidity.
ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
5.2 Photometric methods
5.2.1 Dual-dye ratiometric photometric method
This method allows the determination of volumes of aqueous test liquids from 0,1 µl to 350 µl in 96-
well plates, and from 0,01 µl to 55 µl in 384-well plates. Volumes of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-based
test liquids can be determined from 0,11 µl to 10 µl in 96-well plates, and from 0,01 µl to 2,5 µl in 384-
well plates.
This method is suitable to determine the performance of ALHS with up to 384 channels. The operating
environment for this method is 15 °C to 30 °C (19 °C to 30 °C for DMSO liquids), and it is not dependent
on the ambient relative humidity and barometric pressure at the test location. Further information on
the effect of relative humidity and barometric pressure on this method can be found in Reference [5].
Traceability of the measurement results to the International System of Units (SI) is achieved through the
use of a calibrated microplate absorbance reader, dimensionally characterized microplates, calibrated
balance, and calibrated volumetric glassware.
The procedure for the dual-dye ratiometric photometric method specified in Annex B shall be followed.
5.2.2 Single-dye photometric method
This method is suitable for evaluating the volumetric performance of ALHS with up to 384 channels
using aqueous test liquids. Volumes from 1 µl to 100 µl can be measured in 96-well plates, and from
0,25 µl to 20 µl in 384-well plates.
Traceability of the measurement results to the SI is achieved through the use of a calibrated balance,
calibrated pipettes, a calibrated microplate absorbance reader, and calibrated volumetric glassware.
The procedure for the single-dye photometric method specified in Annex C shall be followed.
5.2.3 Fluorescence method
This method is suitable to evaluate the volumetric performance of ALHS delivering volumes smaller
than 15 nl. The fluorescence of the test liquid of fluorescein in DMSO is measured in 384-well or 1536-
well microplates, which are specifically suited for fluorescence measurements.
This method is intended to be used for non-contact liquid delivery devices (e.g. acoustic, dispensing
valves, or inkjet-type technology) that deliver the liquid volume as free flying droplets or jets into the
wells of the microplate.
Traceability of the measurement results to the SI is achieved through the use of a calibrated fluorescence
microplate reader, calibrated balance, calibrated pipettes, and calibrated volumetric glassware.
The procedure for the fluorescence method specified in Annex H shall be followed.
5.3 Gravimetric methods
5.3.1 Single channel method
This method describes the apparatus, procedure and reference material for recording measurements
with the gravimetric method. A single pan balance is used to take a measurement from a single channel
at a time. The following accommodations shall be made:
— placement of the balance and the weighing vessel which reduce draft and vibrations to a suitable
level;
— control of the environmental conditions affecting the mass to volume conversion of the measurement
(temperature and relative humidity);
ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
— monitoring of the barometric pressure, which affects the mass to volume conversion.
Traceability of the measurement results to the SI is achieved through the use of a calibrated balance
and accounting for test liquid density and air buoyancy.
The procedure for the single-channel gravimetric method specified in Annex D shall be followed.
5.3.2 Regression analysis
The gravimetric regression method (GRM) is suitable for the measurement of very small liquid volumes,
between 0,005 µl and 1 µl. The method is based on a gravimetric balance as the primary measurement
device.
This method is intended to be used for non-contact liquid delivery devices (e.g. dispensing valves,
acoustic, or inkjet-type dispensing) that deliver the liquid volume as free flying droplets or jets to the
balance receptacle.
The key difference to traditional gravimetric methods used for the measurement of larger volumes is
the determination of the target volume: a series of balance readings is recorded over a period of time
before and after the device under test has delivered the liquid to be measured into the receptacle on
the balance. The measurement result of the delivered test liquid is then determined as the difference
between two linear regression lines fitted to the recorded balance data before and after the liquid
delivery. This method allows measurement of balance drift due to evaporation and other disturbances
of the measurement (e.g. by vibrations during the data acquisition), so that these can be compensated
for in the measurement calculation (see Reference [6] for more details).
Accommodations regarding the placement of the balance and environmental control and monitoring
given in 5.3.1 shall be made.
Traceability of the measurement results to the SI is achieved through the use of a calibrated balance.
The procedure for the gravimetric regression method specified in Annex E shall be followed.
5.4 Hybrid photometric/gravimetric method
The photometric / gravimetric hybrid method allows the evaluation of volumetric performance of ALHS
by a combination of a gravimetric measurement with subsequent photometric measurements. Test
liquid containing a chromophore is delivered into 96-well or 384-well microplates. The systematic error
is determined by gravimetry of the aggregate deliveries into the microplate. Subsequently, the random
error of volume deliveries is determined photometrically by measuring the relative absorbances of each
well of the microplate.
Chromophores suitable for this method are Tartrazine, Orange G, and 4-nitrophenol. The procedure
described in Annex F is suitable for test volumes between 1 µl and 200 µl in 96-well plates, and 1 µl and
50 µl in 384-well plates.
Accommodations regarding the placement of the balance and environmental control and monitoring
given in 5.3.1 shall be made.
Traceability of the measurement results to the SI is achieved through the use of a calibrated balance,
calibrated pipettes, and calibrated volumetric glassware.
The procedure for the hybrid method specified in Annex F shall be followed.
5.5 Dimensional methods
5.5.1 Optical image analysis of droplets
This method measures the volume of delivered liquids by analysing images acquired by a high-
speed camera and stroboscopic illumination during the liquid delivery cycle. It is suitable for ALHS,
ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
which deliver liquid volumes as a sequence of discreet micro droplets (for further information on the
determination of droplet volumes, see Reference [7]).
Traceability of the measurement results to the SI is achieved through calibration of the length scale of
the acquired images.
The procedure for the optical image analysis of droplets specified in Annex G shall be followed.
5.5.2 Optical image analysis of capillaries
The method is based on the optical analysis of images acquired of capillaries of known and calibrated
geometry. For the image acquisition, a flatbed scanner is used. The method provides a direct
determination of the volume by the optical measurement of one or multiple lengths of the calibrated
capillaries.
The method can be used to measure volumes between 0,1 µl and 1 000 µl for ALHS with 1 to 384
channels. The measurement uncertainties only minimally depend on the environmental conditions and
are reliable in a broad range of environmental conditions without error corrections.
Traceability of the measurement results to the SI is achieved by using calibrated capillaries and a
calibrated image acquisition device.
The procedure for the optical image analysis of capillaries specified in Annex I shall be followed.
6 Equipment and preparation
6.1 Test equipment
Test equipment used for volumetric performance measurements according to the procedures described
in this document shall conform to the minimum performance requirements given in Tables 2, 3, 4, and
5, unless different minimum performance requirements are described within a specific test procedure.
Balances shall be allowed to settle for at least 6 s before reading the indicated value.
NOTE 1 The balance repeatability and expanded uncertainty in use given in Table 2 are harmonized with
Table 3 but the weighing ranges are restricted to improve accuracy when weighing an amount of dry chemicals.
NOTE 2 The balance requirements given in Table 3 are based on ISO 8655-6 and allow multiple replicate
deliveries of test liquid into the same weighing vessel without emptying it out.
Table 2 — Minimum requirements for balances for weighing dry materials
Smallest amount to be Expanded uncertainty in
Readability Repeatability
a
weighed use (k = 2)
g mg mg mg
<1,0 0,001 0,006 0,012
1,0 0,01 0,025 0,05
10 0,1 0,2 0,4
100 1 2 4
1 000 10 20 40
a [8] [9]
Uncertainty in use can be determined according to ASTM E898-20 and EURAMET CG-18 at the minimum mass
listed in the table.
ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
Table 3 — Minimum requirements for balances for weighing liquids
Delivered volume of test Expanded uncertainty in
Readability Repeatability
a b
liquid use (k = 2)
µl mg mg mg
<0,5 0,000 1 0,000 5 0,001
0,5 ≤ V < 20 0,001 0,006 0,012
20 ≤ V < 200 0,01 0,025 0,05
200 ≤ V ≤ 10 000 0,1 0,2 0,4
a
Assumes one delivery of test liquid from a single channel.
b [8] [9]
Uncertainty in use can be determined according to ASTM E898-20 and EURAMET CG-18 at the value of the largest
volume of the listed range, assuming a single channel delivery.
Table 4 — Minimum performance requirements for absorbance microplate readers
Parameter Requirement
b
Photometric resolution 0,001 AU
a
Photometric trueness from 0 AU to 1,0 AU 0,005 AU
a
Photometric trueness from > 1,0 AU to 2,0 AU 0,010 AU
Photometric repeatability from 0 AU to 2,0 AU 0,005 AU
System linearity between 0 AU and 2,0 AU 0,010 AU
Wavelength accuracy < ± 1,5 nm
a
Photometric trueness is sometimes called photometric accuracy.
b
Absorbance unit.
Table 5 — Minimum performance requirements for other test equipment
Instrument Resolution Expanded uncertainty
(k = 2)
Thermometer for liquids 0,1 °C 0,2 °C
Thermometer for ambient air 0,1 °C 0,2 °C
a a
Hygrometer 1 % RH 5 % RH
Barometer 0,1 kPa 1 kPa
Timing device 1 s not relevant
a
Relative humidity.
6.2 Manually operated single- and multi-channel pipettes
Single-channel and multi-channel pipettes shall be calibrated and shall fulfil the minimum performance
requirements given in ISO 8655-2. Operator impact on manually pipetted volumes shall be considered
in the calculation of errors and measurement uncertainty.
6.3 Preparation for testing
The ALHS under test, including all exchangeable parts to be used during the test, and all test equipment
and test liquids shall be in thermal equilibrium (±2 °C) for at least 2 h prior to the start of testing. During
the time of testing, the environmental conditions shall not change more than ±1 °C and 5 % relative
humidity (RH). Requirements for environmental conditions are described in each test procedure.
Laboratory instrumentation is designed to be operated under non-condensing humidity conditions.
All test equipment shall be calibrated according to the test procedure in this document, or according to
the manufacturer’s instructions if the calibration is not specifically explained in the procedure.
ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
The ALHS under test and test equipment shall be powered on and allowed sufficient time to equilibrate
for proper functionality according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Liquid reservoirs of ALHS shall be filled immediately before testing begins. ALHS which require priming
shall be primed according to the manufacturer’s instructions immediately before testing begins.
The tips of piston-operated ALHS should be pre-rinsed with the test liquid at least five times, whereby
the dispensed test liquid is discarded to waste. This step is required every time a tip is changed.
7 Thermal expansion
If the test temperature is different from the temperature of adjustment of the ALHS, and if the cubic
thermal expansion coefficient γ of the volumetric apparatus is known, Formula (1) may be used to
correct the measured volume of test liquid for thermal expansion:
VV=× 1−×γ ()tt− (1)
[]
L,tc LT ref
where
V is the delivered volume of test liquid, corrected for thermal expansion of the ALHS;
L,tc
V is the delivered volume of test liquid measured at the test temperature;
L
γ is the cubic thermal expansion coefficient of the volumetric apparatus;
t is the temperature at which the test is performed;
T
t is the reference temperature of adjustment of the ALHS.
ref
8 Traceability and measuring system uncertainty
8.1 Traceability
All measurements by relevant test equipment used for the calibration of an ALHS shall be traceable to
the International System of Units (SI). The uncertainty of relevant test equipment affects the error of
the reported volumetric results.
NOTE Relevant test equipment can include but is not limited to: balances, thermometers, pH meters,
hygrometers, plate readers, spectrophotometers, calibrated pipettes, volumetric glassware, size calibration
charts, and timing devices.
8.2 Estimation of measuring system uncertainty
8.2.1 Whole system approach
Measuring system uncertainty (MSU) may be estimated by statistical evaluation of results produced
by the entire measuring system. Precision and bias studies, measurement system analysis, and inter-
laboratory comparisons are some of the means by which this is achieved. Detailed approaches are
described in Reference [4].
8.2.2 Measurement model approach
This approach estimates MSU based on an analysis of each input to a measurement model. This approach
is detailed in Reference [3].
ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
9 Reporting
Measurement results, traceability, and measurement uncertainty shall be reported in accordance with
ISO 23783-3.
ISO 23783-2:2022(E)
Annex A
(normative)
Calculation of liquid volumes from balance readings
A.1 Calculation of liquid volume from the balance reading
A.1.1 General formula for volume
For the conversion of the balance reading of the mass, m, to volume, V, at the test temperature, a
correction for the liquid’s density and air buoyancy is necessary. The calculation of the liquid volume at
the test temperature is given by Formula (A.1).
In case the test liquid is water and the calculations given in Clause A.1 are not
...
Frequently Asked Questions
EN ISO 23783-2:2023 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Automated liquid handling systems - Part 2: Measurement procedures for the determination of volumetric performance (ISO 23783-2:2022)". This standard covers: This document specifies procedures for the determination of volumetric performance of automated liquid handling systems (ALHS), including traceability and estimations of measurement uncertainty of measurement results. This document is applicable to all ALHS with complete, installed liquid handling devices, including tips and other essential parts needed for delivering a specified volume, which perform liquid handling tasks without human intervention into labware. NOTE For terminology and general requirements of automated liquid handling systems, see ISO 23783-1. Determination, specification, and reporting of volumetric performance of automated liquid handling systems is described in ISO 23783-3.
This document specifies procedures for the determination of volumetric performance of automated liquid handling systems (ALHS), including traceability and estimations of measurement uncertainty of measurement results. This document is applicable to all ALHS with complete, installed liquid handling devices, including tips and other essential parts needed for delivering a specified volume, which perform liquid handling tasks without human intervention into labware. NOTE For terminology and general requirements of automated liquid handling systems, see ISO 23783-1. Determination, specification, and reporting of volumetric performance of automated liquid handling systems is described in ISO 23783-3.
EN ISO 23783-2:2023 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 17.060 - Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity; 71.040.20 - Laboratory ware and related apparatus. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
You can purchase EN ISO 23783-2:2023 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CEN standards.
Die Norm EN ISO 23783-2:2023 bietet einen umfassenden Rahmen für die Bestimmung der volumetrischen Leistung automatisierter Flüssigkeitshandhabungssysteme (ALHS). In einem streng regulierten Bereich, in dem Präzision und Zuverlässigkeit unerlässlich sind, skizziert dieses Dokument die spezifischen Verfahren zur Messung der volumetrischen Leistung von ALHS. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt auf der Rückverfolgbarkeit der Messergebnisse sowie der Schätzung der Messunsicherheit, was die Norm besonders relevant für Laboratorien macht, die höchste Ansprüche an Genauigkeit und Qualität stellen. Ein herausragendes Merkmal dieser Norm ist ihre Anwendbarkeit auf alle ALHS, die vollständig installierte Flüssigkeitshandhabungsgeräte, einschließlich der notwendigen Spitzen und anderen wesentlichen Komponenten, umfassen. Dies gewährleistet, dass die Dienstleistungen und Anforderungen aller Anlagen berücksichtigt werden, wodurch eine breite Akzeptanz und Anwendbarkeit in verschiedenen Laborumgebungen ermöglicht wird. Die Stärke der EN ISO 23783-2:2023 liegt auch in der klaren Definition der Verfahren zur Bestimmung, Spezifikation und Berichterstattung von volumetrischen Leistungen, was Labore dazu ermutigt, standardisierte Prozesse zu implementieren, die die Vergleichbarkeit und Qualität ihrer Ergebnisse unterstreichen. Darüber hinaus ergänzt die Norm die allgemeine Terminologie und die Anforderungen an automatisierte Flüssigkeitshandhabungssysteme, die in ISO 23783-1 festgelegt sind, und stellt somit einen klaren Bezug zu den übergeordneten Standards her. Insgesamt ist die EN ISO 23783-2:2023 von hoher Relevanz für die moderne Labortechnologie, da sie nicht nur die Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse gewährleistet, sondern auch das Vertrauen in automatisierte Systeme fördert, die eine zunehmend zentrale Rolle in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung und industriellen Anwendungen spielen.
La norme SIST EN ISO 23783-2:2023 traite des systèmes automatisés de manipulation de liquides et spécifie des procédures précises pour la détermination de la performance volumétrique de ces systèmes. Son champ d'application est essentiel, car il s'applique à tous les systèmes de manipulation de liquides automatisés (ALHS) équipés de dispositifs de manipulation de liquides complets et installés, y compris les pointes et autres parties essentielles nécessaires à la délivrance d'un volume spécifié. Parmi les points forts de cette norme, on trouve sa rigueur en matière de traçabilité et d'estimations de l'incertitude de mesure des résultats. Cela garantit que les performances des ALHS peuvent être mesurées de manière précise et fiable, ce qui est indispensable dans un contexte de laboratoire où la précision des mesures est primordiale. La norme fournit une base solide pour la calibration et l'évaluation de divers dispositifs de manipulation de liquides, favorisant ainsi une utilisation efficace et standardisée des ALHS dans divers environnements de recherche et de développement. La pertinence de la norme est renforcée par son intégration avec d'autres documents normatifs tels qu'ISO 23783-1 et ISO 23783-3, qui traitent respectivement des exigences générales et de la détermination, de la spécification et de la communication des performances volumétriques. Cela crée un cadre cohérent qui aide les utilisateurs à comprendre non seulement comment évaluer la performance volumétrique, mais aussi à quel point cette performance est liée aux exigences générales des systèmes automatisés de manipulation de liquides. En somme, la norme SIST EN ISO 23783-2:2023 est un outil incontournable pour les professionnels du secteur, car elle assure se conformer aux standards les plus élevés en matière de mesures volumétriques dans les systèmes automatisés de manipulation de liquides, rehaussant ainsi la qualité et la fiabilité des résultats expérimentaux obtenus.
The EN ISO 23783-2:2023 standard provides a comprehensive framework for the measurement procedures aimed at assessing the volumetric performance of automated liquid handling systems (ALHS). This document is pivotal for laboratories utilizing ALHS as it specifies rigorous procedures that ensure the reliability and accuracy of liquid handling tasks performed by these systems. One of the significant strengths of this standard is its detailed approach to establishing traceability in measurement processes. By addressing the estimations of measurement uncertainty, the standard equips users with the necessary tools to comprehend the limitations and potential variances involved in volumetric measurements. This aspect is particularly crucial for laboratories that must adhere to stringent regulatory standards and quality assurance protocols. Moreover, the scope of EN ISO 23783-2:2023 encompasses all ALHS that are fully equipped with the necessary liquid handling devices, including tips and components essential for dispensing defined volumes of liquids. This inclusivity ensures that a diverse range of automated systems can be evaluated, making it a versatile resource across multiple applications within laboratory environments. The relevance of this standard is underscored by its alignment with contemporary laboratory needs for automation and precision. As laboratories increasingly adopt ALHS to improve efficiency and reduce human error, the insight provided by this standard becomes invaluable to maintaining high operational standards. Furthermore, it lays the groundwork for sound measurement practices, as referenced in the supplementary documents, including ISO 23783-1 for terminology and general requirements and ISO 23783-3 for detailed reporting of volumetric performance. Overall, the EN ISO 23783-2:2023 standard stands as a critical document in the field of automated liquid handling, championing accuracy, traceability, and comprehensive measurement practices while remaining relevant to the evolving landscape of laboratory automation.
SIST EN ISO 23783-2:2023 표준은 자동 액체 처리 시스템(ALHS)의 체적 성능을 결정하기 위한 측정 절차를 규정하고 있습니다. 이 문서는 완전하게 설치된 액체 처리 장치와 특정 용량의 액체를 전달하기 위해 필요한 팁 등 모든 필수 부품이 포함된 ALHS에 적용됩니다. 이 표준은 인적 개입 없이 실험 기구에서 액체 처리 작업을 수행하는 시스템의 체적 성능을 평가하는 데 필수적인 것으로, 측정 결과의 추적 가능성 및 측정 불확실성 추정도 포함하고 있습니다. 이 표준의 강점은 각종 자동화된 액체 처리 시스템의 성능 및 신뢰성을 평가할 수 있도록 돕는 체계적인 접근 방식을 제공한다는 점에 있습니다. ALHS의 올바른 작동을 보장하고 사용자가 정확한 측정 결과를 얻을 수 있도록 하는 데 중점을 둡니다. 또한, 체적 성능의 확인 및 보고는 ISO 23783-3으로 구체화되어 있어, 관련 표준과의 연계성을 갖추고 있어 사용자에게 더욱 신뢰를 주는 요소로 작용합니다. SIST EN ISO 23783-2:2023 표준은 연구 및 산업 분야에서의 자동 액체 처리 시스템의 중요성이 증가하는 가운데, 이러한 시스템의 성능 평가를 위한 필수사항을 명시하고 있어 매우 유용한 참고자료로 사용될 것입니다. 이 표준은 ALHS의 효율성과 정확성을 극대화하기 위한 기준을 제공함으로써, 최신 과학 기술의 발전과 함께 지속적으로 발전하는 자동화된 실험 환경에 매우 적합한 문서입니다. 이러한 표준은 품질 보증 및 표준화를 통해 연구개발 과정에서의 시간 절약 및 오류 감소에도 크게 기여할 것입니다.
SIST EN ISO 23783-2:2023は、自動液体ハンドリングシステム（ALHS）の体積性能を測定するための手続きに関する標準です。この文書は、ALHSの完全に設置された液体ハンドリング機器、チップ、および指定された体積を供給するために必要なその他の重要な部分を含むすべてのALHSに適用されます。そのため、実験室機器への人間による介入なしに液体処理を行うための基準として 非常に重要です。 この標準の強みは、その包括的な測定手順にあります。特に、測定結果のトレーサビリティや測定不確かさの推定を含むことにより、ユーザーは信頼性の高いデータを得ることができます。これにより、実験結果の一貫性と精度が保証され、研究や産業界における自動化の可能性が広がります。 標準は、ISO 23783-1における自動液体ハンドリングシステムの用語と一般的要件を前提としているため、ユーザーはスムーズにこの規格を適用することができます。また、ISO 23783-3における体積性能の決定、仕様、及び報告も関連文書として示されているため、包括的な理解が得られます。 この文書は、充実した手続きを提供しており、自動液体ハンドリングシステムの性能確認において、非常に重要な役割を果たしています。したがって、ALHSの導入を検討している企業や研究機関にとって、本標準は欠かせない資料となるでしょう。
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