CEN/TS 17943:2023
(Main)Characterization of waste - Guidance on the determination of the content of elements and substances in waste
Characterization of waste - Guidance on the determination of the content of elements and substances in waste
This document provides guidance to the characterization of waste. It applies to all types of waste, with unknown or partially known composition, by giving examples of EN standards dedicated to waste characterization and analytical methods for parameters not covered by standards. Some requirements concerning the determination of inorganic elements and organic substances content in waste are given to achieve approximately 90 % or the highest possible mass.
In case information on the origin or on the composition of the waste is given by the owner of the waste, it might be sufficient to follow only part of this document to complete missing knowledge about the waste.
Charakterisierung von Abfällen - Leitlinien zur Bestimmung des Gehalts von Elementen und Stoffen in Abfällen
Dieses Dokument stellt Leitlinien für die Charakterisierung von Abfällen zur Verfügung. Es gilt für alle Arten von Abfällen mit unbekannter oder teilweise unbekannter Zusammensetzung und liefert Beispiele von EN Normen zur Charakterisierung von Abfällen und zu analytischen Verfahren für Parameter, die nicht von Normen abgedeckt sind. Es sind einige Anforderungen an die Bestimmung von anorganischen Elementen und organischen Stoffen in Abfällen enthalten, um etwa 90 % oder die größtmögliche Masse zu erzielen.
Wenn Angaben zum Ursprung oder zur Zusammensetzung der Abfälle vom Eigentümer der Abfälle geliefert werden, kann es ausreichend sein, nur einen Teil dieses Dokuments zu befolgen, um fehlendes Wissen zu den Abfällen zu vervollständigen.
Caractérisation des déchets - Guide pour la détermination de la teneur en éléments et substances dans les déchets
Le présent document fournit des recommandations relatives à la caractérisation des déchets. Il s’applique à tous les types de déchets, de composition inconnue ou partiellement connue, en donnant des exemples de normes EN dédiées à la caractérisation des déchets et des méthodes d’analyse pour les paramètres non couverts par les normes. Certaines exigences relatives au dosage des éléments inorganiques et de la teneur en substances organiques dans les déchets sont données pour atteindre environ 90 % ou la masse la plus élevée possible.
Si des informations sur l’origine ou la composition des déchets sont fournies par le propriétaire des déchets, il peut être suffisant de suivre une partie seulement du présent document pour compléter les connaissances manquantes sur les déchets.
Karakterizacija odpadkov - Navodilo za določevanje elementov in drugih snovi v odpadkih
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17943:2023
01-marec-2023
Karakterizacija odpadkov - Navodilo za določevanje elementov in drugih snovi v
odpadkih
Characterization of waste - Guidance on the determination of the content of elements
and substances in waste
Charakterisierung von Abfällen - Leitlinien zur Bestimmung des Gehalts von Elementen
und Stoffen in Abfällen
Caractérisation des déchets - Guide pour la détermination de la teneur en éléments et
substances dans les déchets
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN/TS 17943
ICS:
13.030.01 Odpadki na splošno Wastes in general
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17943:2023 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17943:2023
FINAL DRAFT
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
FprCEN/TS 17943
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
February 2023
ICS 13.030.01
English Version
Characterization of waste - Guidance on the determination
of the content of elements and substances in waste
Caractérisation des déchets - Guide pour la Charakterisierung von Abfällen - Leitlinien zur
détermination de la teneur en éléments et substances Bestimmung des Gehalts von Elementen und Stoffen in
dans les déchets Abfällen
This draft Technical Specification is submitted to CEN members for Vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 444.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a Technical Specification. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change
without notice and shall not be referred to as a Technical Specification.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. FprCEN/TS 17943:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
4 Principle . 6
5 Example of analytical methods . 7
6 Laboratory sample and preparation of test portions . 7
7 Analysis of liquid wastes . 8
7.1 General. 8
7.2 Analysis . 8
7.3 Expression of the result on liquid waste . 11
7.4 Mass balance of liquid waste . 12
8 Analysis of solid waste . 12
8.1 Analysis . 12
8.2 Expression of the results on solid waste . 16
8.3 Mass balance of solid waste . 17
9 Test report . 17
Annex A (informative) Organigram of tasks for liquid and solid waste analysis . 18
Annex B (informative) Example Report Format with two examples. 20
B.1 Report of mass balance . 20
B.1.1 Liquids . 20
B.1.2 Solids . 21
B.2 Result for each parameter . 21
B.2.1 Liquids . 21
B.2.2 Solids . 23
B.3 Example for a liquid sample mass balance . 24
B.3.1 Liquid waste mass balance . 24
B.4 Result for each parameter . 25
B.4.1 Liquids . 25
B.4.2 Solid (ash) mass balance . 27
B.5 Result for each parameter . 28
B.5.1 Solid (ash) . 28
Annex C (informative) Analytical mass balance . 32
Bibliography . 33
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European foreword
This document (FprCEN/TS 17943:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 444
“Environmental characterization of solid matrices”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This document is currently submitted to the Vote on TS.
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Introduction
This document is intended to be used for the characterization of waste when information is needed to
fulfil the requirements of the Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC and the EC Regulation (EU)
No 1357/2014, for the classification of waste according to different hazards. This document can also be
used for the Classification Labelling and Packaging (CLP) Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008.
This document deals with the determination of elements and substances in waste to assess their hazards
if no information is available on their content.
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1 Scope
This document provides guidance to the characterization of waste. It applies to all types of waste, with
unknown or partially known composition, by giving examples of EN standards dedicated to waste
characterization and analytical methods for parameters not covered by standards. Some requirements
concerning the determination of inorganic elements and organic substances content in waste are given
to achieve approximately 90 % or the highest possible mass.
In case information on the origin or on the composition of the waste is given by the owner of the waste,
it might be sufficient to follow only part of this document to complete missing knowledge about the waste.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
dry matter
DM
mass fraction of sample excluding water expressed as mass fraction calculated by determination of dry
residue or water content
3.2
volatile organic compounds
VOC
any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 °C measured at a standard
atmospheric pressure of 101,3 kPa
Note 1 to entry: According to WHO, organic compound whose boiling point is in the range from (50 °C to 100 °C)
to (240 °C to 260 °C).
3.3
semi-volatile organic compounds
SVOC
Organic compound whose boiling point is in the range from (240 °C to 260 °C) to (380 °C to 400 °C),
according to WHO
Note 1 to entry: Boiling points of some compounds are difficult or impossible to determine because they
decompose before they boil at atmospheric pressure. Vapour pressure is another criterion for classification of
compound volatility that can be used for classification of organic chemicals. SVOCs have vapour pressure between
-2
10 mPa and 10 Pa.
3.4
unidentified volatile or semi-volatile compounds
mass calculated from the unresolved chromatographic areas of the corresponding chromatograms
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3.5
non-extractable organic compounds
mass lost by calcination of the dried solid residue remaining after the extraction of semi-volatile
substances
Note 1 to entry: Chemical compound that remains un-extractable by a method which do not significantly change
the chemical nature of these residues.
3.6
internal calibration standards
compounds added in a known amount to the sample from the beginning of the protocol and enabling
analytical coverage throughout the procedure, and that is used to correct for losses during sample
preparation and analysis by accounting for all-system matrix effects (recoveries, ionization effect,
variability of the detector response of the instrument for example)
3.7
external calibration standards
compounds added in a known amount to a sample which is analysed separately from the unknown
sample under identical conditions, and used to facilitate the qualitative identification and/or quantitative
determination of the sample components
3.8
unresolved chromatographic peak
portion of a chromatogram where a separation is incomplete, and corresponding to two or more
components which may elute together from the chromatographic column
4 Principle
This method consists of determining the content of elements and substances above 0,1 % (weight) in
content of waste. It applies to laboratory samples of liquid and solid wastes. It is based on standard
methods when available, or otherwise on non-standardized methods as briefly described in this
document, specifying any extraction procedure and quantitative or semiquantitative analytical method.
All work should be led in compliance with EN 16457. Sampling should be performed in compliance with
EN 14899 and with guidance documents CEN/TR 15310-1 to 5. Laboratory samples should be prepared
according to EN 15002. All standards to which this document refers to are listed in Table 1.
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5 Example of analytical methods
Table 1 — Overview of examples of analytical methods
Analysis or test Test method for liquid waste Test method for solid waste
Sample preparation EN 15002 EN 15002
Dry matter EN 15934 EN 15934
Loss on ignition EN 15935 EN 15935
pH CEN/TR 16192 CEN/TR 16192
EN ISO 10523 EN ISO 10523
Conductivity CEN/TR 16192 CEN/TR 16192
EN 27888 EN 27888
Halogens (bromide, chloride, CEN/TR 16192 CEN/TR 16192
fluoride)
ISO 10304-1 ISO 10304-1
Anions (nitrates, orthophosphates, CEN/TR 16192 CEN/TR 16192
sulfates)
ISO 10304-1 ISO 10304-1
Easily liberable cyanides, free EN ISO 14403-1 ISO 11262
cyanides and total cyanides
EN ISO 14403-2 EN ISO 17380
Elements (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, EN ISO 11885 ISO 22036
Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, se, Zn)
EN ISO 17294-2 EN 16170
Elements (semiquantitative EN 15309 (X-Ray EN 15309 (X-Ray
analysis) fluorescence) fluorescence)
EN ISO 11885 ISO 22036 or EN 16170
EN ISO 17294-2
Cr VI EN ISO 23913 or EN ISO 15192
ISO 11083
BTEX EN ISO 17943 EN ISO 22155
HAP ISO 28540 EN 17503
Hydrocarbon content C10-C40 EN 14039 EN 14039
range
6 Laboratory sample and preparation of test portions
Given the sheer number of potential analyses and pre-treatments (including any separation of a sample’s
component liquid and solid phases), it is recommended that the laboratory sample of liquids should be
at least 10L and solids (powders and sludges) should be at least 10 kg.
Analytical test portions taken from the laboratory sample should be prepared according to EN 15002.
When samples are composed of several non-miscible phases or fractions, the analyses should be carried
out on each phase, and the results aggregated to give a complete result covering the whole sample.
By convention, a waste sample is considered liquid if it flows freely from the orifice of a container within
a limited time (Annex B of EN 12457-2:2002).
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7 Analysis of liquid wastes
7.1 General
The organigram of tasks proposed for the liquid waste analysis is given in Annex A. All the parameters
are listed and described below. The standards referred to in this clause are given as examples, but other
suitable standards may be used.
7.2 Analysis
When dealing with suspended solids or separated phases in the samples, first separate the fractions using
an appropriate method (filtration, centrifugation, decanting), then determine the mass of each fraction
and perform the analyses of parameters on the liquid and solid fractions of each phase (EN 15002),
provided the concerning fraction contains enough material to perform the test.
Determine the following parameters:
a) density: take at least 10 subsamples of the laboratory sample, using class A laboratory glassware,
and individually weigh each subsample, it should be the same mass which is weighed. The deviation
between the measurements should not be higher than ± 5 % for a series of subsamples. When
compared with the mass of same volumes of water, the mean value of these masses gives an adequate
evaluation of the density of the liquid sample.
b) water content: following EN 15934, either dry at 105 °C or run a Karl-Fisher titration depending on
the waste and the presence of volatile substances. The method used should be able to measure water
contents up to 99,9 % of gross weight to identify the presence of substances other than water at 0,1 %
of gross weight.
c) ignition residue content: loss on ignition should be performed according to EN 15935 or equivalent
method;
d) pH and conductivity: for wastewater and aqueous waste, measure the pH and the electrical
conductivity directly in the sample in the field during the sampling if possible or as fast as possible
in the laboratory in case of transportation, taking care to minimize exchanges with the ambient air
environment.
For paste and non-aqueous liquids (especially with hydrocarbons): the pH and the electrical
conductivity should be measured in the leachate obtained according to EN 12457-2, before filtration,
taking care to minimize exchanges with the laboratory air environment.
Measure the pH and electrical conductivity according to CEN/TR 16192 which refers to EN
ISO 10523 for pH determination and to EN 27888 for electrical conductivity determination.
Record any water-triggered reaction of the waste, as detectable for example by a release of heat or
gas.
Record the leaching test performed, in the report.
e) determination of halogen content for saline waste (if conductivity > 0,15 S/m): it is
recommended to determine chlorides and preferably all water-soluble halogens, according to
CEN/TR 16192, either in the liquid waste (wastewater or aqueous waste) or in a leachate obtained
according to EN 12457-2. For example, the ion chromatography method can be used for chloride,
bromide, and fluoride according to EN ISO 10304-1. A selective method can also be used for the
determination of the fluoride content.
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NOTE This result does not interfere with the mass balance as the halogen compounds are integrated via the
residue on ignition.
f) determination of Total Organic Carbon (TOC): according to EN 15936. This result does not
interfere with the mass balance because carbon compounds are integrated via the organic part like
identified compounds or unidentified compounds.
g) determination of free or easily liberatable cyanide: according to EN ISO 14403-1 or to
EN ISO 14403-2.
h) determination of the elements content (excluding the 10 heavy metals, As and Se), sulphur
content, phosphorous content: perform a total digestion according to EN 13656 and a
semiquantitative scanning analysis by ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission
spectrometry), ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) or an analysis by X-ray
fluorescence according to EN 15309. Quantitatively determine each individual concentration of the
following elements (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Zn) according to EN ISO 11885 or
EN ISO 17294-2, on the solution obtained by acid digestion.
i) determination of the hexavalent chromium content if suspected: it is recommended to
determine the hexavalent chromium content according to EN ISO 23913 or ISO 11083;
j) determination of the volatile organic compounds content:
Determine the volatile organic compounds by headspace extraction according to ISO 11423-1 or
EN ISO 10301 or after solvent extraction according to ISO 11423-2; the analysis is performed
accordingly:
i) add a solution containing internal calibration standards to the solvent sample blanks. This
solution is used to standardize the analyte response factors;
ii) first, run a semiquantitative analysis with external calibration standards, preferably using three
calibration standards (e.g. toluene, trichloroethylene, hexane);
iii) when possible, and using the results obtained by the semiquantitative analysis, each volatile
organic compound detected above the threshold of 0,1 % weight concentration should be
quantified by, either:
― individually quantifying each compound detected with their own calibration standards
(external calibration), or;
― quantifying with three calibration standards (e.g. toluene, trichloroethylene, hexane). The
response factors of the detected compounds can be corrected by comparing their TIC (Total
Ion Current) with the TIC responses obtained for the internal calibration standards.
― The compound identification rate should be higher than 80 %.
For the best quantification of the identified compounds, it is recommended to use the same
chemical compounds as calibration standards. If different calibration standards are used, then it
is preferable to create and use a database of response factors with different families of analytes
(aliphatic alkanes, aromatics, ketones, alcohols, glycols, chlorinated solvents, etc.). The GC-MS
response factors differ widely, according to the chemical nature of the analyte substance. The
quantification may be performed by GC-FID (flame ionization detector) as the response factor
depends less on the chemical nature of the analyte substance.
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― Quantitatively, determine each individual volatile organo-halogenated compound (see below for
1
the target compound list );
― Quantitatively determine methanol e.g. according to CEN/TS 17847;
― Quantitatively determine each individual BTEX according to EN ISO 17943.
― Calculate the “unidentified volatile compounds” parameters by integrating the unresolved area
of the chromatogram for volatile compounds.
k) determination of the semi-volatile organic compounds content:
Extraction:
i) for aqueous liquid samples, perform a liquid-liquid extraction of 100 ml of sample using 3 series
of 25 ml dichloromethane, then, if required, concentrate the extract under nitrogen down to a
final volume of 5 ml;
ii) for non-aqueous samples, prepare a 0,1 g/10 ml dilution of a mixture of hexane-acetone 50/50
v/v or any solvent able to dilute the sample.
Analysis of the extract by GC-MS, using an analytical method according to the following protocol:
i) add a solution containing internal calibration standards to the sample extracts and the blank
solvent extracts. This solution is used to standardize the analytes response factors;
ii) first, perform a semiquantitative analysis, with an external calibration of the semi-volatile
compounds, preferably using three calibration standards (e.g. C10, C25, C40);
iii) when possible, and using the results obtained by the semiquantitative analysis, each substance
detected above the threshold of 0,1 % weight concentration should be quantified by, either:
― individually quantifying each compound detected, with their own specific calibration
standards (external calibration), or;
― quantifying with 3 external calibration standards (e.g. C10, C25, C40). The response factors
of the compounds detected can be corrected by comparing their TIC (Total Ion Current) with
the TIC responses obtained for the internal calibration standards;
― The compound identification rate should be higher than 80 %.
If several substances, which cannot be discriminated, are detected, express the result as the sum of the
substances and assign it the CAS Number of the most toxic substance.
1
target compound list: vinyl chloride, trichlorofluoromethane, 1,1-dichloroethene, 3-chloropropene,
dichloromethane, trans-1,2-dichloroethene, 1,1-dichloroethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethene, 2,2-dichloropropane,
chloroform, bromochloromethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1-chlorobutane, 1,1-dichloropropene, 1,2-
dichloroethane, tetrachloromethane, chloroacetonitrile, trichlorethene, 1,2-dichloropropane,
bromodichloromethane, cis-1,3-dichloropropene, trans-1,3-dichloropropene, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,3-
dichloropropane, chlorodibromomethane, tetrachloroethene, chlorobenzene, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-
tetrachloroethane, 1,2,3-trichloropropane, 1,4-dichloro-2-butene, 2-chlorotoluene, 4-chlorotoluene, 1,3-
dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, hexachloroethane, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane,
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, hexachloro-1,3-butadiene, 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene.
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Quantitatively determine each individual PAH according to ISO 28540. The PAH described in the
ISO 28540 standard are: naphthalene, acenaphthalene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, anthracene,
phenantrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b) fluoranthene,
benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene,
benzo(g,h,i)perylene.
2
Quantitatively, determine each compound of the POPs list (Stockholm convention list exclusion of dioxin
and perfluoro-octane). Calculate the ““unidentified semi-volatile compounds” parameters by integrating
the unresolved area of the chromatogram for semi-volatile compounds.
Weigh any remaining non-extractable fraction and express the result in relation to raw sample. If the
chromatogram contains unresolved chromatographic peaks, the mass of these fractions should be
assessed by using external calibration standards as the ones proposed for the determination of the semi-
volatile organic compounds content (e.g. C10, C25, C40).
If one or more petroleum fractions are detected in the unresolved chromatographic peaks, they should
be quantified according to the EN 14039 standard and reported separately from the unresolved
chromatographic peaks.
If the waste is expected to contain cooking oils, it is recommended to saponify it before injection and
analysis, so that the fatty acids produced can be detected in the semi-volatile substances. Otherwise, this
oil fraction will not be detected, and the total organic content underestimated. The waste supplier should
be able to give information beforehand on whether the waste is expected to contain cooking oil.
7.3 Expression of the result on liquid waste
Report the density and express all results as mass of substance in relation to mass of raw sample.
Therefore, where necessary, the results should be converted from mass per unit volume (e.g. mg/l) into
mass per unit mass (e.g. mg/kg) based on density.
Report any applicable CAS Numbers.
If analyses have been performed on separate fractions of a sample, the results should be reported for
each fraction with the mass and the proportion of the fraction.
It is recommended to tabulate the results using a single column per sample and giving the parameter-
sets, the parameters, the methods, the units, the analytical results or the LoQs in case of non-quantified
results, and any comments or further details specific to each individual analysis and, if appropriate, each
individual analyte.
To facilitate subsequent use of the results, they can be presented in the following order:
1) the components of the mass balance (see below) and the mass balance itself;
2) the elements listed by symbol in alphabetical order. The elements that were not detected are still
included in the list;
3) the specific inorganic compound analyses;
4) the volatile substances;
5) the semi-volatile substances;
2
POPs list: aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, toxaphene,
hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene, hexabromocyclododecane, endosulfan,
chlordecone, hexabromocyclodecane, hexabromobiphenyl, hexabromobiphenyl ether, heptabromobiphenyl ether,
heptabromobiphenyl ether, lindane, pentachlorobenzene.
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6) the specific organic compound analyses;
7) any petroleum fractions;
8) any additional organic compounds;
9) any other observations occurring during the analysis of the waste sample.
An example report format is given in Annex B.
7.4 Mass balance of liquid waste
The sum of the following parameters can achieve approximately 90 % of the raw mass:
• water content,
• ignition residue minus elements content,
• elements content,
• volatiles and semi-volatiles organic compounds content,
• “unidentified volatile compounds” and “unidentified semi-volatile compounds” content,
• non-extractable fraction content,
• any petroleum fractions.
If water content is over 90 % of the gross weight, the sum of the parameters listed above should achieve
at least 50 % of the mass of the non-water sample fraction. This cumulated 50 % is linked to the fact that
not all the anions (halogens, oxides, carbonates, etc.) that can sometimes accompany cationic metals, are
determined in this protocol.
The balance should be established on the specific quantitative analysis of the analytes if a
semiquantitative analysis was also performed on these analytes.
When reporting the analyses of volatile and semi-volatile organic compo
...
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