EN ISO 17751-2:2023
(Main)Textiles - Quantitative analysis of cashmere, wool, other specialty animal fibres and their blends - Part 2: Scanning electron microscopy method (ISO 17751-2:2023)
Textiles - Quantitative analysis of cashmere, wool, other specialty animal fibres and their blends - Part 2: Scanning electron microscopy method (ISO 17751-2:2023)
This document specifies a method for the identification, qualitative, and quantitative analysis of cashmere, wool, other speciality animal fibres, and their blends using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
It is applicable to loose fibres, intermediate products, and final products of cashmere, wool, other speciality animal fibres, and their blends.
Textilien - Quantitative Analyse von Kaschmir, Wolle, anderen speziellen tierischen Fasern und deren Mischungen - Teil2: Rasterelektronenmikroskopie-Verfahren (ISO 17751-2:2023)
Dieses Dokument legt ein Verfahren zur Identifizierung sowie qualitativen und quantitativen Analyse von Kaschmir, Wolle, anderen speziellen tierischen Fasern und deren Mischungen mit dem Rasterelektronenmikroskop (REM) fest.
Es ist anwendbar auf lose Fasern, Halbfertigerzeugnisse und Fertigerzeugnisse aus Kaschmir, Wolle, anderen speziellen tierischen Fasern und deren Mischungen.
Textiles - Analyse quantitative du cachemire, de la laine, d’autres fibres animales spéciales et de leurs mélanges - Partie 2: Méthode par microscopie électronique à balayage (ISO 17751-2:2023)
Le présent document spécifie une méthode pour l'identification et l'analyse, qualitative et quantitative, du cachemire, de la laine et d'autres fibres animales spéciales, ainsi que de leurs mélanges, au moyen de la microscopie électronique à balayage (MO).
Il s'applique aux fibres en vrac, aux produits intermédiaires et aux produits finaux de cachemire, de laine et d'autres fibres animales spéciales, ainsi que de leurs mélanges.
Tekstilije - Kvantitativna analiza kašmirskih, volnenih, drugih specialnih živalskih vlaken in njihovih mešanic - 2. del: Metoda štetja z elektronskim mikroskopom (ISO 17751-2:2023)
Standard ISO 17751-2:2016 določa metodo za identifikacijo ter kvalitativno in kvantitativno analizo kašmirskih, volnenih, drugih specialnih živalskih vlaken in njihovih mešanic na podlagi štetja z elektronskim mikroskopom (SEM).
Standard ISO 17751-2:2016 se uporablja za prosta vlakna, vmesne proizvode in končne proizvode iz kašmirja, volne, drugih specialnih živalskih vlaken ter njihovih mešanic.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2023
Tekstilije - Kvantitativna analiza kašmirskih, volnenih, drugih specialnih živalskih
vlaken in njihovih mešanic - 2. del: Metoda štetja z elektronskim mikroskopom
(ISO 17751-2:2023)
Textiles - Quantitative analysis of cashmere, wool, other specialty animal fibres and their
blends - Part 2: Scanning electron microscopy method (ISO 17751-2:2023)
Textilien - Quantitative Analyse von Kaschmir, Wolle, anderen speziellen tierischen
Fasern und deren Mischungen - Teil2: Rasterelektronenmikroskopie-Verfahren (ISO
17751-2:2023)
Textiles - Analyse quantitative du cachemire, de la laine, d’autres fibres animales
spéciales et de leurs mélanges - Partie 2: Méthode par microscopie électronique à
balayage (ISO 17751-2:2023)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 17751-2:2023
ICS:
59.060.10 Naravna vlakna Natural fibres
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN ISO 17751-2
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
September 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 59.060.01 Supersedes EN ISO 17751-2:2016
English Version
Textiles - Quantitative analysis of cashmere, wool, other
specialty animal fibres and their blends - Part 2: Scanning
electron microscopy method (ISO 17751-2:2023)
Textiles - Analyse quantitative du cachemire, de la Textilien - Quantitative Analyse von Kaschmir, Wolle,
laine, d'autres fibres animales spéciales et de leurs anderen speziellen tierischen Fasern und deren
mélanges - Partie 2: Méthode par microscopie Mischungen - Teil2: Rasterelektronenmikroskopie-
électronique à balayage (ISO 17751-2:2023) Verfahren (ISO 17751-2:2023)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 12 August 2023.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 17751-2:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 17751-2:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 38
"Textiles" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 248 “Textiles and textile products” the
secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2024, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by March 2024.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 17751-2:2016.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 17751-2:2023 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 17751-2:2023 without any
modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 17751-2
Second edition
2023-08
Textiles — Quantitative analysis
of cashmere, wool, other specialty
animal fibres and their blends —
Part 2:
Scanning electron microscopy method
Textiles — Analyse quantitative du cachemire, de la laine, d’autres
fibres animales spéciales et de leurs mélanges —
Partie 2: Méthode par microscopie électronique à balayage
Reference number
ISO 17751-2:2023(E)
ISO 17751-2:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
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Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 17751-2:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 3
5 Reagents and materials . 3
6 Apparatus . 3
7 Sampling . 3
8 Preparation of test specimens . 4
8.1 Number of test specimens . 4
8.2 Preparation method for test specimens . 4
8.2.1 Loose fibre. 4
8.2.2 Sliver . . 5
8.2.3 Yarn . 5
8.2.4 Woven fabrics . 5
8.2.5 Knitted fabrics . 6
8.3 Coating of the test specimens. 6
9 Procedure .6
9.1 General . 6
9.2 Preparation and test on test specimen stubs . 6
9.3 Qualitative analysis (purity analysis). 6
9.4 Quantitative analysis . 6
10 Calculation and expression of test result . 7
10.1 Calculation of test result . 7
10.2 Expression of test result . 7
11 Test report . 8
Annex A (normative) Drawing of the lot sample and the laboratory sample .9
Annex B (informative) Surface morphology of common animal fibres .10
Annex C (normative) Density of common animal fibres.52
Bibliography .53
iii
ISO 17751-2:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use
of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 38, Textiles, in collaboration with the
European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 248, Textile and textile
products, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna
Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 17751-2:2016), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— in 3.1, a note to different types of speciality animal fibres has been added;
— in 3.6, a note to entry and a new Figure 1 have been added to indicate the distal edge, and subsequent
figures have been renumbered;
— a new term, 3.11 warping angle, has been added;
— a new Clause 5 titled “reagents and materials” and its content has been separated from former
clause;
— a new Clause 6 titled “Apparatus” has been added and its contents have been renumbered, subsequent
clause and subclause numbers are changed accordingly;
— Clause 7 retitled “Sampling” has been added and its content has been rephrased to match with the
property adjustment of Annex A;
— in 8.1, the numbers of test specimen sets and test specimen stubs have been increased;
— the title of 8.2 (former 6.2) has been changed from “Preparation method for test specimens of
various types of samples” to “Preparation method for test specimens”;
iv
ISO 17751-2:2023(E)
— in 8.2.4.1, missing information on marking of masses of warp and weft yarns and laboratory sample
has been supplemented;
— the title of Clause 9 has been changed to “Procedure”;
— 9.1 titled “General” and its content has been added;
— the title of 9.2 has been changed from “Test on each test specimen stub” to “Preparation and test on
test specimen stubs”;
— the title of 9.3 has been changed from “Qualitative analysis (Purity analysis) and determination of
fibre content” to “Qualitative analysis (Purity analysis)”;
— 9.4 titled “Quantitative analysis” has been added, number of fibre snippets to be examined and
measured are changed due to the change of number of test specimen stubs;
— the title of Clause 10 has been changed from “Calculation of test result” to “Calculation and expression
of test result”;
— 10.1 “Calculation of test result” has been added;
— 10.2 “Expression of test result” has been added;
— Clause 11 titled “Test report” and its contents have been added;
— the status of Annex A has been changed from informative to normative;
— in Annex C, density of some fibres has been modified and the density of coarse rabbit has been
added;
— in Annex C, a table footnote has been added to coarse angora or rabbit;
— two references have been added in the bibliography.
A list of all parts in the ISO 17751 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
ISO 17751-2:2023(E)
Introduction
Cashmere is a high value speciality animal fibre, but cashmere and other animal wool fibres such as
sheep’s wool, yak, camel, etc., exhibit great similarities in their physical and chemical properties, so that
their fibre blends are difficult to distinguish from each other by both mechanical and chemical methods.
In addition, these fibres show similar scale structures. It is very difficult to accurately determine the
fibre content of such fibre blends by current testing means.
Research on the accurate identification of cashmere fibres has been a long undertaking. At present, the
most widely used and reliable techniques include the light microscopy (LM) method and the scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) method.
— The advantage of LM method is that the internal medullation and pigmentation of fibres can be
observed; the disadvantage is that some subtle surface structures cannot be clearly displayed. A
decolouring process needs to be carried out on dark samples for testing, while improper decolouring
process can affect the judgment of fibre analyst.
— The SEM method shows complementary characteristics to those of LM method, so some types of
fibres need to be identified by scanning electron microscope.
The LM and SEM methods need be used together to identify some difficult-to-identify samples in order
to utilize the advantages of both methods.
It has been proven in practice that the accuracy of a fibre analysis is highly related to the ample
experience, full understanding, and extreme familiarity of the fibre analyst to the surface morphology
of various types of animal fibres. In addition to textual descriptions, micrographs of different types of
animal fibres are given in Annex B.
vi
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17751-2:2023(E)
Textiles — Quantitative analysis of cashmere, wool, other
specialty animal fibres and their blends —
Part 2:
Scanning electron microscopy method
1 Scope
This document specifies a method for the identification, qualitative, and quantitative analysis of
cashmere, wool, other speciality animal fibres, and their blends using scanning electron microscopy
(SEM).
It is applicable to loose fibres, intermediate products, and final products of cashmere, wool, other
speciality animal fibres, and their blends.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
speciality animal fibre
any type of keratin fibre taken from speciality animals (hairs) other than sheep
Note 1 to entry: Speciality animal fibres include cashmere, camel, yak, mohair, angora or rabbit, alpaca, etc.
3.2
scanning electron microscope
intermediate type of microscopic morphology observation instrument between transmitted electron
microscope and light microscope which use a focused beam of high-energy electrons to generate a
variety of physical information signals
Note 1 to entry: The principle consists of scanning a primary focused electron beam over a whole area of interest
on the surface of solid test specimen, and the signal derived from which is then received, amplified and displayed
in images for full observation of surface area topography of the test specimen.
Note 2 to entry: The signals obtained by a scanning electron microscope are, e.g. secondary electrons, Auger
electrons, characteristic X-ray, etc.
ISO 17751-2:2023(E)
3.3
secondary electron
low-energy extra-nuclear electron released from and by ionization of a metal atom in the 5 nm to 10 nm
scanned region of metal layer less than 10 nm thick nearest to the outermost meta-coated surface of a
test specimen (3.10) under impact of the focused primary electron beam of energy in units of tens of keV
Note 1 to entry: Being surface sensitive because of the small mean free path of the electron to escape from deep
within the test specimen and, therefore the signal of which produces the highest-resolution morphological
images of the coated surface.
3.4
scale
cuticle covering the surface of animal fibres
3.5
scale frequency
number of scales (3.4) along the fibre axis per unit length
3.6
scale height
height of the cuticle at the scale’s (3.4) distal edge
Note 1 to entry: The distal edge is shown in Figure 1.
Key
1 distal edge
Figure 1 — Distal edge
3.7
fibre surface morphology
sum of the physical properties/attributes characterizing the fibre surface
Note 1 to entry: The fibre surface morphology includes scale frequency, scale height, patterns of scale edge, scale
surface smoothness, fibre evenness along its axis, transparency under light microscope etc.
3.8
lot sample
portion representative of the same type and same lot of material drawn according to the requirements
from which it is taken
3.9
laboratory sample
portion drawn from a lot sample (3.8) according to the requirements to prepare test specimens (3.10)
3.10
test specimen
portion taken from fibre snippets randomly cut from a laboratory sample (3.9) for measurement
purposes
3.11
warping angle
angle of the free edge of the scale (3.4) deviating from the parallel edges of the fibre
ISO 17751-2:2023(E)
4 Principle
A longitudinal view image of fibre snippets representative of a test specimen coated with a thin layer
of gold and/or other metals is produced by a scanning electron microscope through scanning the side
surface of the test specimen with a focused incident beam of high-energy electrons, detecting signals
of secondary electrons emitted by the gold atoms excited when hit by the incident electron beam,
and combining the beam position with the detected signals which contain information on surface
topography of the test specimen.
All fibre types found in the test specimen are identified by comparing them with known fibre surface
morphologies for different types of animal fibres.
For each fibre type, the number and diameter of fibre snippets are counted and measured. The mass
fraction is calculated from the data for the number of fibre snippets counted, mean value, and standard
deviation of the snippet diameter and the true density of each fibre type.
5 Reagents and materials
5.1 Acetone, analytical grade.
5.2 Ethyl acetate, analytical grade.
5.3 Double-sided adhesive tape.
6 Apparatus
6.1 Scanning electron microscope, comprised of a vacuum system, electronic optical system, signal
collecting and imaging system, display system, and measurement software.
6.2 Sputter coater, with a gold and/or other metal cathode.
6.3 Microtome and razor blade, scalpel or double blades.
6.4 Glass plate, measuring approximately 150 mm × 150 mm.
6.5 Tweezers, scissors.
6.6 Test specimen stub, aluminium or brass, 13 mm in diameter.
6.7 Glass tube, 10 mm to 15 mm in diameter.
6.8 Stainless-steel rod, approximately 1 mm in diameter.
7 Sampling
Lot samples and laboratory samples shall be drawn in accordance with the sampling methods described
in Annex A.
ISO 17751-2:2023(E)
8 Preparation of test specimens
8.1 Number of test specimens
One single set of test specimens is composed by 3 test specimen stubs and at least 600 fibres.
Prepare two sets of test specimens, each comprising 3 stubs, i.e. 6 test specimen stubs in total. Fibre
snippets on a single set of test specimen stubs shall be sufficient to ensure at least 600 fibre snippets
can be examined, for a total of 1 200 fibres (on 6 stubs) on two sets, whatever the number of operators.
In case of discrepancy on the test results between the two sets, a third set of test specimens (3 stubs
and 600 fibres) shall be prepared and tested.
8.2 Preparation method for test specimens
8.2.1 Loose fibre
8.2.1.1 Put the laboratory sample flat on the test table, pick up approximately 500 mg of fibres
randomly on not less than 20 spots with tweezers from the top and bottom sides of the sample. Blend
them homogeneously and divide them into 3 equal portions. Sort these drawn fibres into basically
parallel fibre bundles.
8.2.1.2 Cut each bundle in the middle with a microtome and razor blade, scalpel or double blades to
get approximately 0,4 mm long fibre snippets. Cut only once in each of the fibre bundles.
8.2.1.3 Collect all fibre snippets in the glass tube and suspend them in 1 ml to 2 ml acetone or ethyl
acetate by stirring the mixture with a stainless-steel rod. Pour the suspension onto a glass plate to
ensure that the fibre snippets are uniformly distributed on a spot of approximately 10 cm in diameter
on the glass plate, as shown in Figure 1.
8.2.1.4 Press the double-sided adhesive tape on the mounting stubs and use a razor blade to trim
the adhesive tape away from around the mounting stubs. After all the acetone or ethyl acetate in the
fibre snippets suspension has evaporated, press the mounting stubs with the adhesive tape end onto
the glass plate at the positions shown in Figure 2. Transfer the uniformly mixed fibre snippets to the
adhesive tape on the test specimen stub.
Key
1 glass plate
2 fibre suspension
Figure 2 — Fibre suspension on glass plate
ISO 17751-2:2023(E)
Key
1 test specimen stub
Figure 3 — Positions of a single set of the three test specimen stubs
8.2.1.5 If the fibre snippets have aggregated after the evaporation of the acetone or ethyl acetate,
they shall be recollected by scraping them off the glass plate with a razor blade and repeat operation
procedures 8.2.1.3 and 8.2.1.4.
8.2.2 Sliver
8.2.2.1 Cut the laboratory sliver sample into three sections. Take out an appropriate amount of the
fibre bundle in the longitudinal direction from each sliver section.
8.2.2.2 Cut in the middle of each fibre bundle to obtain approximately 0,4 mm long fibre snippets
with a microtome and razor blade, scalpel or double blades. Cut only once in each fibre bundle.
8.2.2.3 Other operation procedures are the same as described in 8.2.1.3 to 8.2.1.5.
8.2.3 Yarn
8.2.3.1 Divide the laboratory sample into three equal portions.
8.2.3.2 Cut each portion in the middle with a microtome and razor blade, scalpel or double blades to
obtain approximately 0,4 mm long fibre snippets. Cut only once in each yarn portion.
8.2.3.3 Other operation procedures are the same as described in 8.2.1.3 to 8.2.1.5.
8.2.4 Woven fabrics
8.2.4.1 If the warp and weft yarn share the same composition, all yarn segments unravelled from a
rectangular sample of a complete pattern may be cut to obtain an appropriate test specimen. For those
fabric samples composed of different compositions of warp and weft yarns, unravel the warp and weft
yarns separately, weigh them and record their masses as m and m , respectively. If the fabrics have
T W
a definite repetition in the pattern, unravel at least the integral multiple of a complete pattern. The
unravelled warp and weft yarn bundles are kept as warp and weft yarn samples, respectively, as the
laboratory sample.
8.2.4.2 Cut once from the parallel yarn portion in the middle with a microtome and razor blade,
scalpel or double blades to obtain approximately 0,4 mm long fibre snippets. Cut only once in each yarn
segments.
ISO 17751-2:2023(E)
8.2.4.3 Other operation procedures are the same as described in 8.2.1.3 to 8.2.1.5.
8.2.5 Knitted fabrics
8.2.5.1 Unravel at least 25 yarn segments from the laboratory sample for woollen knitted fabrics.
Unravel at least 50 yarn segments for worsted knitted fabrics. Cut each yarn portion in the middle to
obtain approximately 0,4 mm long fibre snippets. Cut only once in each yarn portion.
8.2.5.2 Other operation procedures are the same as described in 8.2.1.3 to 8.2.1.5.
8.3 Coating of the test specimens
Use the sputter coater to apply a thin layer of gold and/or other metals to the test specimen on test
specimen stub.
9 Procedure
9.1 General
When possible, the analysis of the test specimens should be car
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