EN 13084-4:2002
(Main)Free-standing chimneys - Part 4: Brick liners - Design and execution
Free-standing chimneys - Part 4: Brick liners - Design and execution
This European standard deals with special requirements and performance criteria for the design and construction of lining systems made of brickwork for free-standing industrial chimneys. Current European practice favours sectional liners and the statements of the standard are mainly devoted to such solutions but are also largely applicable to independent and base supported liners. The differences in the design and construction of the two last types are covered in Annex C.
Freistehende Schornsteine - Teil 4: Innenrohre aus Mauerwerk- Entwruf, Bemessung und Ausführung
Diese Europäische Norm behandelt die besonderen Anforderungen und die Leistungskriterien für Entwurf, Bemessung und Ausführung von Innenrohrkonstruktionen aus Mauerwerk für freistehende Industrieschornsteine. In der gängigen europäischen Praxis werden aus einzelnen Abschnitten bestehende Innenrohre (Etagen-Innenrohre) bevorzugt und die Festlegungen der Norm beziehen sich hauptsächlich auf diese Lösungen, gelten aber auch weitestgehend für unten abgestützte freistehende und horizontal abgestützte Innenrohre. Die Unterschiede in Bemessung und Konstruktion der beiden letztgenannten Typen werden in Anhang A beschrieben. Diese Europäische Norm beschreibt die Anforderungen an die mechanische Festigkeit und Stabilität von Innenrohren entsprechend den allgemeinen Anforderungen nach EN 13084-1.
Innenrohrkonstruktionen bestehen vollständig oder teilweise aus folgenden Teilen:
Schornsteininnenrohr einschließlich Abgaskanal-Einführung;
Wärmedämmung;
Innenrohrabstützung;
Raum zwischen Innenrohr und Betonschaft.
Strömungstechnische Berechnungen zur Bestimmung der Innenrohrmaße sind in EN 13084-1 angegeben.
Cheminées autoportantes - Partie 4: Conduits intérieurs en briques de terre cuite - Conception et mise en oeuvre cution
La présente Norme européenne spécifie les exigences et critères de performance particuliers applicables à la conception et à la construction des systèmes de conduit intérieurs en briques de terre cuite pour les cheminées industrielles autoportantes. La pratique courante en Europe favorise les conduits en sections ; les exigences de la présente norme concernent principalement ces solutions, mais elles sont aussi largement applicables aux conduits portés par la base indépendants et étayés. Les différences de conception et de construction de ces deux derniers types de conduits intérieurs sont analysées dans l'Annexe A. La présente Norme européenne définit les exigences permettant de garantir la résistance mécanique et la stabilité des conduits intérieurs, conformément aux exigences générales données dans l'EN 13084-1.
Les systèmes de conduit intérieur sont constitués de tout ou partie des éléments suivants :
¾ le conduit intérieur de cheminée avec une arrivée de gaine ;
¾ l'isolation ;
¾ le support du conduit intérieur ;
¾ l'espace entre le conduit intérieur et le brise-vent en béton.
Les calculs de débit de gaz visant à déterminer la taille des conduits intérieurs sont expliqués dans l'EN 13084-1.
Prostostoječi dimniki - 4. del: Notranje zidane cevi - Projektiranje in izvedba
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Freistehende Schornsteine - Teil 4: Innenrohre aus Mauerwerk- Entwruf, Bemessung und AusführungCheminées autoportantes - Partie 4: Conduits intérieurs en briques de terre cuite - Conception et mise en oeuvre cutionFree-standing chimneys - Part 4: Brick liners - Design and execution91.060.40Dimniki, jaški, kanaliChimneys, shafts, ductsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 13084-4:2002SIST EN 13084-4:2004en01-april-2004SIST EN 13084-4:2004SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 13084-4:2004
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 13084-4November 2002ICS 91.060.40English versionFree-standing chimneys - Part 4: Brick liners - Design andexecutionConduits de fumée individuels pour cheminées - Partie 4:Conduits intérieurs en brique - Conception et exécutioncutionFreistehende Schornsteine - Teil 4: Innenrohre ausMauerwerk- Entwruf, Bemessung und AusführungThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 August 2002.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2002 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 13084-4:2002 ESIST EN 13084-4:2004
EN 13084-4:2002 (E)2ContentspageForeword.41Scope.52Normative references.53Terms, definitions and symbols.53.1Terms and definitions.53.2Symbols.64Material.74.1General.74.2Brickwork.74.2.1General.74.2.2Thermal effects.74.2.3Classification and chemical attack.84.3Insulation.95General design requirements.105.1General.105.2Minimum wall thickness.105.3Liner supports.105.4Openings.105.5Ventilation.115.6Protective coatings.115.7Accessories.125.7.1Joints.125.7.2Compensators.125.7.3Ducts and fans.126Structural design.126.1Actions.126.1.1General.126.1.2Wind actions.126.1.3Seismic actions.136.1.4Thermal effects.136.1.5Internal pressure and explosions.136.2Resistances.136.3Verification.146.3.1Ultimate limit state.146.3.2Serviceability limit state.166.3.3Stress calculations.166.3.4Elastic stability.177Execution.177.1Imperfections.177.2Tolerances.178Inspection and maintenance.188.1General.188.2Scopes of inspection.188.2.1Internal brickliner.188.2.2Insulation.198.3Frequency.198.4Performance.19SIST EN 13084-4:2004
EN 13084-4:2002 (E)3Annex A (informative)
Structural design of base supported liners.20A.1General.20A.2Wind and earthquake loading.20A.3Elastic stability.20A.3.1General.20A.3.2Elastic stability of the uncracked tube.21A.3.3Stability of free standing vertical columns.22A.3.4Stability of a half tube.23A.3.5Comparison of the three expressions and conclusions.24Annex B (normative)
Openings.27Annex C (informative)
Compensators.28Annex D (informative)
Dynamic effects.30Annex E (normative)
Tests to determine characteristic properties of brickwork.33E.1General.33E.2Compressive strength.33E.3Bending tensile strength.33E.4Modulus of elasticity.33Annex F (normative)
Strengthening – reinforced brickwork.35F.1Steel bands, fitted outside the liner.35F.1.1Stresses in the liner.35F.1.2Plain steel bands.35F.1.3Steel bands fitted with springs.36F.2Integral reinforcement.38Annex G (informative)
Temperature effects.39Annex H (informative)
Drying and start up.41H.1New Liners.41H.1.1General.41H.1.2Externally insulated liners.41H.1.3Uninsulated liners.41H.2Old brickwork liners.42Bibliography.43SIST EN 13084-4:2004
EN 13084-4:2002 (E)4ForewordThis document (EN 13084-4:2002) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 297 "Free-standingindustrial chimneys", the secretariat of which is held by DIN.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text orby endorsement, at the latest by May 2003, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest byMay 2003.In this European Standard the annexes A, B and D are normative and the annexes C, E, F, G and H areinformative.This European Standard “Free-standing chimneys” consists of the following Parts:¾ Part 1: General requirements.¾ Part 2: Concrete chimneys.¾ Part 4: Brick liners - Design and execution.¾ Part 5: Materials for brick liners - Product specifications.¾ Part 6: Steel liners - Design and execution.¾ Part 7: Product specifications of cylindrical steel fabrications for use in single wall steel chimneys and steelliners.¾ Part 8: Design and execution of mast construction with satellite components.According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the followingcountries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.SIST EN 13084-4:2004
EN 13084-4:2002 (E)51 ScopeThis European Standard specifies special requirements and performance criteria for the design and construction oflining systems made of brickwork for free-standing industrial chimneys. Current European practice favourssectional liners and the statements of the standard are mainly devoted to such solutions but are also largelyapplicable to base supported independent and stayed liners. The differences in the design and construction of thetwo last types are covered by annex A. This European Standard identifies requirements to ensure mechanicalresistance and stability of liners in accordance with the general requirements given inEN 13084-1.Lining systems comprise some or all of the following:¾ chimney liner including duct entry;¾ insulation;¾ liner support;¾ space between liner and concrete windshield.Gas flow calculations to determine liner sizes are covered by EN 13084-1.2 Normative referencesThis European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. Thesenormative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the publications are listed hereafter. Fordated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this EuropeanStandard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of thepublication referred to applies (including amendments).EN 1052-1, Methods of test for masonry ¾ Part 1: Determination of compressive strength.EN 1052-2, Methods of test for masonry ¾ Part 2: Determination of flexural strength.EN 13084-1:2000, Free-standing industrial chimneys — Part 1: General requirements.prEN 13084-5:1998, Free-standing chimneys — Part 5: Materials for brick liners — Product specifications.3 Terms, definitions and symbols3.1 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN 13084-1 together the followingapply.3.1.1base supported linerliner which is supported vertically only at the liner base3.1.2independent linerbase supported liner which has no other horizontal support or restraintSIST EN 13084-4:2004
EN 13084-4:2002 (E)63.1.3stayed linerbase supported liner which has horizontal restraints3.1.4sectional linerliner which is supported vertically at a number of elevations3.1.5liner supportcomponents, such as corbels or platforms, that support individual sections of the liner3.1.6duct entrysection which introduces the flue gases to the chimney liner3.1.7brickworkwhole of the material used to form a brickwork liner including both bricks and mortars used in its construction, togetherwith any reinforcement that may be provided3.1.8thermal gradienttemperature difference between outer and inner wall surface related to the thickness of the wall3.1.9thermal effectstresses in the liner due to temperature differences3.1.10thermal shockeffect on the liner of rapid changes in flue gas temperature, giving stresses. This can typically occur due touncontrolled shutdowns, a fire or sudden by-pass of an energy conservation or flue gas desulphurisation unit3.1.11compensatorany systems which allows the movement of the joint in any direction maintaining its gas tightness3.2 SymbolsThe main symbols used in this European Standard are given in Table 1.SIST EN 13084-4:2004
EN 13084-4:2002 (E)7Table 1 — Main symbolsSymbolDenominationUnitSafety factor:gpartial safety factor-Material properties:fstrengthN/mm2Emodulus of elasticityN/mm2sstressN/mm2aTcoefficient of thermal expansionK-1Actions:Tthermal effects-Gpermanent actions-Wwind actions-Eseismic actions-aaccelerationm/s2Dimensions:ddiametermtwall thicknessmSubscripts:ccompression-ttensile-yyield-kcharacteristic-Mmaterial-uultimate-4 Material4.1 GeneralThe choice of material will depend upon the service required.4.2 Brickwork4.2.1 GeneralThe type of brickwork used is largely determined by the resistance to chemical attack of the bricks and mortars. Inaddition, when thermal shocks are expected, brick types will be selected on the basis of their resistance to spallingand other mechanical damage caused by the same.Brickwork covered by this European Standard consists of brick types in accordance with Table 1 ofprEN 13084-5:1998 and mortar types in accordance with Table 2 of prEN 13084-5:1998.4.2.2 Thermal effectsAccording to the requirements as specified in 5.2.3.4 of EN 13084-1:2000, the temperature effect on brickworkshall be considered particularly with regard to:SIST EN 13084-4:2004
EN 13084-4:2002 (E)8¾ limit temperature of the various components;¾ thermal gradients through the brickwork components in steady and transient conditions;¾ uniform temperature;¾ expansion;¾ thermal shock.Calculations based on the maximum temperature of flue gas and the maximum expected ambient temperatureshall show that all the materials are operating below their allowable temperatures.Thermal gradients, if not limited, could cause cracks in liners especially in those made of bricks type B1, B2 andB3.Thermal shock can cause spalling and cracks on bricks type B1, B2 and B3. It normally causes only shallow cracksbut the thermal gradient may cause these to grow.4.2.3 Classification and chemical attack4.2.3.1 GeneralDepending on the degree of chemical attack given in Table 3 of EN 13084-1:2000, the following types of brickworkmay be used for the construction of chimney liners:¾ brickwork type A: resistant to "very high chemical attack";¾ brickwork type B: resistant to "high chemical attack";¾ brickwork type C: resistant to "medium chemical attack";¾ brickwork type D: resistant to "low chemical attack";¾ brickwork type E: not subject to "chemical attack".Mortar type M3 based an Portland cement may be used only for types D and E.NOTEFor all brickwork types in the presence of alkalis with temperatures above 680 °C, bricks with a low true porosity(10 % maximum) are recommended.4.2.3.2 Brickwork type A: resistant to "very high chemical attack"This will normally consist of:¾ bricks type B1;¾ mortar type M1 (in the case of very high chemical attack due only to acids: mortar type M2).If abnormal temperature deviations are expected the limit in service temperature of mortars type M1 shall be takeninto account.Brickwork type A using mortar type M1 can also withstand alkaline condensates.SIST EN 13084-4:2004
EN 13084-4:2002 (E)94.2.3.3 Brickwork type B: resistant to "high chemical attack"This will normally consist of:¾ bricks type B2;¾ mortar type M2.The use of mortar type M2 allows its use up to 900 °C; if thermal shocks are expected the resistance to thermalcycling of the bricks will be a factor of major importance.Brickwork type B is not resistant to alkaline condensates.4.2.3.4 Brickwork type C: resistant to "medium chemical attack"This will normally consist of:¾ bricks type B3;¾ mortar type M2.The use of mortar type M2 allows its use up to 900 °C; if thermal shocks are expected the resistance to thermalcycling of the bricks will be a factor of major importance.Brickwork type C is not resistant to alkaline condensates.4.2.3.5 Brickwork type D: resistant to "low chemical attack"This will normally consist of:¾ bricks type B4;¾ mortar type M3.4.2.3.6 Brickwork type E: not subjected to chemical attackThis will normally consist of:¾ bricks type B4 or B5;¾ mortar type M3.Brickwork type E may be used in liners that are always operating safely above the dew point.Bricks type B5 may only be used provided that mechanical actions such as erosion or abrasion are not expected.4.3 InsulationInsulation may be used to reduce the thermal gradient in the liner as well as in the windshield and to reduce theheat loss of the flue gases.The following types of insulating materials are widely available for the purpose:¾ insulating bricks;¾ mineral wool blankets;¾ cellular glass blocks;SIST EN 13084-4:2004
EN 13084-4:2002 (E)10¾ vermiculite/perlite preformed blocks;¾ calcium silicate blocks;¾ glass wool blankets;¾ ceramic fibre lancets.Stability of insulation shall be ensured even in the case of vibrations due to possible pulsation of flue gas pressure.5 General design requirements5.1 GeneralA gas tight floor shall be provided no more than 1,00 m from the bottom of the lowest duct entry.Adequate means shall be provided to drain acid condensate to a safe location.5.2 Minimum wall thicknessFor the determination of the minimum wall thickness of the liner see Table 2.5.3 Liner supportsBrickwork liner supports shall be designed with adequate rigidity to avoid imposing unacceptable non-uniformsupport reactions on the liner. In addition, in the case of multiflue chimneys, the deformation of the supportingplatforms shall be such that the required clearance between the top of the liner and the upper platform isrespected. Supports comprising segmental beams, supported by discrete corbels projecting from the windshield,shall be provided with torsional continuity by in-situ reinforced concrete joints or other means.5.4 OpeningsIn order to limit the effects of differential temperatures around the circumference of the liner, openings introducinggases at different temperatures should be so arranged that a good mixing of the separate gas streams is ensured.They should be positioned at elevations as near to each other as possible in order to increase mixing between gasstreams and reduce temperature differences which can otherwise cause additional stresses in the brickwork. Seealso annex B.SIST EN 13084-4:2004
EN 13084-4:2002 (E)11Table 2 — Minimum wall thickness for brickwork liners1234Minimum wall thickness, in mm, forInternal diameter, d, of linerIn mbricks without tongue andgrooveshaped bricks with lateraltongue and grooveshaped bricks withcontinuous tongue andgroove10 < d £ 4,01151006424,0 < d £ 6,01151008036,0 < d £ 8,011510010048,0 < d £ 10,0—120120510,0 < d £ 12,0—1401405.5 VentilationBrickwork liners are normally used when flue gas pressure is lower than the ambient pressure outside thebrickwork at the same elevation. Overpressure excursion of limited duration are permitted, but these should betaken into account in assessing the chemical load.If the gas flow calculations show that significant operating periods are expected with flue gas pressure higher thanthe pressure in the space between liner and windshield, pressurisation of the space – by the use of fans – and theprovision of compensators are required.Where access is required into the space between liner and windshield during operation of a liner, ventilation shallbe sufficient to ensure that no flue gas leaks through the liner. The ventilation system shall comply with the require-ments of 4.5 of EN 13084-1:2000.Air ventilation can also be used to cool and avoid significant thermal stresses within the liner supports.5.6 Protective coatingsConcrete surfaces inside the windshield may be protected by a suitable chemical resistant coating or membrane,whose viability and long term integrity has been demonstrated in wet and dry conditions of exposure to flue gas atthe anticipated operating temperatures.An acid resistant coating shall be applied to all parts of the support system that are not easily accessible for regularinspection and maintenance. In addition, an acid resistant membrane shall be provided between the support andthe supported brickwork. This membrane may be of lead or a chemical resistant coating.In the case of a accessable space the interior surface of the windshield requires protection particularly if significantperiods of operation characterised by flue gas overpressure are expected.Horizontal surfaces of structures for inspection or support (slabs, beams etc.) shall be provided with a condensatesdraining system when the formation of aggressive condensate is expected.SIST EN 13084-4:2004
EN 13084-4:2002 (E)125.7 Accessories5.7.1 JointsAt joints between liner sections, the liner shall have at least 30 mm clearance under operating conditions in everydirection between it and the other liner or its support.NOTEIn the cases of "very high" and "high" chemical attack the brickwork tends in time to show an irreversible expansiondue to a chemical reaction between the brickwork and the acid condensate. This irreversible expansion can be as much as0,15 %.The joints cause a loss of gas tightness of the liner and to prevent collection of debris and condensates. Joints canbe filled by blankets, ropes and similar materials whose properties will be chosen according to the operating gasconditions.In the case of brickliners operating under positive pressure the provision of compensators is required.5.7.2 CompensatorsA compensator should be a suitable system for sealing the structural joints between brick liner sections to improvethe gas tightness of the liner (see annex C).5.7.3 Ducts and fansThe vibrations of ducts or fans outside the chimney can cause vibrations of the liner. Provisions shall be made toprevent transmission of such vibrations.6 Structural design6.1 Actions6.1.1 GeneralActions to be considered are given in EN 13084-1. In addition the following specifications apply.6.1.2 Wind actionsAs the liner is protected from the wind by the windshield, the only effect of wind in the case of sectional liners is thatinduced by the dynamic response of the concrete windshield, i.e. the stress in the liner sections is assumed to becaused only by the acceleration of the windshield at the liner support elevation.NOTE 1The concrete windshield responds dynamically only to that part of the fluctuating wind gusts which represents theirdynamic effect (as opposed to that part representing background turbulence). Also, higher modes of the concrete windshield'sresponse to these gusts are unimportant. Thus only the loads induced by the windshield's fundamental response need to beconsidered. Similar considerations apply to those discussed in annex D, i.e. there is no magnificati
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