EN 1991-2:2023
(Main)Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges and other civil engineering works
Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges and other civil engineering works
(1) This document defines imposed loads (models and representative values) associated with road traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and centrifugal, braking and acceleration actions and actions for accidental design situations.
(2) Imposed loads defined in this document are applicable for the design of new bridges, including piers, abutments, upstand walls, wing walls and flank walls, noise barriers, canopies etc., and their foundations. Where appropriate, the loads can also be considered as a basis for assessment or modification of existing structures in combination with complementary conditions if necessary.
(3) The load models and values given in this document are also applicable for the design of retaining walls adjacent to roads and railway lines and the design of earthworks subject to road or rail traffic actions. This document also provides applicability conditions for specific load models.
(4) This document is intended to be used with prEN 1990, the other parts of the EN 1991 series and the EN 1992 series to EN 1999 series for the design of structures.
Eurocode 1 - Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 2: Verkehrslasten auf Brücken
(1) Dieses Dokument definiert Nutzlasten (Modelle und repräsentative Werte) in Verbindung mit Straßenverkehr, Einwirkungen durch Fußgänger und Schienenverkehr, gegebenenfalls einschließlich dynamischer Auswirkungen und Fliehkräften, Einwirkungen infolge Bremsen und Anfahren sowie Einwirkungen für außergewöhnliche Bemessungssituationen.
(2) Die in diesem Dokument definierten Nutzlasten sind anwendbar für die Bemessung neuer Brücken, einschließlich der Pfeiler, Widerlager, Kammerwände, Flügelwände, Lärmschutzwände, Dächer usw. und ihrer Gründungen. Gegebenenfalls können die Lasten auch als Grundlage für die Bewertung oder Änderung bestehender Tragwerke, falls erforderlich, in Kombination mit ergänzenden Bedingungen betrachtet werden.
(3) Die in diesem Dokument angegebenen Lastmodelle und Werte sind auch für die Bemessung von an Straßen- und Eisenbahnstrecken angrenzenden Stützwänden sowie die Bemessung von Erdarbeiten unter Einwirkungen infolge Straßen- oder Schienenverkehr anwendbar. Dieses Dokument enthält darüber hinaus Anwendbarkeitsbedingungen für spezifische Lastmodelle.
(4) Dieses Dokument ist für die Anwendung in Zusammenhang mit prEN 1990 vorgesehen, den anderen Teilen der Normenreihe EN 1991 und der Normenreihen EN 1992 bis EN 1999 für die Bemessung von Tragwerken.
Eurocode 1 - Actions sur les structures - Partie 2: Actions dues au trafic sur les ponts et autres ouvrages du génie civil
(1) Le présent document spécifie les charges d’exploitation (modèles et valeurs représentatives) associées au trafic routier, à la circulation des piétons et au trafic ferroviaire, y compris, le cas échéant, les effets dynamiques, les forces centrifuges, les forces de freinage et les forces d’accélération ainsi que les actions pour les situations de projet accidentelles.
(2) Les charges d’exploitation définies dans le présent document sont applicables au calcul des ponts neufs, piles, culées, murs garde grève, murs en aile et en retour, écrans antibruit, abris, etc., ainsi que de leurs fondations. Le cas échéant, les charges peuvent également être considérées comme une base pour l’évaluation ou la modification des structures existantes en combinaison avec des conditions complémentaires si nécessaire.
(3) Les modèles de charge et les valeurs donnés dans le présent document sont également applicables au calcul des murs de soutènement bordant les routes et les voies ferrées et au calcul des remblais soumis aux actions du trafic routier ou ferroviaire. Le présent document fournit également les conditions d’application pour des modèles de charge spécifiques.
(4) Le présent document est destiné à être utilisé avec le prEN 1990, les autres parties de la série EN 1991 ainsi que les séries EN 1992 à EN 1999 relatives au calcul des structures.
Evrokod 1 - Vplivi na konstrukcije - 2. del: Prometna obtežba mostov in drugih gradbenih inženirskih objektov
(1) Ta dokument opredeljuje obtežbe (modele in reprezentativne vrednosti), povezane s cestnim prometom, pešci in železniškim prometom, ki vključujejo, kjer je ustrezno, dinamične učinke in centrifugalne, zavorne in pospeševalne sile in ukrepe za načrtovanje v primeru nezgod.
(2) Obtežbe, opredeljene v tem dokumentu, se uporabljajo za projektiranje novih mostov, vključno s stebri, oporniki, pokončnimi zidovi, stranskimi zidovi in bočnimi zidovi, protihrupnimi pregradami, nadstreški itd. in njihovimi temelji. Kjer je to ustrezno, je obtežbe mogoče upoštevati kot osnovo za ocenjevanje ali spreminjanje obstoječih konstrukcij v kombinaciji z dopolnilnimi pogoji po potrebi.
(3) Modeli in vrednosti obtežb, podani v tem dokumentu, se uporabljajo tudi za načrtovanje opornih zidov ob cestah in železniških progah in tudi zemeljskih del, na katere delujejo sile cestnega ali železniškega prometa. Ta dokument določa veljavne pogoje za posebne modele obtežb.
(4) Ta dokument je namenjen uporabi s standardom EN 1990, drugimi deli skupine standardov EN 1991 in skupino standardov od EN 1992 do EN 1999 za projektiranje konstrukcij.
General Information
Relations
Overview - EN 1991-2:2023 (Eurocode 1 Part 2)
EN 1991-2:2023 (Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures, Part 2) defines imposed traffic loads and representative values for road traffic, pedestrians and rail traffic on bridges and other civil engineering works. The standard covers static and dynamic effects including centrifugal, braking and acceleration forces, accidental design situations (collisions, derailment), and provides applicability conditions for specific load models. It applies to the design of new bridges (superstructure, piers, abutments, walls, noise barriers, canopies) and can be used as a basis for assessment or modification of existing structures, plus retaining walls and earthworks adjacent to transport routes.
Key topics and technical requirements
- Classification of actions and design situations - variable, accidental and persistent actions and rules for simultaneity.
- Road traffic load models - representation of carriageway loads, notional lanes, loading classes and application rules (Load Models LM1–LM4, crowd loading and special vehicles).
- Rail traffic load models - static and dynamic vertical loads (e.g., Load Model 71, SW/0, SW/2), axle load distribution, and eccentricity.
- Horizontal forces - braking/acceleration, centrifugal and nosing forces for road and rail bridges.
- Dynamic behaviour and fatigue - dynamic amplification factors, fatigue load models (sets of frequent and standard vehicles, single-vehicle models, models based on recorded traffic) and conditions requiring dynamic analysis.
- Accidental actions - collision forces from vehicles under or on bridges, derailment actions, and design rules for accidental situations.
- Aerodynamic actions from trains - wind and pressure effects on noise barriers, canopies and other surfaces.
- Geotechnical applications - load models for abutments, retaining walls and earthworks adjacent to road/rail traffic.
- Groups of loads and combinations - multicomponent traffic load groups and representative values for persistent and transient design situations.
- Integration requirement - intended for use with prEN 1990 and other EN 1991 parts plus EN 1992–EN 1999 for detailed structural design.
Practical applications and users
EN 1991-2 is essential for:
- Bridge and civil-works designers implementing traffic load models in structural analysis and design.
- Structural and geotechnical engineers designing abutments, retaining walls and foundations affected by traffic loads.
- Assessment engineers evaluating or upgrading existing bridges and adjacent earthworks.
- Infrastructure authorities and contractors preparing specifications, safety checks and tender documents.
- Railway and highway engineers addressing dynamic, aerodynamic and accidental effects of vehicles and trains.
Related standards
- EN 1990 (basis of structural design) - use in combination with EN 1991-2.
- Other parts of EN 1991 and the EN 1992–EN 1999 series for material-specific design provisions.
Keywords: Eurocode 1, EN 1991-2:2023, traffic loads, bridge design, road traffic, rail traffic, pedestrian loads, dynamic effects, accidental design, load models, fatigue.
Frequently Asked Questions
EN 1991-2:2023 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges and other civil engineering works". This standard covers: (1) This document defines imposed loads (models and representative values) associated with road traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and centrifugal, braking and acceleration actions and actions for accidental design situations. (2) Imposed loads defined in this document are applicable for the design of new bridges, including piers, abutments, upstand walls, wing walls and flank walls, noise barriers, canopies etc., and their foundations. Where appropriate, the loads can also be considered as a basis for assessment or modification of existing structures in combination with complementary conditions if necessary. (3) The load models and values given in this document are also applicable for the design of retaining walls adjacent to roads and railway lines and the design of earthworks subject to road or rail traffic actions. This document also provides applicability conditions for specific load models. (4) This document is intended to be used with prEN 1990, the other parts of the EN 1991 series and the EN 1992 series to EN 1999 series for the design of structures.
(1) This document defines imposed loads (models and representative values) associated with road traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and centrifugal, braking and acceleration actions and actions for accidental design situations. (2) Imposed loads defined in this document are applicable for the design of new bridges, including piers, abutments, upstand walls, wing walls and flank walls, noise barriers, canopies etc., and their foundations. Where appropriate, the loads can also be considered as a basis for assessment or modification of existing structures in combination with complementary conditions if necessary. (3) The load models and values given in this document are also applicable for the design of retaining walls adjacent to roads and railway lines and the design of earthworks subject to road or rail traffic actions. This document also provides applicability conditions for specific load models. (4) This document is intended to be used with prEN 1990, the other parts of the EN 1991 series and the EN 1992 series to EN 1999 series for the design of structures.
EN 1991-2:2023 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 91.010.30 - Technical aspects; 93.040 - Bridge construction. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 1991-2:2023 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 1991-2:2003/AC:2010, EN 1991-2:2003. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
EN 1991-2:2023 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 2008/57/EC, 305/2011; Standardization Mandates: M/515. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
You can purchase EN 1991-2:2023 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CEN standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 1991-2:2024
01-marec-2024
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 1991-2:2004/AC:2010
Evrokod 1 - Vplivi na konstrukcije - 2. del: Prometna obtežba mostov in drugih
gradbenih inženirskih objektov
Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges and other civil
engineering works
Eurocode 1 - Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 2: Verkehrslasten auf Brücken
Eurocode 1 - Actions sur les structures - Partie 2: Actions dues au trafic sur les ponts et
autres ouvrages du génie civil
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1991-2:2023
ICS:
91.010.30 Tehnični vidiki Technical aspects
93.040 Gradnja mostov Bridge construction
SIST EN 1991-2:2024 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
SIST EN 1991-2:2024
SIST EN 1991-2:2024
EN 1991-2
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
November 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 91.010.30; 93.040 Supersedes EN 1991-2:2003
English Version
Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads
on bridges and other civil engineering works
Eurocode 1 - Actions sur les structures - Partie 2: Eurocode 1 - Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 2:
Actions dues au trafic sur les ponts et autres ouvrages Verkehrslasten auf Brücken
du génie civil
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 July 2023.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1991-2:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
SIST EN 1991-2:2024
Contents Page
European foreword . 6
Introduction . 7
1 Scope . 11
2 Normative references . 11
3 Terms and definitions . 12
3.1 Terms and definitions . 12
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations . 15
4 Classification of actions . 21
4.1 General. 21
4.2 Variable actions . 21
4.3 Accidental actions . 23
5 Design situations . 23
5.1 General. 23
5.2 Simultaneity of traffic loads . 23
6 Road traffic actions and other actions specifically for road bridges . 24
6.1 Field of application . 24
6.2 Representation of actions . 24
6.2.1 Models of road traffic loads . 24
6.2.2 Loading classes . 25
6.2.3 Divisions of the carriageway into notional lanes . 25
6.2.4 Location and numbering of the lanes for design . 26
6.2.5 Application of the load models on the individual lanes . 27
6.3 Vertical loads — Characteristic values . 27
6.3.1 General. 27
6.3.2 Load Model 1. 28
6.3.3 Load Model 2. 30
6.3.4 Load Model 3 (special vehicles) . 31
6.3.5 Load Model 4 (crowd loading) . 31
6.3.6 Dispersal of concentrated loads . 32
6.4 Horizontal forces — characteristic values . 33
6.4.1 Braking and acceleration forces . 33
6.4.2 Centrifugal and other transverse forces . 33
6.5 Groups of traffic loads on road bridges (multi component actions) . 34
6.5.1 Characteristic values in persistent design situations . 34
6.5.2 Other representative values . 36
6.5.3 Groups of loads in transient design situations . 36
6.6 Fatigue load models . 36
6.6.1 General. 36
6.6.2 Dynamic amplification factor . 37
6.6.3 Fatigue Load Models location for global and local effects . 38
6.6.4 Traffic category on the bridge . 39
6.6.5 Fatigue Load Model 1 (similar to LM1) . 39
6.6.6 Fatigue Load Model 2 (set of “frequent” lorries) . 40
6.6.7 Fatigue Load Model 3 (single vehicle model) . 41
6.6.8 Fatigue Load Model 4 (set of “standard” lorries) . 41
6.6.9 Fatigue Load Model 5 (based on recorded road traffic data) . 44
SIST EN 1991-2:2024
6.7 Collision and other actions for accidental design situations . 44
6.7.1 General . 44
6.7.2 Collision forces from vehicles under the bridge. 44
6.7.3 Actions from vehicles on the bridge . 44
6.8 Actions on pedestrian parapets. 48
6.9 Load model for geotechnical structures — characteristic values . 48
6.9.1 General . 48
6.9.2 Distributed vertical loads . 49
6.9.3 Simplified vertical loads allowing for redistribution . 50
6.9.4 Horizontal force for abutments . 50
7 Actions on footways, cycle ways and footbridges . 51
7.1 Field of application . 51
7.2 Representation of actions . 52
7.2.1 Models of the loads . 52
7.2.2 Application of the load models . 52
7.3 Static models for vertical loads — characteristic values. 52
7.3.1 General . 52
7.3.2 Uniformly distributed load . 52
7.3.3 Concentrated load . 53
7.3.4 Service vehicle . 53
7.4 Static model for horizontal forces — characteristic values (footbridges only) . 53
7.5 Groups of traffic loads (footbridges only) . 54
7.6 Collision and other actions for accidental design situations (footbridges only) . 54
7.6.1 General . 54
7.6.2 Collision forces from traffic under the footbridge . 54
7.6.3 Accidental presence of vehicles on the footbridge . 55
7.7 Dynamic models of pedestrian loads (footbridges only) . 55
7.8 Actions on parapets . 56
7.9 Load model for abutments and walls adjacent to bridges . 56
8 Rail traffic actions and other actions specifically for railway bridges . 56
8.1 Field of application . 56
8.2 Representation of actions — nature of rail traffic loads . 57
8.3 Vertical loads — load models, characteristic values (static effects) and eccentricity
and distribution of loading . 57
8.3.1 General . 57
8.3.2 Load Model 71 . 58
8.3.3 Load Models SW/0 and SW/2 . 59
8.3.4 Load Model “unloaded train” . 60
8.3.5 Eccentricity of vertical loads (Load Models 71 and SW/0) . 60
8.3.6 Distribution of point loads or axle loads by the rails, sleepers and ballast . 61
8.3.7 Actions for non-public footways . 65
8.4 Dynamic effects (including resonance) . 65
8.4.1 General . 65
8.4.2 Factors influencing dynamic behaviour . 65
8.4.3 General design rules . 66
8.4.4 Conditions for requiring a dynamic analysis . 66
8.4.5 Dynamic factor Φ (Φ , Φ ) . 69
2 3
8.4.6 Dynamic analysis . 74
8.5 Horizontal forces — characteristic values . 84
8.5.1 Centrifugal forces . 84
8.5.2 Nosing force . 89
8.5.3 Actions due to traction and braking . 89
SIST EN 1991-2:2024
8.5.4 Combined response of structure and track to variable actions . 91
8.6 Aerodynamic actions from passing trains . 103
8.6.1 General. 103
8.6.2 Simple vertical surfaces parallel to the track (e.g. noise barriers) . 104
8.6.3 Simple horizontal surfaces above the track (e.g. overhead protective structures) 110
8.6.4 Simple horizontal surfaces adjacent to the track (e.g. platform canopies with no
vertical wall) . 112
8.6.5 Multiple-surface structures alongside the track with vertical and horizontal or
inclined surfaces (e.g. bent noise barriers, platform canopies with vertical walls etc.)
................................................................................................................................................................ 113
8.6.6 Surfaces enclosing the structure gauge of the tracks over a limited length (up to 20 m)
(horizontal surface above the tracks and at least one vertical wall, e.g. scaffolding,
temporary constructions). 114
8.7 Derailment and other actions for railway bridges . 114
8.7.1 General – Derailment . 114
8.7.2 Derailment actions from rail traffic on a railway bridge . 115
8.7.3 Derailment under or adjacent to a structure and other actions for Accidental Design
Situations . 116
8.7.4 Other actions . 117
8.8 Further application rules for traffic loads on railway bridges . 117
8.8.1 General. 117
8.8.2 Groups of Loads — Characteristic values of the multicomponent action . 118
8.8.3 Groups of Loads — Other representative values of the multicomponent actions . 121
8.8.4 Traffic loads in Transient Design Situations . 121
8.9 Traffic loads for fatigue . 122
8.10 Static load models for geotechnical structures — characteristic values . 123
8.10.1 General. 123
8.10.2 Distributed vertical loads . 123
8.10.3 Simplified vertical loads allowing for redistribution . 124
Annex A (informative) Models of special vehicles for road bridges . 126
A.1 Use of this annex . 126
A.2 Scope and field of application . 126
A.3 Basic models of special vehicles . 126
A.4 Application of special vehicle load models on the carriageway . 129
Annex B (informative) Fatigue life assessment for road bridges Assessment method based
on recorded traffic . 132
B.1 Use of this annex . 132
B.2 Scope and field of application . 132
B.3 Fatigue life assessment for road bridges. 132
Annex C (normative) Dynamic factors 1 + φ for Real Trains . 137
C.1 Use of this annex . 137
C.2 Scope and field of application . 137
C.3 Dynamic factors for Real Trains . 137
Annex D (normative) Basis for the fatigue assessment of railway structures . 139
D.1 Use of this annex . 139
SIST EN 1991-2:2024
D.2 Scope and field of application . 139
D.3 Assumptions for fatigue actions . 139
D.4 General design method . 140
D.5 Train types for fatigue . 140
Annex E (informative) Limits of validity of Load Model HSLM . 146
E.1 Use of this annex . 146
E.2 Scope and field of application . 146
E.3 Limits of validity of Load Model HSLM . 146
E.4 Dynamic train signature . 148
Annex F (informative) Load models for rail traffic loads in Transient Design Situations . 150
F.1 Use of this annex . 150
F.2 Scope and field of application . 150
F.3 Load models for rail traffic loads in Transient Design Situations . 150
Annex G (informative) Dynamic load models for footbridges . 151
G.1 Use of this annex . 151
G.2 Scope and field of application . 151
G.3 Traffic classes . 151
G.4 Harmonic load models for pedestrian stream . 152
G.5 Harmonic load models for pedestrians . 154
G.6 Harmonic load model for single jogger or group of joggers . 154
G.7 Harmonic load for intentional excitation . 155
G.8 Guidance for analysis . 156
G.8.1 Evaluation of natural frequencies and modes . 156
G.8.2 Assessment of mass . 156
G.8.3 Assessment of stiffness . 156
G.8.4 Assessment of structural damping . 156
G.8.5 Determination of maximum acceleration . 157
G.8.6 Check criteria for lateral lock-in . 157
G.8.7 Control of vibration . 158
Bibliography . 159
SIST EN 1991-2:2024
European foreword
This document (EN 1991-2:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 250 “Structural
Eurocodes”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. CEN/TC 250 is responsible for all Structural
Eurocodes and has been assigned responsibility for structural and geotechnical design matters by CEN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2027, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by March 2028.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 1991-2:2003.
The first generation of EN Eurocodes was published between 2002 and 2007. This document forms part
of the second generation of the Eurocodes, which have been prepared under Mandate M/515 issued to
CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association.
The Eurocodes have been drafted to be used in conjunction with relevant execution, material, product
and test standards, and to identify requirements for execution, materials, products and testing that are
relied upon by the Eurocodes.
The Eurocodes recognize the responsibility of each Member State and have safeguarded their right to
determine values related to regulatory safety matters at national level through the use of National
Annexes.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the United
Kingdom.
SIST EN 1991-2:2024
Introduction
0.1 Introduction to the Eurocodes
The structural Eurocodes comprise the following standards generally consisting of a number of Parts:
— EN 1990, Eurocode — Basis of structural and geotechnical design
— EN 1991, Eurocode 1 — Actions on structures
— EN 1992, Eurocode 2 — Design of concrete structures
— EN 1993, Eurocode 3 — Design of steel structures
— EN 1994, Eurocode 4 — Design of composite steel and concrete structures
— EN 1995, Eurocode 5 — Design of timber structures
— EN 1996, Eurocode 6 — Design of masonry structures
— EN 1997, Eurocode 7 — Geotechnical design
— EN 1998, Eurocode 8 — Design of structures for earthquake resistance
— EN 1999, Eurocode 9 — Design of aluminium structures
— New parts are under development, e.g. Eurocode for design of structural glass.
The Eurocodes are intended for use by designers, clients, manufacturers, constructors, relevant
authorities (in exercising their duties in accordance with national or international regulations),
educators, software developers, and committees drafting standards for related product, testing and
execution standards.
NOTE Some aspects of design are most appropriately specified by relevant authorities or, where not specified,
can be agreed on a project-specific basis between relevant parties such as designers and clients. The Eurocodes
identify such aspects making explicit reference to relevant authorities and relevant parties.
0.2 Introduction to the EN 1991 (all parts)
EN 1991 specifies actions for the structural and geotechnical design of buildings, bridges and other civil
engineering works, or parts thereof, including temporary structures, in conjunction with EN 1990 and
the other Eurocodes.
EN 1991 does not cover the specific requirements of actions for seismic regions. Provisions related to
such requirements are given in EN 1998 (all parts), which complement and are consistent with EN 1991.
EN 1991 is also applicable to existing structures for:
— structural assessment,
— strengthening or repair,
— changes of use.
NOTE 1 In these cases, additional or amended provisions can be necessary.
SIST EN 1991-2:2024
EN 1991 is also applicable for the design of structures where materials or actions outside the scope of the
other Eurocodes are involved.
NOTE 2 In this case additional or amended provisions can be necessary.
EN 1991 is subdivided in various parts:
— EN 1991-1-1, Eurocode 1 — Actions on structures — Part 1-1: Specific weight of materials, self-
weight of construction works and imposed loads for buildings
— EN 1991-1-2, Eurocode 1 — Actions on structures — Part 1-2: Actions on structures exposed to fire
— EN 1991-1-3, Eurocode 1 — Actions on structures — Part 1-3: Snow Loads
— EN 1991-1-4, Eurocode 1 — Actions on structures — Part 1-4: Wind Actions
— EN 1991-1-5, Eurocode 1 — Actions on structures — Part 1-5: Thermal Actions
— EN 1991-1-6, Eurocode 1 — Actions on structures — Part 1-6: Actions during execution
— EN 1991-1-7, Eurocode 1 — Actions on structures — Part 1-7: Accidental actions
— EN 1991-1-8, Eurocode 1 — Actions on structures — Part 1-8: Actions from waves and currents on
coastal structures
— EN 1991-1-9, Eurocode 1 — Actions on structures — Part 1-9: Atmospheric icing
— EN 1991-2, Eurocode 1 — Actions on structures — Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges and other civil
engineering works
— EN 1991-3, Eurocode 1 — Actions on structures — Part 3: Actions induced by cranes and machines
— EN 1991-4, Eurocode 1 — Actions on structures — Part 4: Silos and tanks
0.3 Introduction to EN 1991-2
EN 1991-2 gives design guidance and actions due to road, pedestrian and railway traffic on bridges and
civil engineering works together with all relevant Eurocodes.
EN 1991-2 is addressed to all parties involved in construction activities (e.g. public authorities, clients,
designers, contractors, producers, consultants, committees drafting standards for structural design and
related product, testing and execution standards, etc.).
EN 1991-2 is intended to be used with EN 1990, the other parts of the EN 1991 series and the
EN 1992 series to EN 1999 series for the design of structures.
0.4 Additional information specific to EN 1991-2
EN 1991-2 defines models of traffic loads for the design of road bridges, footbridges and railway bridges.
For the design of new bridges, EN 1991-2 is intended to be used, for direct application, together with the
Eurocodes.
The basis for combinations of traffic loads with non-traffic loads are given in EN 1990:2023, A.2.
For road bridges, Load Models 1 and 2, defined in 6.3.2 and 6.3.3, and taken into account with adjustment
factors α and β equal to 1, are deemed to represent the most severe traffic met or expected in practice,
other than that of special vehicles requiring permits to travel, on the main routes of European countries.
SIST EN 1991-2:2024
The traffic on other routes in these countries and in some other countries could be substantially lighter,
or better controlled.
For railway bridges, Load Model 71 (together with Load Model SW/0 for continuous structural elements
and decks), defined in 8.3.2, represent the static effect of standard rail traffic operating over the standard
track gauge or wider than the standard track gauge European railway network. Load Model SW/2,
defined in 8.3.3, represents the static effect of heavy rail traffic.
Provision is made for varying the specified loading to cater for variations in the type, volume and
maximum weight of rail traffic on different railways, as well as for different qualities of track.
In addition two other load models are given for railway bridges:
— load model “unloaded train” for checking the lateral stability of bridges and
— load model HSLM to represent the loading from passenger trains at speeds exceeding 200 km/h.
Guidance is also given on aerodynamic actions on structures adjacent to railway tracks as a result of
passing trains and on other actions from railway infrastructure.
Public authorities could also have responsibilities for the issue of regulations on authorized traffic
(especially on vehicle loads) and for delivery and control dispensations when relevant, e.g. for special
vehicles.
0.5 Verbal forms used in the Eurocodes
The verb “shall” expresses a requirement strictly to be followed and from which no deviation is permitted
in order to comply with the Eurocodes.
The verb “should” expresses a highly recommended choice or course of action. Subject to national
regulation and/or any relevant contractual provisions, alternative approaches could be used/adopted
where technically justified.
The verb “may” expresses a course of action permissible within the limits of the Eurocodes.
The verb “can” expresses possibility and capability; it is used for statements of fact and clarification of
concepts.
0.6 National Annex for EN 1991-2
National choice is allowed in this document where explicitly stated within notes. National choice includes
the selection of values for Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs).
The national standard implementing EN 1991-2 can have a National Annex containing all national choices
to be used for the design of buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in the relevant
country.
When no national choice is given, the default choice given in this document is to be used.
When no national choice is made and no default is given in this document, the choice can be specified by
a relevant authority or, where not specified, agreed for a specific project by relevant parties.
National choice is allowed in EN 1991-2 through notes to the following clauses:
4.3(1) 5.2(4) 6.1(1) 6.1(2)
6.2.1(1) 6.2.1(2) 6.2.3(1) 6.3.2(4)
6.3.2(9) 6.3.3(1) 6.3.3(4) 6.3.4(1)
6.3.5(1) 6.4.1(2) 6.4.1(4) 6.4.2(5)
6.5.1 – 2 choices 6.5.3(1) 6.6.1(2) – 2 choices 6.6.2(2)
SIST EN 1991-2:2024
6.6.4(1) 6.6.4(2) 6.6.7(4) 6.6.8(2)
6.6.8(4) 6.6.8(5) 6.6.9(1) 6.7.1(2)
6.7.3.3(2) 6.7.3.3(3) 6.7.3.3(5) – 2 choices 6.7.3.3(6)
6.7.3.4(1) 6.8(2) 6.8(3) 6.8(5)
6.8(6) 6.9.1(1) 6.9.2(1) – 4 choices 6.9.3(1) – 2 choices
7.3.2(1) 7.3.3(1) 7.3.4(4) 7.4(1)
7.6.3(1) 8.1(3) 8.1(7) – 2 choices 8.3.2(4)
8.3.3(4) 8.3.6.4(5) 8.3.7(4) 8.4.4(1)
8.4.5.2(1) 8.4.5.4(1) 8.4.5.4(2) – 2 choices 8.4.6.1.1(2)
8.4.6.1.1(4) 8.4.6.1.1(5) 8.4.6.1.1(7) 8.4.6.1.2(3)
8.4.6.2(1) 8.4.6.2(2) 8.4.6.2(7) 8.4.6.2(8)
8.4.6.2(9) 8.4.6.3.1(3) 8.4.6.3.2(2) 8.4.6.3.3(4)
8.4.6.3.3(5) 8.4.6.5(4) 8.4.6.6(4) 8.4.6.6(6)
8.5.1(2) 8.5.1(8) 8.5.1(13) 8.5.3(6)
8.5.3(10) 8.5.3(11) 8.5.3(14) 8.5.4.1(5)
8.5.4.3(1) 8.5.4.3(2) – 2 choices 8.5.4.4(3) 8.5.4.4(6)
8.5.4.5 8.5.4.5.1(2) 8.5.4.5.1(3) 8.5.4.6.1(1)
8.5.4.6.3(1) 8.5.4.6.3(4) 8.6.1(4) 8.6.1(6)
8.7.2(2) 8.7.2(7) 8.7.2(8) 8.7.4(2)
8.8.1(1) 8.8.1(2) 8.8.1(7) 8.8.2(3)
8.8.3.1(1) 8.8.3.2(1) 8.8.4(1) 8.9(2)
8.9(3) 8.9(4) 8.10.1(1) 8.10.1(7)
8.10.2(1) – 3 choices 8.10.3(1) – 2 choices 8.10.3(2) C.3(2) – 2 choices
D.4(2) D.5(1)
National choice is allowed in EN 1991-2 on the application of the following informative annexes:
Annex A Annex B Annex E Annex F
Annex G
The National annex can contain, directly or by reference, non-contradictory complementary information
for ease of implementation, provided it does not alter any provisions of the Eurocodes.
SIST EN 1991-2:2024
1 Scope
(1) This document defines imposed loads (models and representative values) associated with road
traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and centrifugal,
braking and acceleration actions and actions for accidental design situations.
(2) The imposed loads defined in this document are applicable for the design of new bridges, including
decks, piers, abutments and associated walls (e.g. upstand walls, wing walls and flank walls) and their
foundations. These imposed loads can also be used for the design of other structures subject to traffic
loads (e.g. road tunnel floor slabs, noise barriers and their foundations). Where appropriate, the loads
can also be considered as a basis for assessment or modification of existing structures in combination
with complementary conditions if necessary.
(3) The load models and values given in this document are also applicable for the design of retaining
walls adjacent to roads and railway lines and the design of earthworks subject to road or rail traffic
actions. This document also provides applicability conditions for specific load models.
(4) This document is intended to be used with EN 1990, the other parts of the EN 1991 series and the
EN 1992 series to EN 1999 series for the design of structures.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE See the Bibliography for a list of other documents cited that are not normative references, including
those referenced as recommendations (i.e. in ‘should’ clauses), permissions (‘may’ clauses), possibilities ('can'
clauses), and in notes.
EN 1990:2023, Eurocode — Basis of structural and geotechnical design
EN 1992 (all parts), Eurocode 2 — Design of concrete structures
EN 1993 (all parts), Eurocode 3 — Design of steel structures
EN 1994 (all parts), Eurocode 4 — Design of composite steel and concrete structures
EN 1995-1-1:— , Eurocode 5 — Design of timber structures - Part 1-1: General - Common rules and rules
for buildings
EN 1997-1:— , Eurocode 7 — Geotechnical design - Part 1: General rules
EN 1999 (all parts), Eurocode 9 — Design of aluminium structures
EN 15663, Railway applications — Vehicle reference masses
Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: prEN 1995-1-1:2023.
Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: prEN 1997-1:2022.
SIST EN 1991-2:2024
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1990 and the following apply.
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1 Harmonized terms and common definitions
3.1.1.1
deck
parts of a bridge which carry the traffic loading over piers, abutments and other walls, pylons being
excluded
3.1.1.2
road restraint system
vehicle restraint system and pedestrian restraint system used on the road
Note 1 to entry: Road restraint systems can be, according to use:
— permanent (fixed) or temporary (demountable, i.e. they are removable and used during temporary road
works, emergencies or similar situations),
— deformable or rigid,
— single-sided (they can be hit on one side only) or double-sided (they can be hit on either side).
[SOURCE: EN 1317-1:2010, modified – Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.1.1.3
safety barrier
continous vehicle restraint system installed alongside, or on the central reserve, of a road
[SOURCE: EN 1317-1:2010, 4.3]
3.1.1.4
vehicle parapet
safety barrier installed on the side of a bridge or on a retaining wall or similar structure where there is a
vertical drop and which can include additional protection and restraint for pedestrians and other road
users (combined vehicle/pedestrian parapet)
[SOURCE: EN 1317-1:2010, 4.6]
3.1.1.5
pedestrian restraint system
system installed to provide restraint for pedestrians
[SOURCE: EN 1317-1:2010, 4.8]
3.1.1.6
pedestrian parapet
pedestrian or “other user” restraint system along a bridge or on top of a retaining wall or similar structure
and which is not intended to act as a road vehicle restraint system
SIST EN 1991-2:2024
3.1.1.7
noise barrier
screen to reduce transmission of noise
3.1.1.8
footbridge
bridge intended mainly to carry pedestrian and/or cycle-track loads, and on which neither road traffic
loads, except those permitted vehicles e.g. maintenance vehicles, nor any railway load are permitted
3.1.1.9
civil engineering work
comprising a structure, such as a bridge, road, railway, runway, utilities, or sewerage system, or the result
of operations such as earthworks and geotechnical processes, but excluding a building and its associated
site works
3.1.1.10
geotechnical structure
structure that includes ground or a structural member that relies on the ground for resistance
3.1.2 Terms and definitions specifically for road bridges
3.1.2.1
carriageway
area on the superstructure, that is located between the lesser of the width between kerbs or the inner
limits of the vehicle restraint systems
3.1.2.2
hard shoulder
surfaced strip, usually of one traffic lane width, adjacent to the outermost physical traffic lane, intended
for use by vehicles in the event of difficulty or during obstruction of the physical traffic lanes
3.1.2.3
hard strip
surfaced strip, usually less than or equal to 2 m wide, located alongside a physical traffic lane, and
between this traffic lane and a safety barrier or vehicle parape
...
SIST EN 1991-2:2024は、橋梁および他の土木工事に対する交通荷重に関する重要な規格であり、その範囲は新しい橋の設計から既存構造物の評価や修正にまで広がります。この文書は、道路交通、歩行者行動、鉄道交通に関連する荷重を定義しており、動的効果や遠心力、ブレーキング、加速行動なども含まれる点が特徴です。 この標準の強みは、主に荷重モデルと代表値の定義にあります。これにより、設計者は新しい橋だけでなく、橋脚、翼壁、騒音防止壁などの構造要素を効率的に設計することができます。また、適切な条件下では、既存の構造物の評価や変更時にもこの標準を基にすることができ、実用性が非常に高いです。 さらに、標準は道路や鉄道に隣接する土留め壁の設計や、道路または鉄道による影響を受ける土工の設計にも適用可能です。これにより、構造物の設計に際して包括的で整然としたアプローチが可能になります。特定の荷重モデルに対する適用条件も提示されており、利用者が必要な情報を容易に整備できる点も評価されます。 この文書は、EN 1990及びEN 1991シリーズの他の部分、またEN 1992からEN 1999シリーズと併用されることを目的としており、構造物の設計に必要な総合的なガイドラインを提供します。そのため、SIST EN 1991-2:2024は、基準の枠組みを超えた広範な適用範囲を持っており、近代土木工事における技術基盤を支える重要なドキュメントと言えます。
Die Norm EN 1991-2:2023, auch bekannt als Eurocode 1 - Aktionen auf Bauwerken - Teil 2: Verkehrslasten auf Brücken und anderen Ingenieurbauten, stellt einen bedeutenden Fortschritt in der Standardisierung der Planung von Infrastruktur dar. Der Dokumentenrahmen umfasst die Definition von zuzustellenden Lasten, die mit Straßenverkehr, Fußgängeraktionen und Schienenverkehr in Verbindung stehen. Diese Lasten beinhalten relevante dynamische Effekte sowie Beschleunigungs-, Brems- und Zentrifugalkräfte sowie Maßnahmen für unvorhergesehene Entwurfsanordnungen. Ein herausragendes Merkmal dieser Norm ist ihre umfassende Anwendbarkeit. Die definierten Lasten können sowohl bei der Planung neuer Brücken, einschließlich ihrer tragenden Elemente wie Pfeilern, Widerlagern, Lärmschutzwänden und Fundamenten, als auch bei der Beurteilung oder Modifizierung bestehender Strukturen verwendet werden. Dies unterstreicht die Relevanz der Norm für verschiedenste Bauprojekte und fördert die Sicherheit und Effizienz im Ingenieurbau. Ein weiterer Stärke der EN 1991-2:2023 liegt in den detaillierten Lastmodellen und Werten, die nicht nur für Brücken, sondern auch für Stützmauern in der Nähe von Straßen und Bahnlinien sowie für Erdbauarbeiten, die Verkehrslasten ausgesetzt sind, anwendbar sind. Die Norm bietet zudem spezifische Anwendbarkeitsbedingungen für die verschiedenen Lastmodelle, was eine präzise und evidenzbasierte Planung unterstützt. Die enge Verzahnung mit anderen Teilen der EN 1991-Serie sowie der EN 1992 bis EN 1999 Serien maximiert die Effektivität dieser Norm und stellt sicher, dass sie als integraler Bestandteil eines umfassenden Normensystems für die Tragwerksplanung genutzt wird. Insgesamt stellt die EN 1991-2:2023 einen unverzichtbaren Leitfaden dar, der durch seine umfassende Abdeckung und klare Definition von Verkehrslasten auf Brücken und anderen Ingenieurbauten nicht nur die Qualität der Planung und Ausführung von Bauprojekten verbessert, sondern auch die Sicherheit von Nutzern gewährleistet.
표준 EN 1991-2:2023은 교량 및 기타 토목 구조물에 대한 교통 하중을 다루는 Eurocode 1의 중요한 부분으로, 도로 교통, 보행자 행동 및 철도 교통과 관련된 부과 하중을 정의합니다. 이 문서에서는 주행 환경에서 발생할 수 있는 역동적인 영향과 원심력, 제동 및 가속력, 그리고 우발적 설계를 위한 행동을 포함하여, 다양한 하중 모델과 대표 값을 제공합니다. 이 표준의 주요 강점은 새로운 교량 설계를 위한 매우 구체적이고 포괄적인 가이드라인을 제공하는 점입니다. 기둥, 교각, 높은 벽, 날개 벽, 측면 벽, 소음 장벽, 캐노피 및 해당 기초를 포함한 다양한 구조물의 설계에 적용될 수 있는 하중을 정의하고 있습니다. 또한, 기존 구조물의 평가나 수정에 대해서도 부과 하중을 기초로 삼을 수 있도록 안내하여, 실무에서의 적용 가능성을 높이고 있습니다. 하중 모델과 값은 도로 및 철도 인접의 옹벽 설계와 도로 또는 철도 트래픽 하중에 영향을 받는 토공사 설계에도 유용하게 사용될 수 있습니다. 이 문서는 특정 하중 모델에 대한 적용 조건도 함께 제공하여 전반적인 설계 과정에서의 재사용성과 유연성을 강화합니다. 마지막으로, EN 1990 시리즈와 EN 1992부터 EN 1999 시리즈까지의 다른 관련 표준과의 통합도 고려하고 있어, 구조물 설계 전반에 걸쳐 통일성을 유지하는 데 필수적인 역할을 합니다. EN 1991-2:2023은 토목 구조물 설계 시 원활한 적용과 높은 신뢰성을 제공함으로써, 건설 업계에서의 실용성이 매우 높습니다.
La norme SIST EN 1991-2:2024, relative aux actions sur les structures, fournit un cadre essentiel pour le calcul des charges imposées dues au trafic routier, aux actions piétonnes et au trafic ferroviaire. Sa portée est particulièrement pertinente pour la conception de nouveaux ouvrages d'art, tels que les ponts, les murs de soutènement, et même des structures périphériques comme des barrières de bruit. Parmi les points forts de cette norme, on trouve la définition précise des modèles de charges et des valeurs représentatives, qui incluent des effets dynamiques ainsi que des actions liées à la centrifugation, au freinage et à l'accélération. Cela permet aux ingénieurs de concevoir des structures capables de résister aux conditions réelles de trafic, en intégrant des situations de conception accidentelles. L'applicabilité de cette norme s'étend également aux structures existantes, offrant la possibilité d'évaluer ou de modifier celles-ci en fonction des charges définies. Les charges modélisées et les valeurs fournies sont non seulement utiles pour les ponts, mais aussi pour les murs de soutènement jouxtant les routes et les lignes de chemin de fer, ainsi que pour les travaux de terrassement soumis à des actions de trafic. Enfin, la norme SIST EN 1991-2:2024 est conçue pour être utilisée en synergie avec d'autres parties de la série EN 1991, ainsi que les séries EN 1992 à EN 1999, garantissant une approche cohérente et intégrée pour la conception de structures en génie civil. Ce cadre normatif est donc d'une grande valeur pour les professionnels du secteur, contribuant à la sécurité et à la durabilité des infrastructures.
The standard EN 1991-2:2023, titled Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges and other civil engineering works, plays a crucial role in the design and assessment of structures subjected to various traffic loads. Its comprehensive scope outlines the imposed loads associated with road traffic, pedestrian actions, and rail traffic. By including dynamic effects and the forces resulting from centrifugal, braking, and acceleration actions, the standard ensures that structures can accommodate the complexities of modern transportation dynamics. One of the key strengths of this document is its detailed definition of load models and representative values. These guidelines are essential for the design of both new bridges and ancillary structures such as piers, abutments, noise barriers, and canopies. Additionally, the provision for applying these imposed loads to existing structures provides architects and engineers with the flexibility to assess and modify older designs as necessary, enhancing the lifespan and safety of infrastructure. Moreover, the standard addresses the design of retaining walls adjacent to roads and railway lines, as well as earthworks influenced by road or rail traffic actions. This extensive applicability broadens its relevance in civil engineering practices, ensuring that a wide range of structures are built to withstand potential traffic loads effectively. The document is structured to be used in conjunction with prEN 1990 and other parts of the EN 1991 series, as well as the EN 1992 to EN 1999 series, creating an integrated framework for structural design. This interconnectedness not only streamlines the design process but also promotes consistency and standardization across various engineering disciplines, reinforcing the importance of EN 1991-2:2023 in contemporary civil engineering. Overall, the EN 1991-2:2023 standard represents an essential resource that addresses the challenges posed by traffic loads on civil engineering structures, underlining its relevance and critical role in ensuring safety and durability in infrastructure design.
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.
Loading comments...