EN ISO 27548:2024
(Main)Additive manufacturing of plastics - Environment, health, and safety - Test method for determination of particle and chemical emission rates from desktop material extrusion 3D printer (ISO 27548:2024)
Additive manufacturing of plastics - Environment, health, and safety - Test method for determination of particle and chemical emission rates from desktop material extrusion 3D printer (ISO 27548:2024)
This document specifies test methods to determine particle emissions (including ultrafine particles) and specified volatile organic compounds (including aldehydes) from desktop MEX-TRB/P processes often used in non-industrial environments such as school, homes and office spaces in an emission test chamber under specified test conditions. However, these tests do not necessarily accurately predict real-world results.
This document specifies a conditioning method using an emission test chamber with controlled temperature, humidity, air exchange rate, air velocity, and procedures for monitoring, storage, analysis, calculation, and reporting of emission rates.
This document is intended to cover desktop MEX-TRB/P machine which is typically sized for placement on a desktop, used in non-industrial places like school, home and office space. The primary purpose of this document is to quantify particle and chemical emission rates from desktop MEX-TRB/P machine.
However, not all possible emissions are covered by this method. Many feedstocks can release hazardous emissions that are not measured by the chemical detectors prescribed in this document. It is the responsibility of the user to understand the material being extruded and the potential chemical emissions. An example is Poly Vinyl Chloride feedstocks that can potentially emit chlorinated compounds, which cannot be measured by the method described in this document.
Additive Fertigung von Kunststoffen - Umwelt, Gesundheit und Sicherheit - Prüfverfahren zur Bestimmung der Partikelemissionsrate und der chemischen Emissionsrate von materialextrusionsbasierten Desktop-3D-Druckern (ISO 27548:2024)
Dieses Dokument legt Prüfverfahren zur Bestimmung der Partikelemissionen (einschließlich ultrafeiner Partikel) und angegebenen flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen (einschließlich Aldehyden) von Desktop-MEX-TRB/P-Prozessen fest, die häufig in nichtindustriellen Umgebungen wie Schulen, Wohnräumen und Büroräumen verwendet werden. Diese Prüfverfahren entsprechen unter Umständen jedoch nicht den Ergebnissen unter realen Bedingungen.
Dieses Dokument legt ein Konditionierungsverfahren unter Verwendung einer Emissionsprüfkammer mit kontrollierter Temperatur, Luftfeuchte, Luftaustauschrate, Luftgeschwindigkeit sowie Verfahren zur Überwachung, Speicherung, Analyse, Berechnung und Angabe von Emissionsraten fest.
Dieses Dokument ist für MEX-TRB/P-Desktopmaschinen vorgesehen, die üblicherweise für die Aufstellung auf einem Schreibtisch ausgelegt sind, und in nichtindustriellen Umgebungen wie Schulen, Wohnräumen und Büroräumen verwendet werden. Der Hauptzweck dieses Dokuments ist die Quantifizierung der Partikel- und chemischen Emissionsraten von MEX-TRB/P-Desktopmaschinen.
Dieses Verfahren deckt jedoch nicht alle möglichen Emissionen ab. Viele Ausgangsmaterialien können gefährliche Emissionen freisetzen, die nicht durch die in diesem Dokument beschriebenen chemischen Detektoren gemessen werden. Es liegt in der Verantwortung des Anwenders, das extrudierte Material und die möglichen chemischen Emissionen zu verstehen. Ein Beispiel sind Ausgangsmaterialien aus Polyvinylchlorid, die potentiell chlorierte Verbindungen emittieren können, die durch das in diesem Dokument beschriebene Verfahren nicht gemessen werden können.
Fabrication additive de plastiques - Environnement, santé et sécurité - Méthode d'essai pour la détermination des taux d'émission de particules et de produits chimiques des imprimantes 3D de bureau par extrusion de matériau (ISO 27548:2024)
Le présent document spécifie des méthodes d’essai pour déterminer les émissions de particules (y compris les particules ultrafines) et de composés organiques volatils spécifiques (y compris les aldéhydes) par les procédés MEX-TRB/P de bureau souvent employés dans des environnements non industriels, tels que les écoles, les foyers et les espaces de bureau, dans une chambre d’essai d’émission utilisée dans des conditions d’essai spécifiées. Toutefois, ces essais ne prédisent pas nécessairement avec précision les résultats qui seront réellement obtenus.
Le présent document spécifie une méthode de conditionnement utilisant une chambre d’essai d’émission avec une température, une humidité, un taux de renouvellement de l’air et une vitesse de l’air contrôlés, et des modes opératoires pour la surveillance, le stockage, l’analyse, le calcul et la consignation dans un rapport des taux d’émission.
Le présent document concerne les machines MEX-TRB/P de bureau qui sont généralement dimensionnées pour être placées sur un bureau et utilisées dans des lieux non industriels, tels que les écoles, les foyers et les espaces de bureau. Le but principal du présent document est de quantifier les taux d’émission de particules et de produits chimiques des machines MEX-TRB/P de bureau.
Toutefois, toutes les émissions possibles ne sont pas couvertes par cette méthode. De nombreuses matières premières peuvent libérer des émissions dangereuses qui ne sont pas mesurées par les détecteurs chimiques prescrits dans le présent document. Il relève de la responsabilité de l’utilisateur de connaître le matériau extrudé et les émissions chimiques potentielles. À titre d’exemple, le polychlorure de vinyle peut potentiellement émettre des composés chlorés qui ne peuvent pas être mesurés par la méthode décrite dans le présent document.
Dodajalna izdelava plastičnih izdelkov - Okolje, zdravje in varnost - Preskusna metoda za določanje stopnje emisije delcev in kemikalij iz namiznih 3D tiskalnikov za iztiskavanje materiala (ISO 27548:2024)
Ta dokument določa preskusne metode za določanje emisij delcev (vključno z ultrafinimi delci) in določenih hlapnih organskih spojin (vključno z aldehidi) iz namiznih procesov MEX-TRB/P, ki se pogosto uporabljajo v neindustrijskih okoljih, npr. šolah, domovih in pisarnah, v komori za preskušanje emisij pod določenimi preskusnimi pogoji. Tovrstni preskusi morda ne napovedujejo natančno dejanskih rezultatov.
Ta dokument določa metodo kondicioniranja z uporabo komore za preskušanje emisij z nadzorovano temperaturo, vlažnostjo, stopnjo izmenjave zraka in hitrostjo zraka ter postopke za spremljanje, shranjevanje, analizo, izračun in sporočanje stopenj emisij.
Ta dokument zajema namizne stroje MEX-TRB/P, ki so zaradi svoje velikosti običajno postavljeni na delovnih mizah v neindustrijskih prostorih, kot so šole, domovi in pisarne. Glavni namen tega dokumenta je določiti stopnje emisij delcev in kemikalij iz namiznega stroja MEX-TRB/P.
Vendar ta metoda ne zajema vseh možnih emisij. Številne surovine lahko sproščajo nevarne emisije, ki jih naprave za odkrivanje kemikalij, predpisane v tem dokumentu, ne izmerijo. Uporabnik je odgovoren za poznavanje materiala, ki se iztiska, in možnih emisij kemikalij.
Tak primer so polivinilkloridne surovine, ki lahko sproščajo klorirane spojine, ki jih ni mogoče izmeriti z metodo, opisano v tem dokumentu.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2025
Dodajalna izdelava plastičnih izdelkov - Okolje, zdravje in varnost - Preskusna
metoda za določanje stopnje emisije delcev in kemikalij iz namiznih 3D tiskalnikov
za iztiskavanje materiala (ISO 27548:2024)
Additive manufacturing of plastics - Environment, health, and safety - Test method for
determination of particle and chemical emission rates from desktop material extrusion 3D
printer (ISO 27548:2024)
Additive Fertigung von Kunststoffen - Umwelt, Gesundheit und Sicherheit - Prüfverfahren
zur Bestimmung der Partikelemissionsrate und der chemischen Emissionsrate von
materialextrusionsbasierten Desktop-3D-Druckern (ISO 27548:2024)
Fabrication additive de plastiques - Environnement, santé et sécurité - Méthode d'essai
pour la détermination des taux d'émission de particules et de produits chimiques des
imprimantes 3D de bureau par extrusion de matériau (ISO 27548:2024)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 27548:2024
ICS:
13.040.40 Emisije nepremičnih virov Stationary source emissions
13.100 Varnost pri delu. Industrijska Occupational safety.
higiena Industrial hygiene
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
83.080.01 Polimerni materiali na Plastics in general
splošno
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN ISO 27548
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
July 2024
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.040.30; 13.100; 25.030
English Version
Additive manufacturing of plastics - Environment, health,
and safety - Test method for determination of particle and
chemical emission rates from desktop material extrusion
3D printer (ISO 27548:2024)
Fabrication additive de plastiques - Environnement, Additive Fertigung von Kunststoffen - Umwelt,
santé et sécurité - Méthode d'essai pour la Gesundheit und Sicherheit - Prüfverfahren zur
détermination des taux d'émission de particules et de Bestimmung der Partikelemissionsrate und der
produits chimiques des imprimantes 3D de bureau par chemischen Emissionsrate von
extrusion de matériau (ISO 27548:2024) materialextrusionsbasierten Desktop-3D-Druckern
(ISO 27548:2024)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 6 July 2024.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2024 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 27548:2024 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 27548:2024) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261 "Additive
manufacturing" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 438 “Additive Manufacturing” the
secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2025, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by January 2025.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 27548:2024 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 27548:2024 without any modification.
International
Standard
ISO 27548
First edition
Additive manufacturing of
2024-07
plastics — Environment, health,
and safety — Test method for
determination of particle and
chemical emission rates from
desktop material extrusion 3D
printer
Fabrication additive de plastiques — Environnement, santé
et sécurité — Méthode d'essai pour la détermination des
taux d'émission de particules et de produits chimiques des
imprimantes 3D de bureau par extrusion de matériau
Reference number
ISO 27548:2024(en) © ISO 2024
ISO 27548:2024(en)
© ISO 2024
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 27548:2024(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Abbreviated terms and symbols . 4
4.1 Abbreviated terms .4
4.2 Symbols .4
5 Method overview . 5
6 Requirements of the instrument for measurement . 5
6.1 General .5
6.1.1 Emission test chamber (ETC) .5
6.1.2 Instruments for chemical analyses .5
6.1.3 Aerosol instruments .6
6.2 General requirements of desktop MEX-TRB/P machine and test specimen .6
6.2.1 Desktop MEX-TRB/P machine .6
6.2.2 Filament.6
6.2.3 Test specimen .7
7 ETC conditions and test procedures . 7
7.1 ETC general conditions .7
7.2 ETC background concentration .8
7.3 Preparation of ETC and desktop 3D printer .8
7.4 Pre-extruding phase . .9
7.5 Extruding phase .9
7.6 Post-extruding phase .9
7.7 Sampling for particles and chemical substances .9
7.7.1 Particles .9
7.7.2 Chemical substances .9
7.8 Measurement process .10
8 Calculation of emission rate .11
8.1 Calculation of emission rate of particles .11
8.2 Calculation of volatile organic compounds emission rate . 13
9 Test report . 14
9.1 Data on test condition and method .14
9.2 Data on filament and desktop 3D printer . 15
9.3 Description on standard test specimen .16
9.4 Information about test laboratory .16
9.5 Results . .16
Annex A (normative) Standard operating condition of a desktop 3D printer . 17
Annex B (normative) Test specimen .18
Annex C (informative) Examples of the particle and chemical emission rates .22
Bibliography .25
iii
ISO 27548:2024(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in collaboration
with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 438, Additive
manufacturing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna
Agreement).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
ISO 27548:2024(en)
Introduction
Academic communities have been releasing several papers warning that a significant number of particles
and chemical substances emitted from material extrusion (MEX) AM processes commonly used in schools,
private homes and similar non-industrial environments would be hazardous to humans when inhaled and
absorbed into the human body.
However, currently, there is no well-known test method to measure particle and chemical substances emitted
from desktop MEX-TRB/P machines, commonly called "3D printers" installed in the office environment,
classroom, and residential space.
Therefore, the goal of this document is to provide test procedures in line with specific operating conditions
for measuring particle and chemical emission rates emitted from desktop MEXTRB/P machine, also known
as a 3D printer which is widely used in the national marketplace.
Manufacturers of desktop MEX-TRB/P machines, also known as 3D printers, will be able to take advantage
of this document to develop and improve their products by minimizing particle and chemical emission rates,
and the end-users also would purchase more safe and improved machines from the market.
v
International Standard ISO 27548:2024(en)
Additive manufacturing of plastics — Environment, health,
and safety — Test method for determination of particle and
chemical emission rates from desktop material extrusion
3D printer
1 Scope
This document specifies test methods to determine particle emissions (including ultrafine particles) and
specified volatile organic compounds (including aldehydes) from desktop MEX-TRB/P processes often used
in non-industrial environments such as school, homes and office spaces in an emission test chamber under
specified test conditions. However, these tests do not necessarily accurately predict real-world results.
This document specifies a conditioning method using an emission test chamber with controlled temperature,
humidity, air exchange rate, air velocity, and procedures for monitoring, storage, analysis, calculation, and
reporting of emission rates.
This document is intended to cover desktop MEX-TRB/P machine which is typically sized for placement on
a desktop, used in non-industrial places like school, home and office space. The primary purpose of this
document is to quantify particle and chemical emission rates from desktop MEX-TRB/P machine.
However, not all possible emissions are covered by this method. Many feedstocks can release hazardous
emissions that are not measured by the chemical detectors prescribed in this document. It is the
responsibility of the user to understand the material being extruded and the potential chemical emissions.
An example is Poly Vinyl Chloride feedstocks that can potentially emit chlorinated compounds, which cannot
be measured by the method described in this document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 554, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing — Specifications
ISO 16000-3, Indoor air — Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in indoor and
test chamber air — Active sampling method
ISO 16000-6, Indoor air — Part 6: Determination of organic compounds (VVOC, VOC, SVOC) in indoor and test
chamber air by active sampling on sorbent tubes, thermal desorption and gas chromatography using MS or MS FID
ISO 16000-9, Indoor air — Part 9: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building
products and furnishing — Emission test chamber method
ISO 27891, Aerosol particle number concentration — Calibration of condensation particle counters
ISO/IEC 28360-1:2021, Information technology — Determination of chemical emission rates from electronic
equipment — Part 1: Using consumables
ISO/ASTM 52900, Additive manufacturing — General principles — Fundamentals and vocabulary
ISO 27548:2024(en)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/ASTM 52900, ISO/IEC 28360-1
and the following are applied.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
loading factor
ratio of the device volume to the volume of the unloaded Emission Test Chamber
Note 1 to entry: For the purpose of this standard, the device subjected to the testing is typically a desktop MEX-TRB/P
machine, also popularly called a 3D printer
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 28360-1:2021, 4.18, modified — “EUT” replaced by “device” and Note 1 to entry added.]
3.2
emission test chamber
ETC
enclosure with controlled operational parameters for the determination of chemical compounds and amount
of particles emitted during the process
Note 1 to entry: For determining the emissions from AM process, typical controlled parameters include, but are not
limited to, temperature, humidity, air exchange rate, and others
[SOURCE: ISO 16000-9:2006, 3.6, modified — Terminological entry is changed considering AM process]
3.3
differential electrical mobility classifier
DEMC
classifier able to select aerosol particles according to their electrical mobility and pass them to its exit
Note 1 to entry: A DEMC classifies aerosol particles by balancing the electrical force on each particle with its
aerodynamic drag force in an electrical field. Classified particles are in a narrow range of electrical mobility
determined by the operating conditions and physical dimensions of the DEMC, while they can have different sizes due
to difference in the number of charges that they have.
Note 2 to entry: Another common acronym for the DEMC is DMA.
[SOURCE: ISO 15900:2020, 3.11]
3.4
differential mobility analysing system
DMAS
system to measure the size distribution of submicrometre aerosol particles consisting of a charge
conditioner, a DEMC, flow meters, a particle detector, interconnecting plumbing, a computer and suitable
software
Note 1 to entry: Another common acronym for the DMAS is MPSS (mobility particle size spectrometer).
[SOURCE: ISO 15900:2020, 3.12]
3.5
light scattering airborne particle counter
LSAPC
instrument capable of counting and sizing single airborne particles and reporting size data in terms of
equivalent optical diameter
Note 1 to entry: The specifications for the LSAPC are given in ISO 21501-4:2007.
ISO 27548:2024(en)
[SOURCE: ISO 14644-1:2015, 3.5.1]
3.6
accumulated particle number concentration
C
p
time-dependent number for the concentration of particles in a specified size range
3.7
total particles
number of particles as calculated based on the measured accumulated particle number concentration (3.6) in
the sampled volume and the duration of the particle emission test
3.8
particle emission rate
PER
particles emitted from AM process per unit time (1/h) in a specified size range that is calculated from
accumulated particle number concentration (3.6) divided by the build time in h
3.9
particle emission yield
Y
particle
number of particles emitted per mass of extruded material during the build cycle
3.10
chemical emission yield
Y
chemical
mass of chemical compounds emitted per mass of extruded material during the build cycle
3.11
chemical emission rate
average mass of organic compounds emitted from an AM process per unit of time
3.12
toluene response factor
toluene equivalents used to quantify the unidentified substances detected with a flame ionization detector
(GC-FID) or mass spectrometric detector (GC-MS)
3.13
total volatile organic compounds
TVOC
sum of the concentrations of identified and unidentified volatile organic compounds eluting between and
including n-hexane and n-hexadecane.
Note 1 to entry: For a MEX-TRB/P-process, the total volatile organic compounds are typically measured using a non-
polar capillary GC column and the concentrations of the converted areas of unidentified peaks using the toluene
response factor
[SOURCE: ISO 16000-9:2024, 3.14, modified — Note 1 to entry rewritten and Note 2 to entry deleted.]
ISO 27548:2024(en)
4 Abbreviated terms and symbols
4.1 Abbreviated terms
ABS Acrylonitrile butadience styrene
CPC Condensation particle counter
DNPH Dinitrophenylhydrazine
FP Fine particles
GC/MS Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
HPLC High performance liquid chromatography
PLA Poly lactic acid
RH Relative humidity
RPD Relative percentage difference
RSD Relative standard deviation
TP Total particles
UFP Ultrafine particles
4.2 Symbols
-1
β
particle loss-rate coefficient (h )
-3
arithmetic average of Ct between t and t (cm )
()
C
p start stop
av
-3
C VOC concentration during the extrusion phase (µg·cm )
-3
C VOC concentration during the pre-extruding phase (µg·cm )
b
3 -3
L loading factor (m ·m )
-1
PER(t) time-dependent particle emission rate (s )
[r (t)]
pe
-1
PER particle emission rate for an average hour (h )
h
(r )
pe,h
∆t time difference between two successive data points (s)
t time when print command sent (s)
start
t time when extrusion ends (s)
stop
-1
r air exchange rate (h )
P final test specimen mass after extrusion completes (g)
m
V emission test chamber volume (m )
c
V sample volume during the extruding phase (m )
s
ISO 27548:2024(en)
5 Method overview
This document specifies test methods to determine particle and chemical emission rates during the
operation of the desktop MEX-TRB/P machine. Particle and chemical emissions are determined by the
chamber concentration emitted from the operation of the desktop MEX-TRB/P machine inside an ETC where
temperature, humidity, air exchange rate, and air velocity are controlled. Test procedures are divided into
three phases: pre-extruding, extruding and post-extruding.
The observed chamber concentration during the extruding phase is converted to the particle emission
rate per hour or used material mass by mathematical calculations. The procedures for the build conditions
should be under the standard operating conditions (see A.2) of the desktop MEX-TRB/P machine. Chemical
emissions (TVOC and aldehydes) are directly calculated from the chamber concentration as mass per hour.
There are various reasons for performing these measurements. For example, determining the maximum
emissions for using machines or comparing emissions from different AM machines. The procedures used for
the test can be tailored for the specific purpose of the test. In the case of determining maximum emission
rates, the AM machine should be set at the conditions that result in maximum emissions, which are typically
the fastest extruding speed, the thickest layer, and the highest nozzle temperature recommended by the
manufacturer. For comparing emission rates from different AM machines, the process settings shall be
referred to values that are outlined in Annex A.
6 Requirements of the instrument for measurement
6.1 General
6.1.1 Emission test chamber (ETC)
The ETC shall be designed with stainless steel electropolished materials so that it does not emit or absorb
substances that can affect measurements during background and AM process tests. During operation, the
ETC shall be controlled for constant temperature, humidity, and air exchange rate (see 7.1), and they shall
be continuously monitored by using data logging instruments that are calibrated and traceable to primary
standards.
General requirements for other materials comprising of an air supply system, mixing equipment and air
tightness which are used to construct ETC shall be tested in the ETC to confirm that they do not contribute
to the emission test chamber background concentration through emission or adsorption. The test setup of
ETC shall not recirculate chamber air so as not to have the contaminated air put into the ETC again.
When flow changes are made to chamber air, a tracer gas test shall be performed to confirm the accuracy
of the air exchange rate. The verification process for the test conditions of the ETC such as a tracer gas test
procedure and a recovery test shall be performed in accordance with ISO 16000-9 or ASTM D6670.
6.1.2 Instruments for chemical analyses
VOC emitted from MEX operation inside the ETC shall be analysed by thermal desorption GC/MS with the use
1) TM 2)
of a sorbent like Tenax TA® or a multi-bed tube as the one consisting of Tenax® GR plus Carbopack B .
TM
The multi-bed tube Tenex/Carbopack consists of 30 mm Tenax® GR plus 25 mm of Carbopack B separated
by 3 mm of preconditioned quartz wool, or one having in equal performance. These are commercially
available prepacked and preconditioned if required.
An electron impact instrument (EI) of GC/MS shall be operated in the scanning mode over a mass range of at
least m/z 35-350. The general analytical method for the emission of VOC from MEX AM machine using ETC
shall be based on ISO 16000-6, EPA Method TO-17, and ASTM D6196.
1) Tenax ® TA is a trademark of “Tenax international B.V”. This information is given for the convenience of users of this
document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of the product named.
TM
2) Carbopack B is a trademark of “Supelco”. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document
and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of the product named.
ISO 27548:2024(en)
Benzaldehyde, phenol, and acetophenone are some of the known artifacts present when sampling using
Tenax tubes. Therefore, Tenax TA® should be used with an ozone scrubber to avoid chemical artifact
formations to be formed via oxidation when sampling under high ozone concentrations. The method and
precautions related to GC/MS using a sorbent tube should be based on ISO 16000-6 and EPAF TO-17.
The formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds which are collected from cartridges with
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine with an ozone scrubber shall be analyzed by HPLC with detection by ultraviolet
absorption. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, benzaldehyde
and o-, m-, p-tolualdehydes shall be identified.
The general analytical method for determination of aldehydes concentration shall be based on ISO 16000-3
and ASTM D6007. Especially, the limitations and interferences concerning the determination of organic
substances can be referred to in ISO 16000-3:2022, Clause 5. If a peak of acrolein on the chromatogram of
DNPH-formaldehyde derivative is of multiple formation and instability, it shall be quantified by using the
test method EPA TO-11A.
The digital scale used for weighing the printed object shall have at least a 0,01 g sensitivity. The object
including supports shall be weighed after placing at the constant controlled temperature and humidity
mentioned in 7.1.
6.1.3 Aerosol instruments
Aerosol instruments shall be able to measure total particle number concentration over time with particle
size ranging below 3 000 nm and classify particles by size.
An aerosol instrument shall use CPC and/or a combination of DMAS and LSAPC widely known as an optical
particle counter. In the case of the combination of aerosol instruments, consistency between the two
different aerosol measurement instruments shall be checked.
The DMAS should be capable of counting particle size range from at least 7 nm to at least 300 nm and LSAPC
should measure particle number distribution for particle optical diameter of 300 nm to at least 3 000 nm.
The DMAS detection efficiency at the lower size limit (7 nm) shall be equal or higher than 50 %.
The lower and upper limits of the concentration range of particles required for the CPC used shall be realized
-3 7 -3
1 cm to 10 cm . The calibration for the counting efficiency of the CPC shall comply with ISO 27891.
The operational readiness test for aerosol measuring system shall be passed prior to testing as specified in
ISO/IEC 28360-1:2021, Annex B.
6.2 General requirements of desktop MEX-TRB/P machine and test specimen
6.2.1 Desktop MEX-TRB/P machine
The desktop MEX-TRB/P machine before test preparation shall be kept in place at the constant controlled
temperature and humidity given in 7.1. The packed desktop MEX-TRB/P machine shall be removed from
all packing provided by the manufacturer before a test and shall be tested as soon as possible within 24 h.
The exposure time of the unpacked desktop MEX-TRB/P machine in the conditioning environment shall be
recorded.
When a thermoplastic filament is forced through the extrusion nozzle during setup of the desktop MEX-
TRB/P machine, any burnt filament attached around the outside of the nozzle shall be cleaned out with
acetone or ethyl alcohol once the nozzle has cooled. These chemicals used for cleaning residues shall be fully
evaporated before loading the desktop MEX-TRB/P machine into the ETC.
6.2.2 Filament
The feedstock filament supplied by the manufacturer shall be stored as recommended by the filament
manufacturer and it shall be unpacked as soon as possible before testing within 24 h and loaded into the
nozzle. The exposure time of the unpacked filament in the conditioning environment shall be recorded.
Once the filament is loaded into the nozzle of desktop MEX-TRB/P machine, it shall not be replaced by other
ISO 27548:2024(en)
types of filaments. The mass of the used filament (i.e. the finished test specimen including support) shall be
weighed to 0,01 g. The test specimen is placed in a desiccator and allowed to dry once 1 h until the weight
difference of the dried test specimen is less than 1 %.
The information on the filament and desktop MEX-TRB/P machine used for printing a test specimen shall be
recorded according to 9.2 to inform the history on which it is originated.
6.2.3 Test specimen
The model of this test specimen has a size of 70 mm × 70 mm × 15,4 mm. Each feature of the test specimen
shall be built as the specified artifact of Annex B. The total build time can be adjusted to build over 4 h based
on the conditions recommended by the manufacturer depending on the standard operating conditions
specified in Table A.1. The build time shall be adjusted to build more than 4 h using the manufacturer’s
recommended standard operating conditions such as printing speed, layer thickness, filling percentages
(density), etc.
The test specimen (see Figure 1) below is comprised of several features with simple geometry on the
square-shaped base. There are 5 different shapes with positive and negative features from the surface such
as positive and negative rectangular blocks of different sizes, octangular tower, different font types. This
specimen is intended to measure particle and chemical emission rates during the operation of a desktop
MEX AM machine, but not to test the accuracy of the test specimen.
The 3D digital model for a test specimen can be downloaded in STL file format by clicking on the link in
Annex B in the digital copy of this document.
The features of the test specimen shall be as shown in Annex B.
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 1 — Test specimen
7 ETC conditions and test procedures
7.1 ETC general conditions
The appropriate chamber size depending on the volume of the desktop MEX-TRB/P machine is selected
based on the criterion for the loading factor in Formula (1):
V
AM
00,,10<< 25 (1)
V
c
ISO 27548:2024(en)
where
V is the volume of the desktop MEX AM machine, in m ;
AM
V is the volume of the emission test chamber, in m .
c
If a desktop MEX-TRB/P machine is planned for the floor-mounted systems as used in non-industrial
purposes and satisfied with the qualification of Formula (1), this test method is able to apply to the general
MEX-TRB/P machines. The Volume VAM should be measured by the assembled three longest sides of the
desktop MEX-TRB/P machine.
For the ETC, emission tests shall be executed at 23 °C and 50 % RH in accordance with ISO 554. The test
chamber shall be able to control the temperature and humidity within the below condition ranges for the
duration of pre-extruding, extruding and post-extruding.
a) Temperature : 23 °C ± 2 °C
b) Humidity : 50 % ± 5 % RH
c) Air velocity : 0,1 m/s to 0,3 m/s
-1
d) Air exchange rate: n·h
Air velocity shall be measured at a spot 15 cm above the desktop MEX-TRB/P machine, in the middle of the
machine with respect to length and width, and measured in the direction parallel to the floor of the ETC and
perpendicular to the side of the ETC where the airflow enters.
3 -1
With an ETC volume of 5 m or larger, the air exchange rate of the ETC shall be in the range of (0,5 to 2,0) h ,
3 -1
while a volume smaller than 5 m shall be in the range of (0,5 to 5,0) h .
7.2 ETC background concentration
-3
For the unloaded test chamber, the background concentration of particles shall be less than 100 cm when
-1
the air exchange rate is n = 1·h . The requirements of concentration shall be confirmed including particle
size ranging below 300 nm by using the aerosol instruments specified in 6.1.3. TVOC shall be lower than
3 3
20 µg/m and the concentration of each target VOC species and aldehydes shall be lower than 2 µg/m .
7.3 Preparation of ETC and desktop 3D printer
The desktop MEX-TRB/P machine and filament shall be stored in an air-conditioned room (23 °C, 50 % RH)
in its original packaging prior to the test. The test shall be initiated within 24 h following unpacking the
desktop MEX-TRB/P machine and filament.
The ETC interior walls shall be cleaned with an alkaline detergent and rinsed with distilled water as
described in ISO 16000-9, followed by cleaning with fresh air whose volume is equivalent to at least 4 times
that of the interior capacity to meet the requirements specified in 7.2
A desktop MEX-TRB/P machine following the requirements specified in 6.2.1 shall be installed at the center
of the ETC with respect to the length and width of the ETC, at a height of 1 m to 1,5 m from the floor. A
computer, including desktop MEX-TRB/P machine control software, shall be connected from outside the
ETC to the internal desktop MEX-TRB/P machine. All particle and chemical sampling lines shall be made of
conductive material to minimize losses of the particle due to static electricity. The sampling lines shall be
cleaned regularly before and after the test.
The position of the aerosol and chemical sampler ports shall be at least 10 cm away from the inner chamber
wall and at least 30 cm away from the desktop 3D printer. The length of the sampling lines from the outer
chamber wall should be minimized (within a maximum length of 3 m) and installed without sharp bends.
The desktop MEX-TRB/P machine and all auxiliary equipment should be wiped down or vacuumed to remove
any dust or dirt. After setting up the desktop MEX-TRB/P machine, filament and all auxiliary equipment
ISO 27548:2024(en)
for operation inside the ETC, desktop 3D printer shall be conditioned with clean air at the controlled
environment until the ETC background concentrations meet the requirements specified in 7.2.
A schematic diagram of the test system is shown in Figure 2.
7.4 Pre-extruding phase
Pre-extruding phase is the preparation phase in which a desktop 3D printer is connected to an electrical
supply inside the ETC, where the desktop MEX-TRB/P machine is just in the ON setting. The build platform
and nozzle warming-up are the status of waiting to start.
Prior to extrusion, the desktop MEX-TRB/P machine shall be power-connected and controlled from outside
of the ETC, and air exchange for the ETC shall be continued to keep the number concentration of particles,
TVOC, individual VOC, and aldehyde concentrations inside the ETC lower than background. Ensure pre-
extruding begins at least 1 h to 2 h prior to extruding, to allow time to perform the sampling required
by 7.7.2. Aerosol Measurement instruments shall be recorded from the pre-extruding phase to the post-
extruding phase.
7.5 Extruding phase
The extrusion phase is the operation phase in which the desktop MEX-TRB/P machine inside the ETC begins
to operate and the material is extruded into a three-dimensional shape.
Enter the extruding phase by placing a printing order from the PC connected with the desktop MEX-TRB/P
machine and increasing the temperature of the nozzle head and printing bed plate. The extruding phase
ends with the final test specimen being completely manufactured. The total printing time and process
parameters of the desktop MEX-TRB/P machine software during a build cycle shall be reported.
7.6 Post-extruding phase
Post-extruding phase is the end phase in which additive manufacturing has already been completed. The
post-extruding phase starts at the end of the extruding phase, and the air exchange rate shall continue for at
least one air exchange, and until aerosol levels return to their pre-testing background levels.
7.7 Sampling for particles and chemical substances
7.7.1 Particles
FP and UFP measurements shall be counted and recorded from the start of the pre-extruding phase throug
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