prEN 1344

Clay pavers and complementary fittings for flexible paving - Requirements and test methods

This European Standard specifies the requirements for pavers manufactured from clay for use in the flexible form of construction (pavers laid with narrow sand-filled joints on a sand bed). The standard applies to rectangular and other shaped units intended as construction products mainly used for external use in pavements including enclosed public transport premises. It excludes products intended for refractory and chemical engineering applications, and clay floor tiles.

Pflasterziegel und Ergänzungßiegel zum Verlegen im Sandbett - Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren

Diese Europäische Norm legt die Anforderungen an aus Ton hergestellte Pflaster-ziegel fest, die im Sandbett verlegt werden (Pflaster, die mit schmalen sandgefüllten Fugen auf einem Sandbett verlegt werden). Diese Norm bezieht sichauf rechtwinklige und nicht rechwinklig geformte Pflasterziegel, die vorwiegend als Bauprodukte in Außenbereichen Anwendung finden, und zwar für Fußgänger- und für Fahrzeugverkehr. Die Produkte sind für den Gebrauch im Innenbereich einschließlich angrenzende öffentliche Bereiche.

Pavés en terre cuite et accessoires pour chaussée souple - Spécifications et méthodes d'essais

La présente norme européenne spécifie les prescriptions relatives aux pavés en terre cuite fabriqués à partir d'argile destinés à être utilisés dans une forme souple de construction (pavés posés sur un lit de sable avec des joints étroitsremplis de sable). La norme s'applique aux éléments de forme rectangulaire ou autres, utilisés comme produit de construction, principalement destinés à un usage extérieur, en revêtements de chaussées qui seront soumis à un trafic piétonnier et à la circulation de véhicules. Les produits sont également employés pour un usage intérieur, comprenant les locaux réservés aux transports publics.

Opečni tlakovci - Zahteve in preskusne metode

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Publication Date: 17-Jan-2012
• ICS: 93.080.20 - Road construction materials
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 178 - Paving units and kerbs
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 178/WG 3 - Clay products
• Current Stage: 5098 - Decision to abandon - Formal Approval
• Start Date: 23-Oct-1999
• Completion Date: 14-Apr-2025
• Directive: 305/2011 - Regulation (eu) No 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 march 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for the marketing of construction products and repealing council directive 89/106/eec
• Directive: 89/106/EEC - Construction products
• Mandate: M/119 - Mandate to CEN/CENELEC concerning the execution of standardization work for harmonized standards on floorings
• Mandate: M/122 - Mandate to CEN/CENELEC concerning the execution of standardization work for harmonized standards on roof coverings, rooflights, roof windows and ancillary products
• Ref Project: oSIST prEN 1344:2010 - Clay pavers - Requirements and test methods

Overview

prEN 1344 - published by CEN (prepared by CEN/TC 178) - specifies requirements and test methods for clay pavers and complementary fittings used predominantly in flexible paving (narrow sand-filled joints on a sand bed) and also covers rigid laying. The standard applies to rectangular and other shaped clay units for external pavements (including enclosed public transport premises) and defines product characteristics, performance classes, sampling, conformity assessment and marking. prEN 1344 is the draft update intended to supersede EN 1344:2002.

Key Topics and Requirements

The standard sets out measurable characteristics and normative test methods, including:

• Shape and dimensions - definition of work dimensions, overall dimensions, spacer nibs and chamfers; methods for dimensional verification (normative annex).
• Mechanical performance - transverse breaking load / bending strength test methods for assessing structural resistance under traffic.
• Durability - freeze/thaw resistance procedures (test panel construction and cycling) to evaluate long-term weathering in cold climates.
• Wear and surface performance - abrasion resistance testing and unpolished slip/skid resistance value (USRV) procedure for pedestrian safety and surface longevity.
• Chemical and thermal properties - acid resistance, thermal conductivity measurement, and emission checks (asbestos, formaldehyde).
• Safety and fire - requirements for fire performance where applicable.
• Conformity & marking - type testing, factory production control (FPC), sampling rules and product marking for traceability and compliance.
• Normative annexes detail sampling, test apparatus, procedures and test reporting requirements for each characteristic.

Applications and Users

prEN 1344 is directly useful for:

• Manufacturers of clay pavers and complementary fittings (design, production tolerances, quality control).
• Test laboratories performing standardized tests (freeze/thaw, abrasion, transverse breaking load, USRV).
• Specifiers, architects and landscape designers selecting pavement materials for pedestrian areas, vehicular pavements, transport premises and public spaces.
• Civil and highway engineers, contractors and authorities preparing technical specifications, procurement documents and conformity assessment for paving projects.
• Regulatory bodies and certification schemes assessing compliance with EU Construction Products Directive provisions (informative Annex ZA).

Related Standards

prEN 1344 references other standards and test methods such as EN 1745 (design thermal values) and several ISO standards relevant to test apparatus and procedures (e.g., sieves, rubber test methods). It also replaces and updates EN 1344:2002 when adopted.

By following prEN 1344, stakeholders ensure consistent quality, documented test evidence and appropriate performance classification for clay pavers used in flexible and rigid paving systems.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2010
2SHþQLWODNRYFL=DKWHYHLQSUHVNXVQHPHWRGH
Clay pavers - Requirements and test methods
Pflasterziegel - Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren
Pavés en terre cuite - Spécifications et méthodes d'essais
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 1344
ICS:
93.080.20 Materiali za gradnjo cest Road construction materials
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2009
ICS 93.080.20 Will supersede EN 1344:2002
English Version
Clay pavers - Requirements and test methods
Pavés en terre cuite - Spécifications et méthodes d'essais Pflasterziegel - Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 178.

If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 1344:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents
page
Foreword . 4
1 Scope. 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 6
4 Requirements . 8
4.1 Shape and dimensions . 8
4.2 Post firing chemical treatment . 10
4.3 Freeze/thaw resistance . 10
4.4 Transverse breaking load . 10
4.5 Abrasion resistance . 12
4.6 Slip/skid resistance . 12
4.7 Fire performance . 13
4.8 Emission of asbestos . 13
4.9 Emission of formaldehyde . 13
4.10 Thermal conductivity . 13
4.11 Acid resistance . 13
5 Evaluation of conformity . 14
5.1 General . 14
5.2 Type tests . 14
5.3 Factory production control . 15
6 Marking . 17
Annex A (normative)  Sampling . 18
A.1 Sampling for type testing . 18
A.2 Sampling for routine testing . 18
A.3 Sampling for independent testing . 18
A.3.1 General . 18
A.3.2 Sampling procedure . 19
Annex B (normative)  Method for determination of dimensions . 20
B.1 Apparatus . 20
B.2 Procedure . 20
B.3 Test report . 22
Annex C (normative)  Method for the determination of freeze/thaw resistance of clay
pavers . 23
C.1 Principle . 23
C.2 Apparatus . 23
C.3 Preparation of specimens . 23
C.3.1 Sampling . 23
C.3.2 Conditioning of specimens . 23
C.4 Construction of test panel. 24
C.5 Procedure . 24
C.5.1 General . 24
C.5.2 Freeze/thaw cycling . 25
C.5.3 Examination of test panel and units . 25
C.6 Evaluation of results . 26
C.6.1 Assessment of damage . 26
C.7 Test report . 26
C.8 Measurement of heat transfer rate . 29
Annex D (normative)  Method for the determination of transverse breaking load . 30
D.1 Principle . 30
D.2 Apparatus . 30
D.3 Procedure . 30
D.4 Calculation . 30
D.4.1 Calculation of transverse breaking load. 30
D.4.2 Optional calculation of bending tensile strength . 31
D.5 Test report . 31
Annex E (normative)  Method for the determination of abrasion resistance . 32
E.1 Principle . 32
E.2 Sampling . 32
E.3 Material . 32
E.4 Apparatus . 32
E.5 Test specimens . 32
E.6 Procedure . 32
E.7 Expression of results. 33
E.8 Test report . 33
Annex F (normative)  Method for the determination of unpolished slip/skid resistance
value (USRV) . 37
F.1 Principle . 37
F.2 Apparatus . 37
F.2.1 Pendulum friction tester . 37
F.3 Sampling . 43
F.4 Procedure . 43
F.5 Calculation of unpolished slip/skid resistance value (USRV) . 43
F.6 Test report . 44
Annex G (normative)  Method for the determination of acid resistance . 45
G.1 Principle . 45
G.2 Reagents . 45
G.3 Apparatus . 45
G.4 Procedure . 45
G.5 Expression of results. 46
G.6 Test report . 46
Annex ZA (informative)  Clauses of this European Standard addressing the provisions of
the EU Construction Products Directive (89/106/EEC) . 47

Foreword
This document (prEN 1344:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 178 “Paving
units and kerbs”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This document is submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 1344:2002.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and
the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies the requirements of pavers and accessories manufactured from
clay for use in the flexible form of construction (pavers laid with narrow sand-filled joints on a sand
bed) and in the rigid form of construction (pavers laid with cementitious mortar joints on a similar
mortar bed, itself placed on a rigid base).
The standard applies to rectangular and other shaped units intended as construction products mainly
for exterior use in pavements but which may also be used internally. The flexible form of construction
will be subjected to pedestrian and vehicular traffic, while the rigid form of construction is usually
subjected to pedestrian traffic. It excludes products intended for refractory and chemical engineering
applications and clay floor tiles. It also excludes clay masonry units. This Standard does not deal
with the tactility or visibility of units.
This European Standard specifies the characteristics and classes of performance measured
according to test methods given in normative annexes. It provides for product marking and for the
evaluation of conformity of the product to this European Standard.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 1745, Masonry and masonry products — Method for determining design thermal values
ISO 48, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic. Determination of hardness (hardness between 10 IRHD
and 100 IRHD)
ISO 630, Structural steels
ISO 3310, Test sieves – Technical requirements and testing
ISO 4662, Rubber — Determination of rebound resilience of vulcanizates
ISO 7619, Rubber — Determination of indentation hardness by means of pocket hardness meters
ISO 8486, Bonded Abrasives — Grain Size Analysis — Designation and determination of grain size
distribution of macrogrits F4 to F220

3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
clay paver
unit satisfying certain shape and dimensional requirements (see 4.1) used for the surface course of
pavements and manufactured predominantly from clay or other argillaceous material, with or without
any additions, by shaping, drying and firing at a sufficiently high temperature to form a durable
ceramic product
3.2
accessory
specially shaped unit intended to fulfil a particular function in the finished pavement. Fittings for use
in flexible paving allow completion of the pavement at the perimeter and around obstructions by
bonding with pavers laid in a prescribed pattern (e.g. squares, bishops mitre units). Fittings for use
with rigid paving being bedded, jointed and pointed in mortar may be used to fulfil functions in both
rigid laid paving, such as the provision of surface water drainage, e.g. channel units, or to fulfil
particular functions in flexible paving schemes and/or to provide edge restraint for flexible pavements
3.3
work dimension
any dimension of a paver specified for its manufacture to which the actual dimension should conform
within specified permissible deviations (see Figure 1)
NOTE For rectangular pavers, the dimensions of length, width and thickness are indicated in Figure 1.
Some pavers may be used in two or more orientations.
3.4
spacer nib
small protruding profile on side face of paver (see Figure 1)
NOTE As the spacer nib is intended to project into the joint, its presence is ignored when stating plan work
dimensions e.g. for the length and width of rectangular pavers.
3.5
chamfer
bevelled or rounded arris on paver (see Figure 2)
3.6
wearing face
surface intended to be seen when in use
3.7
overall length
longer side of the rectangle to enclose the wearing face of the paver excluding any spacer nibs
3.8
overall width
shorter side of the rectangle to enclose the wearing face of the paver excluding any spacer nibs
3.9
overall thickness
distance between the upper wearing face of the paver and the opposite face of the paver

t
l
w
Paver dimensions for paver intended for flexible laying.
t
l
w
Paver dimensions for pavers intended for rigid paving, or flexible paving
Nibs in drawing rounded.
Key
l – length
w – width
t - thickness
NOTE 1 Position of spacer nibs and chamfers can vary with different pavers.
NOTE 2 Certain pavers without nibs or chamfers can be used for flexible laying.
Figure 1 — Paver dimensions
4 Requirements
4.1 Shape and dimensions
4.1.1 Form
Pavers shall be rectangular or any other shape that allows them to be laid in a repeating pattern. They
may be provided with a chamfer on the arrises around one or more of the paver surfaces that are
intended to form the wearing face. If a chamfer having a work dimension greater than 7 mm in width
or depth (see Figure 2) is provided, this shall be stated by the manufacturer.
NOTE 1 The restriction on the size of the chamfer prevents the formation of an excessively wide recessed
joint.
Pavers for flexible paving may also be provided with spacer nibs on two or more of the paver surfaces
that will be vertical in use.
Pavers for rigid paving shall either be rectangular or shaped so that they may be laid in a combination
with each other separated only by a nominal 10 mm mortar joint.
NOTE 2 Pavers for rigid paving should not incorporate spacer nibs.
4.1.2 Work dimensions
The work dimensions of length, width and thickness of rectangular pavers shall be stated in
millimetres in that order. It shall also be declared in which orientation(s) the pavers may be used (i.e.
which is/are the wearing face(s)). The geometry of non-rectangular pavers shall be given if necessary
by reference to a scale drawing or sketch upon which the work size dimensions are marked.
The work thickness of pavers for flexible paving shall be not less than 40 mm and the work
dimensions shall be such that the ratio of overall length to thickness is not greater than 6.
The work thickness for pavers for rigid paving shall be not less than 30 mm.

Key
1 Chamfer width
2 Chamfer depth
Figure 2 — Chamfer width and depth

4.1.3 Dimensional deviations
4.1.3.1 Mean
When sampled in accordance with Annex A and measured in accordance with Annex B, the mean
value for a given dimension of a sample of 10 pavers shall not differ from the declared work
dimension by more than 0,4 d rounded to the nearest mm, where d is the work dimension in
millimetres.
NOTE Some manufacturers may be able to supply pavers to a closer deviation of the mean from the
declared work dimension than is given by the above expression, in which case the appropriate declaration may
be made.
4.1.3.2 Range
The difference between the largest and the smallest measurement of any given measured dimension
to be found within a sample of 10 pavers, taken from a consignment in accordance with Annex A and
measured in accordance with Annex B, shall be stated by reference to one of the two classes given in
Table 1.
Table 1 — Range
Class Range
(not greater than)
mm
R0 No determination
R1
0,6 d
NOTE  Some manufacturers may be able to supply pavers having a smaller range than indicated by class R1 in
which case an appropriate declaration may be made.

The requirement for dimensional deviations does not apply to associated fittings.
4.2 Post firing chemical treatment
The test methods for freeze thaw resistance, transverse breaking load, abrasion resistance and
unpolished slip/skid resistance are determined using pavers which have had no post firing chemical
treatment applied to them. If following testing to establish the performance of the paver and
accessories in accordance with the requirements of this European Standard, the manufacturer wishes
to apply a post firing chemical treatment, the products shall be tested both with and without the post
firing chemical treatment. The testing shall be in accordance with the requirements of the relevant
clause of this European Standard and the results shall be stated in accordance with the requirements
of the relevant clause.
4.3 Freeze/thaw resistance
It shall be stated whether the pavers are intended to meet the criteria for freeze/thaw resistance
included in the method given in Annex C.
When sampled in accordance with Annex A and tested by the chosen method the pavers shall meet
the relevant criteria given in the test method. Classification of the pavers shall be indicated by the
appropriate marking shown in Table 2.

Table 2 — Freeze/thaw resistance
Class Mark Classification
F0 F0 No determination
FP100 FP100 Freeze/thaw resistant

NOTE The freeze/thaw characteristics of FP100 clay pavers are not affected by commonly used de-icing
salts.
4.4 Transverse breaking load
The transverse breaking load of the pavers for each of the orientations in which the pavers may be
used shall be stated by reference to Table 3. When sampled in accordance with Annex A and tested
in accordance with Annex D, with their wearing faces uppermost, the mean value and the minimum
individual value of the transverse breaking load of a sample of ten pavers shall be not less than the
appropriate value given in Table 3 and be classified accordingly.
NOTE Some pavers have more than one orientation. Manufacturers who are able to supply pavers with
more than one orientation should state the orientation upon which the test was performed.

Table 3 — Transverse breaking load
Class Transverse breaking load not less than (N/mm)
Mean value Minimum individual value
T0 No declaration No declaration
T1 30 15
T2 30 24
T3 80 50
T4 80 64
NOTE 1  This requirement for transverse breaking load does not apply to accessories or to
pavers whose overall length is less than 80 mm.

NOTE 2  Class TO is only suitable for pavers intended for use for rigid laying where the pavers
are laid with cementitious mortar joints on a similar mortar bed itself placed on a rigid base.

NOTE 3  The manufacturer may declare a mean value and minimum individual value higher
than those corresponding to class T4.

NOTE 4  The manufacturer may declare a mean and minimum bending tensile strength value
calculated from the formula given in D.4.2.

4.5 Abrasion resistance
The abrasion resistance value of the pavers shall be stated by reference to one of the classes given
in Table 4.
When sampled in accordance with Annex A, and tested in accordance with Annex E, the mean
abraded volume for a sample of five pavers obtained from two measurements on each paver shall be
not greater than the appropriate value given in Table 4.

Table 4 — Abrasion resistance
Class Mean abraded volume
(not greater than)
mm
A1 2 100
A2 1 100
A3 450
4.6 Slip/skid resistance
4.6.1 Conditions
Clay pavers have satisfactory slip/skid resistance provided that their whole upper surface has not
been ground and/or polished, or manufactured, such that a very smooth surface is produced.
4.6.2 Test method
If in an exceptional case the unpolished slip/skid resistance value (USRV) is required, the USRV of
the pavers shall be stated by reference to one of the classes given in Table 5. If the pavers may be
used in more than one orientation, the values for the intended wearing faces shall be declared.
NOTE The unpolished slip/skid resistance value relates to pavers as manufactured and helps to ensure
adequate slip/skid on installation.
When sampled in accordance with Annex A, and tested in accordance with Annex F the mean USRV
of the sub-sample of five pavers shall be not less than the value for the appropriate declared class
given in Table 5 and be classified accordingly.
Table 5 — Classification of unpolished slip/skid resistance value (USRV)
Class Mean USRV
U0 No determination
U1 35
U2 45
U3 55
NOTE Some manufacturers may declare higher values.

4.6.3 Durability of slip/skid resistance
Clay pavers have satisfactory slip/skid resistance during the working life of the product providing they
are subject to normal maintenance and have not been subject to grinding and/or polishing to produce
a very smooth surface.
NOTE The development of a performance based test method for the durability of slip/skid resistance is
proceeding in TC 178/WG 4.
4.6.4 Requirements for the durability of slip/skid resistance
Where a requirement on durability of slip/skid resistance exists, this requirement shall be determined
as described in the standard or other Technical Specification valid in the country of use of the product.
4.7 Fire performance
4.7.1 Reaction to fire
Clay paving units are “Class A1” reaction to fire without testing. Reference is made to the
Commission decision 96/603/EC.
4.7.2 External fire performance
Clay pavers used as a roof covering are deemed to satisfy the requirements for external fire
performance without the need for testing. See Commission decision 2000/553/EC.
4.8 Emission of asbestos
Clay pavers shall not contain asbestos material.
4.9 Emission of formaldehyde
Clay pavers shall not contain formaldehyde. After manufacture, any applied surface coating will either
not contain formaldehyde or will not release formaldehyde that is in excess of safety levels.
4.10 Thermal conductivity
If clay pavers are used internally and if required, design data on thermal conductivity shall be taken
from EN 1745.
4.11 Acid resistance
Where there is a requirement for resistance to acid attack as the result of accidental spillage of acid in
trafficked areas, the percentage loss in mass of a sample of five pavers sampled in accordance with
Annex A and tested in accordance with Annex G shall not exceed 7 %. Pavers meeting this
requirement may be designated “Class C”. Manufacturers may declare a lower value than 7 %.
No post-firing surface chemical treatment shall be applied to the pavers or accessories prior to testing.
If following testing the performance of the paver and accessories in accordance with the requirements
of this European Standard the manufacturer wishes to apply a post-firing chemical treatment, the
products shall be tested with the post-firing chemical treatment in accordance with the requirements of
this European Standard and state the results, in accordance with 4.11.
NOTE 1 The acid resistance test in this standard is not applicable to the testing of pavers for use in chemical
engineering applications, e.g. construction of floors, container vessels and reaction vessels which are continually
subjected to chemically aggressive conditions.
NOTE 2 Typical examples of applications where requirements for acid resistance may be specified are:
In roadways and open air factory yard areas, of industrial premises such as chemical works and the food industry
where aggressive substances are sometimes in contact with the paving.
In farm yards where silage and aggressive liquors could be present.
However, in the majority of applications, the inherent acid resistance is satisfactory and therefore need not be
specified.
5 Evaluation of conformity
5.1 General
The manufacturer shall demonstrate that clay pavers and accessories are in conformity with this
standard by adopting the regimes for type testing and factory production control as provided for in this
clause.
5.2 Type tests
Initial type testing shall be performed on the first application of this standard. Tests previously
performed in accordance with the provisions of this standard (same product, same characteristic, test
method, sampling procedure, etc.) may be taken into account.
Whenever a major change in the source, proportions or nature of raw materials occurs, or when there
is a major change in processing conditions (e.g. firing times and temperatures) this constitutes a new
product type.
The type tests shall be the tests called up in this standard for the following list of properties, consistent
with the product types and their intended use.
Dimensions and dimensional deviations :
- freeze/thaw resistance;
- transverse breaking load;
- abrasion resistance;
- unpolished slip/skid resistance value;
- acid resistance (where required).
The results of the initial type tests shall be recorded.
For some classes of paver, where there is no requirement as indicated in clause 4, some of these
properties need not be measured.
5.3 Factory production control
5.3.1 General
A factory production control system shall be established and documented prior to a product first
demonstrating conformity with the standard. The factory production control system shall consist of
procedures for the internal control of production to ensure that products placed on the market conform
to this standard and the manufacturer’s declared values.
The internal control shall consist of regular inspections, checks and tests and the utilization of the
results to control raw or incoming materials, equipment, the production process and the finished
product.
5.3.2 Raw materials
The documentation shall include the specifications of all raw materials and the procedures to be
operated to ensure that they comply. However, because of the widely differing nature of argillaceous
deposits, it is not appropriate in this standard to specify what particular tests shall be used, nor their
frequency.
5.3.3 Production process
The relevant features of the plant and production process shall be defined and documented giving the
frequency of the inspection checks and tests, together with the criteria required both on equipment
and on work in progress. The action to be taken when control values or criteria are not met shall be
given. Weighing and measuring equipment shall be calibrated and the procedure, frequency and
criteria documented.
NOTE Calibration need not necessarily require the involvement of a third party.
There are many types of plant and production process used in the manufacture of clay pavers and
complementary fittings and the establishment of a suitable system of production process control will
depend on the features of the specific process. Therefore, it is not appropriate in this standard to
specify particular tests to be used, nor their frequency.
5.3.4 Finished product testing
5.3.4.1 General
The documentation shall incorporate a sampling plan for the testing of finished products, the results of
which shall be recorded. All test equipment shall be calibrated and the procedure, frequency and
criteria be given in the documentation.
The frequency of testing of the finished product for the purpose of factory production control shall be
indicated in the documentation.
5.3.4.2 Routine tests
The following routine tests shall be carried out and the results recorded:
- mean dimension values;
- transverse breaking load.
The method of sampling from the production batch shall be as described in A.3. It shall take the form
of a precise plan described in the documentation.
The test method to be used shall be that given in the relevant annex or an additional test as described
in 5.3.4.3.
The frequency of sampling and testing shall be determined either:
a) from statistical principles designed to ensure that the finished product conforms with the
compliance criteria in this standard and with any declared values. The statistical principles on
which the sampling procedure is based shall be described in the documentation; or
b) in the absence of a sampling and testing regime founded on a statistical basis as provided in a)
above, the frequency of sampling and testing shall not be less than
- mean dimension values: daily;
- transverse breaking load: weekly.
NOTE The tests specified in this standard to be incorporated in the manufacturer’s factory production
control system comprise only those that address the structural integrity and safety of the pavement maintained
during an economically reasonable working life. In practice, other tests and inspections, such as those relating to
aesthetic properties, are likely to be included but they are not relevant in this specification.
5.3.4.3 Repeated type tests
Type tests shall be carried out on the following properties at a frequency of not less than once yearly
and the results recorded. The test methods shall be those given in the relevant annexes to this
standard.
- Freeze/thaw resistance;
- abrasion resistance;
- unpolished slip/skid resistance value.
The method of sampling shall be as described in A.2.
For some classes of paver where there is no requirement indicated in clause 4, some of these
properties need not be measured.
5.3.5 Stock control
The stock control of finished products, together with procedures for dealing with non-conforming
products, shall be detailed.
6 Marking
The following particulars shall be indicated on the packaging, delivery note, or certificate supplied with
the pavers:
a) name, trade mark, or other means of identification of the manufacturer and/or supplier of the
paving units;
b) number of this standard with which compliance is claimed;
c) means of identifying the paving units and relating them to the requirements given in clause 4,
including the class designations;
d) where appropriate, a statement that the paving units have been chemically treated after firing;
e) where appropriate, a statement that the paver intended for flexible laying has a chamfer greater
than 7 mm in either width or depth;
f) intended use of the paver for flexible laying, rigid laying or both methods of laying;
g) intended use of the product for “internal” use, “external” use or both uses.
Where ZA.3 covers the same requirements as this clause, the requirements of this clause are met.

Annex A
(normative)
Sampling
A.1 Sampling for type testing
The required number of paving units for type testing shall be extracted from the manufacturing plant,
or the storage area of the plant.
NOTE The sampling procedure may take place without prior notice, in which case a nominated
representative from the plant should be given the opportunity to be present.
The stock of paving units from which the sample is to be taken shall be not less than the equivalent of
one day’s production. The choice of the method of sampling will usually be dictated by the physical
form of the stock of pavers, including their packaging, and either random sampling (see A.3.2.2) or
representative sampling (see A.3.2.3) may be carried out.
A.2 Sampling for routine testing
The method of sampling from the production batch shall be such that every paver in the batch has an
equal chance of being selected. However, in some cases the manufacturer may take samples in a
non-random fashion from points in the production process if it is known from experience that such
samples may reveal any adverse effects on product characteristics caused by fluctuations or
inconsistencies in the process variables. In this specific case of sampling, an explanation shall be
given in the manufacturer’s factory production control system documentation. In all cases, the
sampling plan shall be predetermined and documented.
A.3 Sampling for independent testing
A.3.1 General
In the event of there being a necessity on site for a check on product compliance, the following
sampling procedure shall be followed.
The quantity of product from which the sample is selected shall be as agreed between the
manufacturer (and/or supplier) and the client, appropriate to the particular site situation.
In the case of disagreement the required number of paving units to determine compliance with the
specification shall be sampled from the consignment before installation such that the sample shall not
represent more than 300 m of laid paving.
NOTE Representatives of all parties should have the opportunity to be present at the time of sampling.
A.3.2 Sampling procedure
A.3.2.1 General
The choice of the method of sampling shall be appropriate to the physical form of the consignment in
question.
A.3.2.2 Random sampling
Whenever possible, the random sampling method shall be used, in which every paving unit in the
consignment has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. The appropriate number of units
shall be taken at random (e.g. by the use of random number tables) from positions throughout the
consignment without any consideration being given to the condition or apparent quality of the selected
units.
NOTE In practice, random sampling is usually only convenient either when the units forming the
consignment are being moved in a loose (unpacked) form from one place to another, or when they have been
split into a large number of small stacks, e.g. immediately prior to placing.
A.3.2.3 Representative sampling
A.3.2.3.1 General
When random sampling is impracticable or not convenient, a representative sampling procedure shall
be used (e.g. if the units form a large stack, or if access is limited).
A.3.2.3.2 Sampling from a stack or from a consignment of banded packs
The stack or consignment shall be divided into at least 10 actual or imaginary sections, each of a
similar size. An equal number of not more than four units shall be taken at random from each section
to give the required number of specimens, without any consideration being given to the condition or
apparent quality of the selected units. It will be necessary to dismantle parts of stacks in order to gain
access to the units.
A.3.2.4 Dividing the sample
When the sample is to provide units for more than one test, the total number shall be collected
together and then divided by taking units at random from within the total sample to form each
successive subsample.
NOTE In special cases, the sampling procedure may be undertaken outside the plant.

Annex B
(normative)
Method for determination of dimensions
B.1 Apparatus
A measuring device (for example, a calliper gauge) capable of measuring to a precision of at least
0,5 mm.
B.2 Procedure
Select pavers in accordance with Annex A. The test sample shall comprise 10 pavers. Remove any
blisters, flashings or projections with a carborundum stone (except spacers or deliberate patterning or
profiling).
Measure each paver for length, width and thickness to the nearest 0,5 mm as close to the mid-point of
each dimension as possible in the intended orientation as shown in Figure B.1. In pavers intended for
flexible laying, if the mid point of each dimension leads to contact with the spacer nib, the position of
measurement shall be moved to avoid the spacer nib whilst still remaining as close as possible to the
mid point of each dimension.
Key
w = width
t = thickness
l = length
Figure B.1 — Method for the measurement of paver dimensions

B.3 Test report
The test report shall include the following information:
a) reference to this European Standard;
b) manufacturer’s identification of the pavers;
c) date of receipt of sample;
d) arithmetic mean of the ten specimens measured for each dimension to the nearest millimetre;
e) difference between the largest and the smallest measurement for each of the measured
dimensions of the ten specimens.

Annex C
(normative)
Method for the determination of freeze/thaw resistance of clay
pavers
C.1 Principle
A panel of clay pavers is assembled from units, which have been soaked in water by a prescribed
method. The panel is subsequently cooled until all of the water which has been absorbed is frozen
and the water near to one face is repeatedly thawed and refrozen. Damage caused by the freezing
and thawing action is assessed and used to determine the freeze/thaw resistance of the pavers.
C.2 Apparatus
An appropriate testing machine capable of generating the freeze-thaw cycles specified in C.5.2. and
ensuring uni-directional freezing and thawing through one face of the units.
...