EN 14067-5:2021

Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 5: Requirements and assessment procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels

This document establishes aerodynamic requirements, test procedures, assessment methods and acceptance criteria for operating rolling stock in tunnels. Aerodynamic pressure variations, loads, micro pressure wave generation and further aerodynamic aspects to be expected in tunnel operation are addressed in this document. Requirements for the aerodynamic design of rolling stock and tunnels of the heavy rail system are provided. The requirements apply to heavy rail systems only.

Bahnanwendungen - Aerodynamik - Teil 5: Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren für Aerodynamik im Tunnel

Dieses Dokument legt aerodynamische Anforderungen, Prüfverfahren, Bewertungsmethoden und Abnahmekriterien für den Betrieb von Schienenfahrzeugen in Tunneln fest. Aerodynamische Druckänderungen, Lasten, Mikrodruckwellenerzeugung und weitere aerodynamische Aspekte, die im Tunnelbetrieb zu erwarten sind, werden in diesem Dokument behandelt. Anforderungen an die aerodynamische Konstruktion von Schienenfahrzeugen und Tunneln des Vollbahnsystems werden beschrieben. Die Anforderungen gelten nur für Vollbahnsysteme.

Applications ferroviaires - Aérodynamique - Partie 5 : Exigences et procédures d'essai pour l'aérodynamique en tunnel

Le présent document spécifie les exigences aérodynamiques, les procédures d'essai, les méthodes d'évaluation, ainsi que les critères d'acceptation applicables au matériel roulant circulant dans des tunnels. Il décrit les variations de pression aérodynamique, les chargements aérodynamiques, la génération de micro-ondes de pression et d'autres aspects aérodynamiques liés à la traversée des tunnels. Il spécifie également les exigences relatives à la conception aérodynamique du matériel roulant et des tunnels du système ferroviaire conventionnel et à grande vitesse. Ces exigences ne s'appliquent qu'au système ferroviaire conventionnel et à grande vitesse.

Železniške naprave - Aerodinamika - 5. del: Zahteve in ugotavljanje skladnosti pri aerodinamiki v predorih

Ta dokument določa aerodinamične zahteve, preskusne postopke, metode ugotavljanja skladnosti in merila sprejemljivosti za obratovanje tirnih vozil v predorih. V tem dokumentu so obravnavane spremembe aerodinamičnega tlaka, obremenitve, ustvarjanje mikrotlačnih valov in drugi aerodinamični vidiki, predvideni v predorih. Navedene so zahteve za aerodinamično zasnovo tirnih vozil in predorov težkega železniškega sistema. Zahteve veljajo samo za težke železniške sisteme.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 21-Dec-2021
• Withdrawal Date: 29-Jun-2022
• ICS: 45.060.01 - Railway rolling stock in general
• ICS: 93.060 - Tunnel construction
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 256 - Railway applications
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 256/WG 6 - Aerodynamics
• Current Stage: 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
• Start Date: 22-Dec-2021
• Due Date: 18-Apr-2022
• Completion Date: 22-Dec-2021
• Directive: 2016/797/EU - Directive (EU) 2016/797 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on the interoperability of the rail system within the European Union (Text with EEA relevance)
• Mandate: M/483 - Mandate for programming and standardisation addressed to the European standardisation bodies under directive 2008/57/EC in the field of the interoperability of the rail system within the European Union
• Ref Project: SIST EN 14067-5:2022 - Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 5: Requirements and assessment procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels

Relations

• Replaces: EN 14067-5:2006+A1:2010 - Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 5: Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels
• Effective Date: 29-Dec-2021
• Corrected By: EN 14067-5:2021/AC:2023 - Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 5: Requirements and assessment procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels
• Effective Date: 23-Nov-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 14067-5:2022
01-februar-2022
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 14067-5:2007+A1:2010

Železniške naprave - Aerodinamika - 5. del: Zahteve in ugotavljanje skladnosti pri

aerodinamiki v predorih
Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 5: Requirements and assessment
procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels
Bahnanwendungen - Aerodynamik - Teil 5: Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren für
Aerodynamik im Tunnel

Applications ferroviaires - Aérodynamique - Partie 5: Exigences et procédures d'essai

pour l'aérodynamique en tunnel
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 14067-5:2021
ICS:
45.060.01 Železniška vozila na splošno Railway rolling stock in
general
93.060 Gradnja predorov Tunnel construction
SIST EN 14067-5:2022 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN 14067-5:2022
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SIST EN 14067-5:2022
EN 14067-5
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2021
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 45.060.01; 93.060 Supersedes EN 14067-5:2006+A1:2010
English Version
Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 5:
Requirements and assessment procedures for
aerodynamics in tunnels

Applications ferroviaires - Aérodynamique - Partie 5: Bahnanwendungen - Aerodynamik - Teil 5:

Exigences et procédures d'essai pour l'aérodynamique Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren für Aerodynamik im

en tunnel Tunnel
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 November 2021.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this

European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references

concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN

member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by

translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management

Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,

Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and

United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 14067-5:2021 E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN 14067-5:2022
EN 14067-5:2021 (E)
Contents Page

European foreword ............................................................................................................................................. 5

1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................................... 6

2 Normative references .......................................................................................................................... 6

3 Terms and definitions ......................................................................................................................... 6

4 Symbols and abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 8

5 Requirements on locomotives and passenger rolling stock ................................................14

5.1 Limitation of pressure variations inside tunnels ....................................................................14

5.1.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................14

5.1.2 Requirements .......................................................................................................................................14

5.1.3 Full conformity assessment .............................................................................................................16

5.1.4 Simplified conformity assessment ................................................................................................16

5.2 Limitation of pressure gradient entering a tunnel (relative to micro-pressure wave

generation) ............................................................................................................................................18

5.2.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................18

5.2.2 Requirements .......................................................................................................................................18

5.2.3 Simplified conformity assessment ................................................................................................20

5.3 Resistance to aerodynamic loading ..............................................................................................20

5.3.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................20

5.3.2 Requirements .......................................................................................................................................21

5.3.3 Exceptional load assessment ..........................................................................................................27

5.3.4 Fatigue load assessment ...................................................................................................................28

5.3.5 Assessment in case of modification ..............................................................................................28

6 Requirements on infrastructure ...................................................................................................29

6.1 Limitation of pressure variations inside tunnels to meet the medical health

criterion ..................................................................................................................................................29

6.1.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................29

6.1.2 Requirements .......................................................................................................................................29

6.1.3 Full conformity assessment .............................................................................................................31

6.1.4 Simplified conformity assessment ................................................................................................31

6.2 Limitation of pressure gradient entering a tunnel (relative to micro-pressure wave

generation) ............................................................................................................................................32

6.2.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................32

6.2.2 Reference case ......................................................................................................................................32

6.2.3 Requirements .......................................................................................................................................32

6.2.4 Assessment ............................................................................................................................................32

6.3 Further aspects of tunnel design ...................................................................................................33

6.3.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................33

6.3.2 Aural pressure comfort .....................................................................................................................33

6.3.3 Pressure loading on installations..................................................................................................34

6.3.4 Induced airflows ..................................................................................................................................35

6.3.5 Aerodynamic drag ...............................................................................................................................35

6.3.6 Contact forces of pantograph to catenary ..................................................................................35

6.3.7 Ventilation .............................................................................................................................................35

6.3.8 Workers’ safety ....................................................................................................................................35

6.3.9 Loads on vehicles in mixed traffic operation ............................................................................36

6.4 Additional aspects for underground stations ...........................................................................36

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SIST EN 14067-5:2022
EN 14067-5:2021 (E)

6.4.1 Pressure changes ................................................................................................................................ 36

6.4.2 Induced airflows ................................................................................................................................. 36

6.4.3 Specific case for loads on platform barrier systems due to trains passing ................... 37

7 Methods and test procedures ......................................................................................................... 37

7.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 37

7.2 Methods to determine pressure variations in tunnels ......................................................... 39

7.2.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 39

7.2.2 Full-scale measurements at fixed locations in a tunnel........................................................ 40

7.2.3 Instrumentation .................................................................................................................................. 41

7.2.4 Full-scale measurements on the exterior of the train ........................................................... 43

7.2.5 Predictive formulae ........................................................................................................................... 44

7.2.6 Assessment by numerical simulation.......................................................................................... 44

7.2.7 Reduced scale measurements at fixed locations in a tunnel .............................................. 45

7.3 Assessment of maximum pressure changes (vehicle reference case)............................. 46

7.3.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 46

7.3.2 Transformation of measurement values by a factor (approach 1) .................................. 46

7.3.3 Transformation of measurement values based on A.3.3 (approach 2) .......................... 47

7.3.4 Transformation by simulation (approach 3)............................................................................ 47

7.3.5 Assessment of the pressure time history ................................................................................... 48

7.3.6 Assessment quantities and comparison ..................................................................................... 52

7.4 Assessment of maximum pressure changes (infrastructure reference case) .............. 52

7.4.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 52

7.4.2 Assessment method ........................................................................................................................... 52

7.5 Assessment of the pressure gradient of a train entering a tunnel (vehicle reference

case, with respect to micro-pressure wave generation) ...................................................... 54

7.5.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 54

7.5.2 Assessment by simulations ............................................................................................................. 54

7.5.3 Assessment by moving model rig tests ....................................................................................... 55

7.6 Assessment of the micro-pressure wave (infrastructure reference case) .................... 55

7.6.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 55

7.6.2 Assessment by numerical simulations........................................................................................ 56

7.6.3 Assessment by moving model rig tests ....................................................................................... 58

7.7 Assessment of aerodynamic loads ................................................................................................ 59

7.7.1 Assessment of load due to strong wind ...................................................................................... 59

7.7.2 Assessment of open air passings for fatigue load assessments ......................................... 60

7.7.3 Assessment of transient loads in tunnels .................................................................................. 61

7.7.4 Assessment of fatigue loads ............................................................................................................ 64

7.7.5 Determination of the damage-equivalent load amplitude for scenario ......................... 66

7.7.6 Documentation .................................................................................................................................... 67

7.7.7 Simplified load cases ......................................................................................................................... 68

7.8 Assessment of pressure sealing..................................................................................................... 69

7.8.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 69

7.8.2 Dynamic pressure tightness ........................................................................................................... 70

7.8.3 Equivalent leakage area ................................................................................................................... 70

7.8.4 Test methods ........................................................................................................................................ 71

7.8.5 Dynamic tests ....................................................................................................................................... 73

Annex A (informative) Predictive formulae ........................................................................................... 75

A.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 75

A.2 SNCF approach ..................................................................................................................................... 75

A.2.1 Entry of the nose of the train .......................................................................................................... 75

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SIST EN 14067-5:2022
EN 14067-5:2021 (E)

A.2.2 Entry of the body of the train ..........................................................................................................75

A.2.3 Entry of the rear of the train ...........................................................................................................76

A.3 TU Vienna approach ...........................................................................................................................76

A.3.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................76

A.3.2 Symbols ...................................................................................................................................................76

A.3.3 Calculation of Δp ................................................................................................................................77

A.3.4 Calculation of Δp ................................................................................................................................78

A.3.5 Calculation of Δp ................................................................................................................................79

A.3.6 Calculation of the drag coefficient C ........................................................................................80

x,tu

A.4 GB approach, ignoring changes in air density and the speed of sound ...........................83

A.4.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................83

A.4.2 Calculation of ∆p ................................................................................................................................83

A.4.3 Calculation of ∆p ................................................................................................................................84

A.4.4 Calculation of ∆p ................................................................................................................................84

Annex B (informative) Pressure comfort criteria ................................................................................85

B.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................85

B.2 Unsealed trains (generally τ < 0,5 s) .......................................................................................85

dyn

B.3 Sealed trains (generally τ > 0,5 s) ............................................................................................85

dyn

Annex C (informative) Micro-pressure wave .........................................................................................86

C.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................86

C.2 Compression wave generation .......................................................................................................86

C.3 Compression wave propagation ....................................................................................................87

C.4 Micro-pressure wave radiation......................................................................................................87

Annex D (informative) Pressure loading on unsealed crossing trains .........................................89

Annex E (informative) Validation cases for the assessment of aerodynamic loads .................92

E.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................92

E.2 Validation procedure .........................................................................................................................92

Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................94

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SIST EN 14067-5:2022
EN 14067-5:2021 (E)
European foreword

This document (EN 14067-5:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway

applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an

identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2022, and conflicting national standards shall be

withdrawn at the latest by June 2022.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

This document supersedes EN 14067-5:2006+A1:2010.
EN 14067, Railway applications — Aerodynamics, consists of the following parts:
— Part 1: Symbols and units;
— Part 3: Aerodynamics in tunnels;
— Part 4: Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics on open track;
— Part 5: Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels;
— Part 6: Requirements and test procedures for cross wind assessment.

The results of the EU-funded research project “AeroTRAIN” (Grant Agreement No. 233985) have been

used.

The contents of the previous edition of EN 14067-5 have been integrated in this document; they have

been re-structured and extended to support the Technical Specifications for the Interoperability of the

Trans-European rail system. Requirements on conformity assessment for rolling stock were added.

This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the

European Free Trade Association.

Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.

A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.

According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the

following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,

Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,

Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North

Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United

Kingdom.
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SIST EN 14067-5:2022
EN 14067-5:2021 (E)
1 Scope

This document establishes aerodynamic requirements, test procedures, assessment methods and

acceptance criteria for operating rolling stock in tunnels. Aerodynamic pressure variations, loads, micro

pressure wave generation and further aerodynamic aspects to be expected in tunnel operation are

addressed in this document. Requirements for the aerodynamic design of rolling stock and tunnels of the

heavy rail system are provided. The requirements apply to heavy rail systems only.

2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 14067-4:2013+A1:2018, Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 4: Requirements and test

procedures for aerodynamics on open track
EN 15273 series, Railway applications — Gauges

EN 17149-1:—, Railway applications — Strength assessment of railway vehicle structures — Part 1:

General
ISO 8756, Air quality — Handling of temperature, pressure and humidity data
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
compression wave
approximate step increase in pressure that travels at the speed of sound
3.2
expansion wave
approximate step decrease in pressure that travels at the speed of sound
3.3
computational fluid dynamics
CFD
numerical methods of approximating and solving the formulae of fluid dynamics
Under preparation. Stage at time of publication: prEN 17149:2021.
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SIST EN 14067-5:2022
EN 14067-5:2021 (E)
3.4
exceptional load

infrequent load which represents the extremal load or combination of loads for the relevant operation

conditions, including both steady and transient load

Note 1 to entry: Exceptional load is also described with the terms “static load”, “static design load” or “proof load”.

[SOURCE: EN 17149-1:— , 3.1.9; modified – “including both steady and transient load” added]

3.5
fatigue load

frequent load or combination of loads which represents the normal relevant operation conditions

[SOURCE: EN 17149-1:— , 3.1.11]
3.6
steady load
load that is constant or nearly constant with time

Note 1 to entry: These loads include the dynamic pressure due to the airflow acceleration around the front of the

train and pressure changes caused by strong side winds.
3.7
transient load
load that varies in time
Note 1 to entry: Transient loads can be divided into three kinds:

a) loads caused by trains crossing with other trains in the open air or due to the pressure field around the

train;

b) loads caused by trains travelling alone or crossing with other trains in tunnels;

c) loads that arise due to the turbulent nature of the flow around trains.

Note 2 to entry: Loads a) and b) are relevant for all train structures, but loads c) may be only relevant for some

high speed train components and are not considered in this document.
3.8
tunnel

excavation or a construction around the track provided to allow the railway to pass through, for example,

higher land, buildings or water
3.9
tunnel length

length of a tunnel is defined as the length of the fully enclosed section, measured centrally at rail level

3.10
tunnel cross-sectional area

free cross-sectional area of a tunnel not including ballast, rail, sleepers, longitudinal piping, platform

3.11
vehicle cross-sectional area
projected cross-sectional area in lengthwise direction of vehicle
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SIST EN 14067-5:2022
EN 14067-5:2021 (E)
3.12
critical crossing
crossing of two trains in a tunnel leading to maximum pressure changes

Note 1 to entry: The terms crossing and passing are used interchangeably in this document.

3.13
gauge pressure

amount by which the pressure measured in a fluid, such as air, exceeds that of the atmosphere

3.14
fixed formation

group of rail vehicles which can only be coupled/uncoupled or assembled/disassembled (e.g. articulated

vehicles) in a workshop environment
[SOURCE: EN 17343:2020, 3.1.6.4]
3.15
load collective
pressure spectrum
table of loads and their frequency of occurrence
4 Symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the symbols in Table 1 below apply.
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Significance Explanation or Unit
remark
A , A area of integration see Figure 12 sPa
S T
B train/tunnel blockage ratio
b width of vehicle see Figure 2 m
C load collective see 7.7.4.1
C train friction factor or coefficient see Formula (15)
f,tr
C tunnel friction factor or coefficient
f,tu
C total load collectives in open air and in see Formula (34)
lifecycle
tunnels
C total load collectives in open air and in see 7.7.4.2
lifecycle,front
tunnels at front of train
Clifecycle,tail total load collectives in open air and in see 7.7.4.2
tunnels at tail of train
C factor depending on the shape of the train see Formula (C.2)
nose and the shape of the tunnel portal
C load collective for trains meeting on the see Formula (30)
oa,cros
open track
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SIST EN 14067-5:2022
EN 14067-5:2021 (E)
Symbol Significance Explanation or Unit
remark
C load collective for trains meeting in
oa,cros,i
segment i
C load collective for passing with crossings in see Formula (33)
tu,cross
tunnels
C load collective for passing with crossings in
tu,cross,j
tunnel j
C load collective for solo passages in the see Formula (31)
tu,solo
tunnel
C load collective for solo passages in tunnel j
tu,solo,j
CFL Courant-Friedrich-Levy number see 7.6.2
c speed of sound m/s
D hydraulic diameter see Formula (16) m
d measurement distance see Formulae (21), m
(22), (23)
F maximum measured force see Figure D.4 N
max
g gravity m/s
h height see Figure 2 m
hl frequency corresponding to a class of see 7.7.5
amplitudes in a rainflow matrix
h distance from top of rail
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 14067-5:2021
01-januar-2021

Železniške naprave - Aerodinamika - 5. del: Zahteve in ugotavljanje skladnosti pri

aerodinamiki v predorih
Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 5: Requirements and assessment
procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels
Bahnanwendungen - Aerodynamik - Teil 5: Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren für
Aerodynamik im Tunnel

Applications ferroviaires - Aérodynamique - Partie 5: Exigences et procédures d'essai

pour l'aérodynamique en tunnel
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 14067-5
ICS:
45.060.01 Železniška vozila na splošno Railway rolling stock in
general
93.060 Gradnja predorov Tunnel construction
oSIST prEN 14067-5:2021 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN 14067-5:2021
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oSIST prEN 14067-5:2021
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 14067-5
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
October 2020
ICS 45.060.01; 93.060 Will supersede EN 14067-5:2006+A1:2010
English Version
Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 5:
Requirements and assessment procedures for
aerodynamics in tunnels

Applications ferroviaires - Aérodynamique - Partie 5: Bahnanwendungen - Aerodynamik - Teil 5:

Exigences et procédures d'essai pour l'aérodynamique Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren für Aerodynamik im

en tunnel Tunnel

This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee

CEN/TC 256.

If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations

which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other

language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC

Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,

Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and

United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are

aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without

notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 14067-5:2020 E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
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oSIST prEN 14067-5:2021
prEN 14067-5:2020 (E)
Contents

European foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 5

1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 6

2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 6

3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................... 6

4 Symbols and abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... 8

5 Requirements on locomotives and passenger rolling stock ......................................................... 14

5.1 Limitation of pressure variations inside tunnels ............................................................................. 14

5.1.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 14

5.1.2 Requirements ................................................................................................................................................ 14

5.1.3 Full conformity assessment ...................................................................................................................... 15

5.1.4 Simplified conformity assessment ......................................................................................................... 15

5.2 Limitation of pressure gradient entering a tunnel (relative to micro-pressure wave

generation) ..................................................................................................................................................... 17

5.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 17

5.2.2 Requirements ................................................................................................................................................ 17

5.2.3 Simplified conformity assessment ......................................................................................................... 19

5.3 Resistance to aerodynamic loading ....................................................................................................... 19

5.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 19

5.3.2 Requirements ................................................................................................................................................ 20

5.3.3 Exceptional load assessment ................................................................................................................... 26

5.3.4 Fatigue load assessment ............................................................................................................................ 26

5.3.5 Assessment in case of modifications ..................................................................................................... 26

6 Requirements on infrastructure ............................................................................................................ 27

6.1 Limitation of pressure variations inside tunnels to meet the medical health criterion .... 27

6.1.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 27

6.1.2 Requirements ................................................................................................................................................ 27

6.1.3 Full conformity assessment ...................................................................................................................... 29

6.1.4 Simplified conformity assessment ......................................................................................................... 29

6.2 Limitation of pressure gradient entering a tunnel (relative to micro-pressure wave

generation) ..................................................................................................................................................... 30

6.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 30

6.2.2 Reference case ............................................................................................................................................... 30

6.2.3 Requirements ................................................................................................................................................ 30

6.2.4 Assessment ..................................................................................................................................................... 30

6.3 Further aspects of tunnel design ............................................................................................................ 31

6.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 31

6.3.2 Aural pressure comfort .............................................................................................................................. 31

6.3.3 Pressure loading on installations........................................................................................................... 32

6.3.4 Induced airflows ........................................................................................................................................... 33

6.3.5 Aerodynamic drag ........................................................................................................................................ 33

6.3.6 Contact forces of pantograph to catenary ........................................................................................... 33

6.3.7 Ventilation ...................................................................................................................................................... 33

6.3.8 Workers’ safety ............................................................................................................................................. 33

6.3.9 Loads on vehicles in mixed traffic operation ..................................................................................... 34

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6.4 Additional aspects for underground stations .................................................................................... 34

6.4.1 Pressure changes .......................................................................................................................................... 34

6.4.2 Induced airflows ........................................................................................................................................... 34

6.4.3 Specific case for loads on platform barrier systems due to trains passing ............................. 34

7 Methods and test procedures ................................................................................................................... 35

7.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 35

7.2 Methods to determine pressure variations in tunnels ................................................................... 37

7.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 37

7.2.2 Full-scale measurements at fixed locations in a tunnel.................................................................. 38

7.2.3 Instrumentation ............................................................................................................................................ 39

7.2.4 Full-scale measurements on the exterior of the train ..................................................................... 41

7.2.5 Predictive formulae ..................................................................................................................................... 42

7.2.6 Assessment by numerical simulation.................................................................................................... 43

7.2.7 Reduced scale measurements at fixed locations in a tunnel ........................................................ 44

7.3 Assessment of maximum pressure changes (vehicle reference case)....................................... 44

7.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 44

7.3.2 Transformation of measurement values by a factor (approach 1). ........................................... 44

7.3.3 Transformation of measurement values based on A.3.3 (approach 2) .................................... 45

7.3.4 Transformation by simulation (approach 3)...................................................................................... 46

7.3.5 Assessment of the pressure time history ............................................................................................. 47

7.3.6 Assessment quantities and comparison ............................................................................................... 51

7.4 Assessment of maximum pressure changes (infrastructure reference case) ........................ 51

7.4.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 51

7.4.2 Assessment method ..................................................................................................................................... 51

7.5 Assessment of the pressure gradient of a train entering a tunnel (vehicle reference

case, with respect to micro-pressure wave generation) ................................................................ 53

7.5.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 53

7.5.2 Assessment by simulations ....................................................................................................................... 53

7.5.3 Assessment by moving model rig tests ................................................................................................. 54

7.6 Assessment of the micro-pressure wave (infrastructure reference case) .............................. 54

7.6.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 54

7.6.2 Assessment by numerical simulations.................................................................................................. 55

7.6.3 Assessment by reduced scale moving model rig tests..................................................................... 57

7.7 Assessment of aerodynamic loads .......................................................................................................... 58

7.7.1 Assessment of load due to strong wind ................................................................................................ 58

7.7.2 Assessment of open air passings ............................................................................................................. 59

7.7.3 Assessment of exceptional transient loads in tunnels .................................................................... 60

7.7.4 Assessment of fatigue loads ...................................................................................................................... 63

7.7.5 Determination of the damage-equivalent load amplitude for scenario ................................... 65

7.7.6 Documentation .............................................................................................................................................. 65

7.7.7 Simplified load cases ................................................................................................................................... 67

7.8 Assessment of pressure sealing............................................................................................................... 67

7.8.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 67

7.8.2 Dynamic pressure tightness ..................................................................................................................... 68

7.8.3 Equivalent leakage area ............................................................................................................................. 69

7.8.4 Test methods .................................................................................................................................................. 69

7.8.5 Dynamic tests ................................................................................................................................................. 71

Annex A (informative) Predictive formulae ..................................................................................................... 73

A.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 73

A.2 SNCF approach ............................................................................................................................................... 73

A.2.1 Entry of the nose of the train .................................................................................................................... 73

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A.2.2 Entry of the body of the train ................................................................................................................... 73

A.2.3 Entry of the rear of the train .................................................................................................................... 74

A.3 TU Vienna approach .................................................................................................................................... 74

A.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 74

A.3.2 Symbols ............................................................................................................................................................ 75

A.3.3 Calculation of Δp ......................................................................................................................................... 76

A.3.4 Calculation of Δp ......................................................................................................................................... 77

A.3.5 Calculation of Δp ......................................................................................................................................... 78

A.3.6 Calculation of the drag coefficient C ................................................................................................. 79

x,tu

A.3.6.1 Method 1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 79

A.3.6.2 Method 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 81

A.4 GB approach, ignoring changes in air density and the speed of sound .................................... 81

A.4.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 81

A.4.2 Calculation of ∆p ......................................................................................................................................... 82

A.4.3 Calculation of ∆p ......................................................................................................................................... 82

A.4.4 Calculation of ∆p ......................................................................................................................................... 82

Annex B (informative) Pressure comfort criteria ......................................................................................... 84

B.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 84

B.2 Unsealed trains (generally τ < 0,5 s) ................................................................................................ 84

dyn

B.3 Sealed trains (generally τ > 0,5 s) ..................................................................................................... 84

dyn

Annex C (informative) Micro-pressure wave .................................................................................................. 85

C.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 85

C.2 Wave generation........................................................................................................................................... 85

C.3 Wave propagation ........................................................................................................................................ 86

C.4 Wave radiation .............................................................................................................................................. 86

Annex D (informative) Pressure loading on unsealed crossing trains .................................................. 88

Annex E (informative) Validation cases for the assessment of aerodynamic loads .......................... 91

E.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 91

E.2 Validation procedure .................................................................................................................................. 91

Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential

requirements of EU Directive 2016/797/EU aimed to be covered ............................................ 93

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 95

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European foreword

This document (prEN 14067-5:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway

Applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 14067 5:2006+A1:2010.
EN 14067 Railway applications — Aerodynamics consists of the following parts:
— Part 1: Symbols and units;
— Part 3: Aerodynamics in tunnels;
— Part 4: Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics on open track;
— Part 5: Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics in tunnels;
— Part 6: Requirements and test procedures for cross wind assessment.

The results of the EU-funded research project “AeroTRAIN” (Grant Agreement No. 233985) have been

used.

The contents of the previous edition of EN 14067-5 have been integrated in this document; they have

been re-structured and extended to support the Technical Specifications for the Interoperability of the

Trans-European rail system. Requirements on conformity assessment for rolling stock were added.

This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the

European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 2016/797/EU.

For relationship with EU Directive 2016/797/EU, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of

this document.
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1 Scope

This document establishes aerodynamic requirements, test procedures, assessment methods and

acceptance criteria for operating rolling stock in tunnels. Aerodynamic pressure variations, loads, micro

pressure wave generation and further aerodynamic aspects to be expected in tunnel operation are

addressed in this document. Requirements for the aerodynamic design of rolling stock and tunnels of

the heavy rail system are provided. The requirements apply to heavy rail systems only.

2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 12663-1:2010+A1:2014,Railway applications - Structural requirements of railway vehicle bodies -

Part 1: Locomotives and passenger rolling stock (and alternative method for freight wagons)

EN 12663-2:2010, Railway applications - Structural requirements of railway vehicle bodies - Part 2:

Freight wagons

EN 14067-4:2013+A1:2018Railway applications - Aerodynamics - Part 4: Requirements and test

procedures for aerodynamics on open track
EN 15273 (all parts), Railway applications — Gauges
ISO 8756:1994, Air quality — Handling of temperature, pressure and humidity data
prEN 17343:2019, Railway applications — General terms and definitions
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
compression wave

approximate step change in pressure above ambient that travels at the speed of sound

3.2
expansion wave

approximate step change in pressure below ambient that travels at the speed of sound

3.3
Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD)
numerical methods of approximating and solving the formulae of fluid dynamics
3.4
exceptional loads

maximum loads occurring occasionally during normal operations due to both static and transient loads

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3.5
fatigue loads

very large number of dynamic and aerodynamic loads of varying magnitude that the structures of rail

vehicle bodies or infrastructure components are subjected to during their operational life

3.6
static loads
loads that are constant or nearly constant with time

Note 1 to entry: These loads include the dynamic pressure due to the airflow acceleration around the front of

the train and pressure changes caused by strong side winds.
3.7
transient loads
loads that vary in time
Note 1 to entry: Transient loads can be divided into three kinds:

a) loads caused by trains crossing with other trains in the open air or due to the pressure field around the

train;

b) loads caused by trains travelling alone or crossing with other trains in tunnels;

c) loads that arise due to the turbulent nature of the flow around trains.

Note 2 to entry: Loads a) and b) are relevant for all train structures, but loads c) may be only relevant for some

high speed train components and are not considered in this standard.
3.8
tunnel

excavation or a construction around the track provided to allow the railway to pass through, for

example, higher land, buildings or water
3.9
tunnel length

length of a tunnel is defined as the length of the fully enclosed section, measured centrally at rail level

3.10
tunnel cross-sectional area (for blockage ratio)

free cross-sectional area of a tunnel not including ballast, rail, sleepers, longitudinal piping, platform

3.11
vehicle cross-sectional area (for blockage ratio)
projected cross-sectional area in lengthwise direction of vehicle
3.12
critical crossing
crossing of two trains in a tunnel leading to maximum pressure changes

Note 1 to entry: The terms crossing and passing are used interchangeably in this standard.

3.13
gauge pressure

amount by which the pressure measured in a fluid, such as air, exceeds that of the atmosphere

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3.14
fixed formation

group of rail vehicles which can only be coupled/uncoupled or assembled /disassembled (e.g.

articulated vehicles) in a workshop environment
[SOURCE: prEN 17343:2019, 3.1.6.4]
4 Symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply.
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Significance Explanation or Unit
remark
A , A area of integration see Figure 11 sPa
S T
B train/tunnel blockage ratio
b width of vehicle see Figure 2 m
C load collective see 7.7.4.1
C train friction factor or coefficient Formula (15)
f,tr
C tunnel friction factor or coefficient
f,tu
C total load collectives in open air and in Formula (35)
lifecycle
tunnels
C total load collectives in open air and in see 7.7.4.2
lifecycle,front
tunnels at front of train
C total load collectives in open air and in see 7.7.4.2
lifecycle,tail
tunnels at tail of train
C factor depending on the shape of the train Formula (C.2)
nose and the shape of the tunnel port
...