EN 12385-2:2002
(Main)Steel wire ropes - Safety - Part 2: Definitions, designation and classification
Steel wire ropes - Safety - Part 2: Definitions, designation and classification
This Part of EN 12385 defines terms, specifies designations and classifies steel wire ropes and is for use in conjunction with all other Parts of this standard.It applies to ropes which have been manufactured after the date of issue of the standard.
Stahldrahtseile - Sicherheit - Teil 2: Begriffe, Bezeichnungen und Klassifizierung
Dieser Teil dieser Europäischen Norm definiert Begriffe, legt Bezeichnungen fest und teilt Drahtseile aus Stahldraht nach Klassen ein. Er ist zur Anwendung in Verbindung mit allen anderen Teilen dieser Norm vorgesehen.
Er gilt für Seile, die nach dem Ausgabedatum der Norm hergestellt wurden.
Câbles en acier - Sécurité - Partie 2: Définitions, désignation et classification
La présente partie de la norme européenne définit les termes, spécifie les désignations et classe les câbles en acier ; elle doit être utilisée avec l'ensemble des autres parties de la présente norme.
Elle s'applique aux câbles fabriqués après la date de publication de la norme.
Jeklene žične vrvi - Varnost - 2. del: Pojmi, označbe in razvrstitev
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Steel wire ropes - Safety - Part 2: Definitions, designation and classificationWHYCâbles en acier - Sécurité - Partie 2: Définitions, désignation et classificationStahldrahtseile - Sicherheit - Teil 2: Begriffe, Bezeichnungen und KlassifizierungTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 12385-2:2002SIST EN 12385-2:2003en77.140.65ICS:SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 12385-2:200301-maj-2003
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 12385-2December 2002ICS 77.140.65English versionSteel wire ropes - Safety - Part 2: Definitions, designation andclassificationCâbles en acier - Sécurité - Partie 2: Définitions,désignation et classificationStahldrahtseile - Sicherheit - Teil 2: Begriffe,Bezeichnungen und KlassifizierungThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 October 2002.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2002 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 12385-2:2002 E
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)2ContentspageForeword.31Scope.42Normative references.43Terms and definitions.44Rope designation.285Classification.37Annex A (informative)
Elements of a rope.42Annex B (informative)
More examples of the designation system.43Annex C (informative)
Index for definitions (in alphabetical order).49Annex ZA (informative) Relationship of this document with EC Directives.51Bibliography.53
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)3ForewordThis document (EN 12385-2:2002) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 168, "Chains, ropes,webbing, slings and accessories - Safety", the secretariat of which is held by BSI.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text orby endorsement, at the latest by June 2003, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest byJune 2003.This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the EuropeanFree Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.The other parts of this European Standard are:Part 1: General requirementsPart 3: Information for use and maintenancePart 4: Stranded ropes for general lifting applicationsPart 5: Stranded ropes for liftsPart 6: Stranded ropes for mine shaftsPart 7: Locked coil ropes for mine shaftsPart 8: Stranded hauling and carrying-hauling ropes for cableway installations designed to carry personsPart 9: Locked coil carrying ropes for cableway installations designed to carry personsPart 10: Spiral ropes for general structural applicationsPart 1 provides the general requirements of Parts 4 to 10.This is the first edition of this Part.Annexes A, B and C are informative.According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the followingcountries are bound to implement this European Standard : Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)4IntroductionThis part of this European Standard has been prepared to support Parts 4 to 10 that concern themselves with theparticular requirements for steel wire ropes for use in specific applications.The rope designation system described in clause 4 is provided with the intention of it being used to describe therope in the certificate or inspection document referred to in the other Parts.The rope classification system described in clause 5 is provided to define which constructions apply to a specificrope class.The designation and classification systems described in clauses 4 and 5 respectively may also be used for ropesnot covered by the other parts of this standard.1 ScopeThis part of this European Standard defines terms, specifies designations and classifies steel wire ropes and is foruse in conjunction with all other parts of this standard.It applies to ropes that have been manufactured after the date of issue of the standard.2 Normative referencesNot applicable.3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this part of EN 12385, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1 Wires3.1.1outer wiresall wires positioned in the outer layer of a spiral rope or in the outer layer of wires in the outer strands of a strandedrope3.1.2inner wiresall wires of intermediate layers positioned between the centre wire and outer layer of wires in a spiral rope or allother wires except centre, filler, core and outer wires in a stranded rope3.1.3filler wireswires used in filler constructions to fill up the interstices between wire layers, see Figure 83.1.4centre wireswires positioned either at the centre of a spiral rope or the centres of strands of a stranded rope3.1.5core wiresall wires of the core of a stranded rope3.1.6load-bearing wiresthose wires in a rope which are regarded as contributing towards the breaking force of the rope
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)53.1.7layer of wiresan assembly of wires having one pitch circle diameter. The exception is Warrington layer comprising large andsmall wires where the smaller wires are positioned on a larger pitch circle diameter than the larger wires. The firstlayer is that which is laid immediately over the strand centreNOTEFiller wires do not constitute a separate layer.3.1.8stitching wire or strandsingle wire or strand used for the stitching of flat ropes3.1.9serving wire or strandsingle wire or strand used for making a close-wound helical serving to retain the elements of a rope in theirassembled position3.1.10 wire tensile strength grade (R)a level of requirement of tensile strength of a wire and its corresponding range. It is designated by the valueaccording to the lower limit of tensile strength and is used when specifying wire and when determining thecalculated minimum breaking force or calculated minimum aggregate breaking force of a rope, expressed in N/mm23.1.11wire tensile strength (Rm)the ratio between the maximum force obtained in a tensile test and the nominal cross-sectional area of the testpiece, expressed in N/mm23.1.12finish and quality of coatingthe condition of the surface finish of the wire e.g. uncoated (bright), zinc coated, zinc alloy coated or otherprotective coating and the class of coating, e.g. class B zinc coating, defined by the minimum mass of coating andthe adherence of the coating to the steel below3.1.13mass of coatingthe mass of coating (obtained by a prescribed method) per unit of surface area of the uncoated wire, expressed ing/m23.2
Strand types3.2.1strandan element of rope consisting of an assembly of wires of appropriate shape and dimensions laid helically in thesame direction in one or more layers around a centreNOTEStrands containing three or four wires in the first layer, or certain shaped strands (e.g. ribbon) cannot have a centre.
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)63.2.2round stranda strand with a perpendicular cross-section which is approximately the shape of a circle, see Figure 1a) Strand with one centre wire
b) Strand with (1-6) built-up centreFigure 1 — Round strand with different centres3.2.3triangular strand (V)a strand with a perpendicular cross-section which is approximately the shape of a triangle, see Figure 2Figure 2 — Triangular strand with triangular (V) centre wireNOTETriangular strands can have built-up centres e.g. 3 ´ 2 + 3F, K1V-6, K3/9 etc.3.2.4oval strand (Q)a strand having a perpendicular cross-section which is approximately the shape of an oval, see Figure 3Figure 3 — Oval strand having oval shaped centre
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)73.2.5flat ribbon strand (P)a strand without a centre wire with a perpendicular cross-section which is approximately the shape of a rectangle,see Figure 4Figure 4 — Flat ribbon strand3.2.6single lay strandstrand which contains only one layer of wires, see Figure 5Figure 5 — Single lay strand3.2.7parallel lay strandstrand which contains at least two layers of wires, all of which are laid in one operation (in the same direction)NOTE 1Also known as equal lay.NOTE 2The lay length of all the wire layers are equal and the wires of any two superimposed layers are parallel resulting inlinear contact.
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)83.2.8Sealeparallel lay strand construction with the same number of wires in both layers, see Figure 6Figure 6 — Seale construction3.2.9Warringtonparallel lay strand construction having an outer layer containing alternately large and small wires and twice thenumber of wires as the inner layer, see Figure 7Figure 7 — Warrington construction3.2.10fillerparallel lay strand construction having an outer layer containing twice the number of wires than the inner layer, withfiller wires laid in the interstices between the layers, see Figure 8
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)9Figure 8 — Filler construction3.2.11combined parallel layparallel lay strand construction having three or more layers laid in one operation and formed from a combination ofthe strand types 3.2.8 to 3.2.10, see Figure 9.Figure 9 — Combined parallel lay, example: Warrington - Seale3.2.12multiple operation lay strandconstruction containing at least two layers of wires in which successive layers are laid in more than one operation3.2.13cross-lay (M)strand which contains more than one layer of wires, all laid in the same direction. The wires of superimposed wirelayers cross one another and make point contact3.2.14compound lay (N)strand which contains a minimum of three layers of wires, the outer layer of which is laid in a separate operation,but in the same direction as the others, over a parallel lay construction forming the inner layers3.2.15compacted strand (K)a strand which has been subjected to a compacting process such as drawing, rolling or swaging whereby themetallic cross-sectional area of the wires remains unaltered whereas the shape of the wires and the dimensions ofthe strand are modified, see Figure 10
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)10a) Strand before compactingb) Strand after compactingFigure 10 — Compacted round strand3.3
Core types3.3.1core (C)central element of a round rope around which are laid helically the strands of a stranded rope or the unit ropes of acable laid rope3.3.2fibre core (FC)core made from either natural fibres (NFC) or synthetic fibres (SFC)NOTEFibre cores are normally produced in the sequence fibres to yarns, yarns to strands and strands to rope.3.3.3steel core (WC)core made from steel wires arranged as a wire strand (WSC) or as an independent wire rope (IWRC)NOTEThe steel core and/or its outer strands can also be covered with either fibre or solid polymer.3.3.4solid polymer core (SPC)core consisting of a solid polymer material having a round shape or a round shape with grooves. It may alsocontain an internal element of wire(s) or fibre3.4 Lubricants and preservation agents3.4.1rope lubricanta material applied during the manufacture of a strand, core or rope for the purpose of reducing internal frictionand/or assisting in providing protection against corrosion3.4.2impregnating agenta material used in the manufacture of natural fibre cores, coverings and inserts for the purpose of inhibiting rottingand decay
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)113.4.3preservation agenta material, usually some form of blocking compound, applied during and/or after manufacture of the rope and/or tofibre inserts and coverings for the purpose of providing protection against corrosion3.5 Insert (I)fibre or solid polymers so positioned as to separate adjacent strands or wires in the same or overlying layers, or fillthe interstices of the rope3.6
Rope types3.6.1
Stranded ropes3.6.1.1stranded ropean assembly of several strands laid helically in one or more layers around a core (single-layer rope) or centre(rotation-resistant or parallel-closed rope).NOTEStranded ropes consisting of three or four outer strands can, or cannot, have a core. 3.6.1.2single-layer ropestranded rope consisting of one layer of strands laid helically around a core, see Figure 11Figure 11 — Examples of single-layer stranded ropes3.6.1.3rotation-resistant ropestranded rope designed to generate reduced levels of torque and rotation when loaded see Figure 12NOTE 1Rotation-resistant ropes generally comprise an assembly of at least two layers of strands laid helically around acentre, the direction of lay of the outer strands being opposite to that of the underlying layer.NOTE 2Ropes having three or four strands can also be designed to exhibit rotational-resistant properties.NOTE 3Rotation-resistant ropes have previously been referred to as multi-strand and non-rotating ropes.
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)12Figure 12 —Examples of rotation-resistant ropes3.6.1.4parallel-closed rope:stranded rope consisting of at least two layers of strands laid helically in one closing operation around a strand orfibre centre, see Figure 13Figure 13 —Example of parallel-closed rope3.6.1.5compacted strand rope:rope in which the strands, prior to closing of the rope, are subjected to a compacting process such as drawing,rolling or swaging3.6.1.6compacted (swaged) rope:rope which is subjected to a compacting (usually swaging) process after closing the rope, thus reducing itsdiameter3.6.1.7cable-laid rope:an assembly of several (usually six) round stranded ropes (referred to as unit ropes) closed helically around a core(usually a seventh rope), see Figure 14
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)13Figure 14 — Example of a cable-laid rope3.6.1.8braided ropean assembly of several round strands braided in pairs, see Figure 15Figure 15 — Example of braided rope3.6.1.9electro-mechanical ropea stranded or spiral rope containing electrical conductors, see Figure 16Figure 16 — Example of stranded rope with conductors
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)143.6.1.10flat ropean assembly of unit ropes known as reddies, each comprising four strands. Usually 6,8 or 10 reddies, alternatingleft and right direction of lay, are laid side by side and held in position by stitching wires, strands or rivets, seeFigure 17Key1Single stitched2Double stitched3RivettedFigure 17 — Example of flat rope with different stitching
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)153.6.2 Spiral ropes3.6.2.1spiral ropean assembly of at least two layers of wires laid helically over a central round wire, built-up strand or parallel-lay strand.
At leastone layer of wires is laid in the opposite direction i.e. contra-lay, to that of the other layer(s) to optimise rotational characteristics, 3.6.2.2spiral strand ropespiral rope comprising only round wires, see Figure 18Figure 18 — Example of spiral strand rope3.6.2.3half-locked coil ropespiral rope having an outer layer of alternate half-lock (H-shaped) and round wires, see Figure 19Figure 19 — Example of half-locked coil rope
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)163.6.2.4full-locked coil ropespiral rope having an outer layer of full-lock (Z-shaped) wires, see Figure 20Figure 20 — Example of full-locked coil rope3.6.3
Ropes with coverings and/or fillings3.6.3.1solid polymer covered roperope which is covered (coated) with a solid polymer3.6.3.2solid polymer filled roperope in which the free internal spaces are filled with a solid polymer. The polymer extends to, or slightly beyond, theouter circumference of the rope, see Figure 21Figure 21 — Solid polymer filled rope3.6.3.3solid polymer covered and filled roperope which is covered (coated) and filled with a solid polymer3.6.3.4cushioned core roperope in which the core is covered (coated), or filled and covered (coated), with a solid polymer, see Figure 22
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)17Figure 22 — Cushioned core rope3.6.3.5cushioned roperope in which the inner layers, inner strands or core strands are covered with solid polymers or fibres to form acushion between adjacent strands or overlying layers3.7 Dimensions3.7.1dimension of round wirethe diameter (d) of the perpendicular cross-section of the wire3.7.2dimension of outer round wirethe diameter (da) of the perpendicular cross-section of the outer wire3.7.3dimension of shaped wirethe height of the full-lock wire or the height and width of the half-lock wire, see Figure 23Figure 23 — Half-lock and full-lock wire sections
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)183.7.4dimension of round strandthe diameter (ds) of the perpendicular cross-section of the strand, see Figure 24Figure 24 — Dimension of round strand3.7.5dimensions of shaped strandthe dimension of the height (ds1) and its corresponding perpendicular width (ds2), see Figure 25a) Triangular strandb) Oval strandc) Ribbon strandFigure 25 — Dimension of shaped strand
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)193.7.6dimension of round ropethat diameter which circumscribes the rope cross-section, see Figure 26Figure 26 — Dimension of round rope3.7.7dimensions of flat ropethe width (w) and thickness (s) dimensions of the complete cross-section, including stitching or clamps, seeFigure 27Figure 27 — Dimensions of flat rope3.7.8dimensions of covered round ropethe diameter which circumscribes the overall rope cross-section including the cover followed by the diameter whichcircumscribes the underlying rope (d), e.g. 16/133.7.9dimensions of covered flat ropethe width and thickness dimensions of the complete cross-section including the cover followed by the width (w) andthickness (s) dimensions of the underlying cross-section envelope, including stitches or rivets, e.g. 68 ´ 24/56 ´ 12
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)203.7.10strand lay length (h)that distance (h) parallel to the longitudinal strand axis in which an outer wire makes one complete turn (or helix)about the axis of the strand, see Figure 28hFigure 28 — Lay length - strand3.7.11rope lay length (H)that distance (H) parallel to the longitudinal rope axis in which the outer wires of a spiral rope, the outer strands of astranded rope or the unit ropes of a cable-laid rope make one complete turn (or helix) about the axis of the rope,see Figure 29HFigure 29 — Lay length – rope
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)213.7.12measured rope length (Lm)the length which corresponds to the actual length supplied using a prescribed methodNOTEThe measured length can also be specified at a pre-determined load.3.7.13nominal rope length (L)the length on which the order is usually based3.7.14strand clearance (qs)the distance corresponding to the clearance (gap) between two adjacent strands in the same strand layer3.7.15production length of stranded ropethat length of finished rope produced from one loading of the closing machine3.7.16production length of spiral rope (spiral strand or locked coil)that length of finished rope produced from one machine loading of outer wires laid over one continuous length ofinner rope3.8 Lay directions and types3.8.1lay direction of strand (z or s)the direction right (z) or left (s) corresponding to the direction of lay of the outer wires in relation to the longitudinalaxis of the strand, see Figure 30a) z (right lay)
b) s (left lay)Figure 30 — Lay direction of strands for stranded ropes3.8.2lay direction of rope (Z or S)the direction right (Z) or left (S) corresponding to the direction of lay of the outer wires in a spiral rope, the outerstrands in a stranded rope or the unit ropes in a cable-laid rope in relation to the longitudinal axis of the rope3.8.3ordinary lay (sZ or zS)stranded rope in which the direction of lay of the wires in the outer strands is in the opposite direction to the lay ofthe outer strands in the rope, see Figure 31
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)2212Right (sZ)
Left (zS)NOTEThe first letter denotes strand direction; the second letter denotes rope direction.Figure 31 — Ordinary lay3.8.4lang lay (zZ or sS)stranded rope in which the lay direction of the wires in the outer strands is in the same lay direction as that of theouter strands in the rope, see Figure 3212Right (zZ)
Left (sS)NOTEThe first letter denotes strand direction; the second letter denotes rope direction.Figure 32 — Lang lay
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)233.8.5alternate lay (aZ or aS)stranded rope in which the direction of lay of the outer strands is alternatively left and right such that half of the ropeis ordinary lay and the other half is lang lay. The lay direction of the rope will be either right (aZ) or left (aS)3.8.6contra-layrope in which at least one layer of wires in a spiral rope or one layer of strands in a stranded rope is laid in theopposite direction to the other layers3.9 Values3.9.1nominal valueconventional value by which the property is designatedNOTEThe symbol does not have a suffix.3.9.2minimum valuespecified value, associated with a property, below which the measured value is not allowed to fallNOTEThe symbol has an inferior suffix “min”.3.9.3calculated valuevalue obtained by calculation based on given or measured values and on conventional factorsNOTEThe symbol has an inferior suffix “c”.3.9.4manufacturer’s design valueany value (e.g. wire size, lay length, calculated minimum breaking force, spinning loss) which is specified in a ropedesign3.9.5reduced valuevalue of area or breaking force taking into account the reduction corresponding to the area or strength otherwisecontributed by the non-load bearing wiresNOTEThe symbol has an inferior suffix “red”.3.9.6measured valuevalue derived by direct measurement in the prescribed mannerNOTEThe symbol has an inferior suffix “m”.
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)243.10 Factors, areas, masses and breaking forces3.10.1fill factor (f)the ratio between the sum of the nominal metallic cross-sectional areas of all the wires in the rope (A) and thecircumscribed area (Au) of the rope based on its nominal diameter (d)NOTEThis can be expressed as:fAAu=3.10.2nominal metallic cross-sectional area factor (C)factor derived from fill factor and used in the calculation to determine the nominal metallic cross-sectional area of aropeNOTEThis can be expressed as:Cf=.p43.10.3nominal metallic cross-sectional area (A)the product of the nominal metallic cross-sectional area factor (C) and the square of the nominal rope diameterNOTEThis can be expressed as:
2.dC = A3.10.4calculated metallic cross-sectional area (Ac)the design value obtained from the sum of the metallic cross-sectional areas of the wires in the rope based on theirnominal diametersAc=åpd412n3.10.5measured metallic cross-sectional area (Am)the sum of the metallic cross-sectional areas of all the wires in the rope based on their measured diametersAmm=åpd4n213.10.6rope length mass factor (W)that factor which takes into account the mass of core and lubricant as well as the metallic elements3.10.7nominal rope length mass (M)that value derived from the product of the length mass factor and the square of the nominal diameterM = W.d2
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)253.10.8measured rope length mass (Mm)the mass of 1 m of rope as determined by weighing3.10.9minimum breaking force factor (K)an empirical factor used in the determination of minimum breaking force of a rope and obtained from the product offill factor (f) for the rope class or construction, spinning loss factor (k) for the rope class or construction and theconstant p/4Kfk=p.4NOTEK factors for the more common rope classes and constructions are given in the appropriate parts of this standard.3.10.10minimum breaking force (Fmin)specified value in kN, below which the measured breaking force (Fm) is not allowed to fall in a prescribed breakingforce test and normally obtained by calculation from the product of the square of the nominal diameter (d), the ropegrade (Rr) and the breaking force factor (K)1000.2minKRdFr=3.10.11rope grade (Rr)a level of requirement of breaking force which is designated by a number (e.g. 1770, 1960)NOTEIt does not imply that the actual tensile strength grades of the wires in the rope are necessarily of this grade.3.10.12calculated minimum breaking force (Fc.min)value of minimum breaking force based on the nominal wire sizes, wire tensile strength grades and spinning lossfactor for the rope class or construction as given in the manufacturer’s rope design3.10.13measured breaking force (Fm)breaking force obtained using a prescribed method3.10.14minimum aggregate breaking force (Fe.min)specified value, in kN, below which the measured aggregate breaking force is not allowed to fall in a prescribed testand normally obtained by calculation from the product of the square of the rope diameter (d), the metallic cross-sectional area factor (C) and the rope grade (Rr)1000.2min.reRCdF=3.10.15calculated minimum aggregate breaking force (Fe.c.min)value of minimum aggregate breaking force obtained by calculation from the sum of the products of cross-sectionalarea (based on nominal wire diameter) and tensile strength grade of each wire in the rope, as given in themanufacturer’s rope design3.10.16reduced minimum aggregate breaking force (Fe.red.min)specified value below which the measured reduced aggregate breaking force is not allowed to fall and is obtainedby calculation from the sum of the products of cross-sectional area (based on nominal wire diameter) and tensilestrength grade of each agreed load bearing wire in the rope
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)263.10.17measured aggregate breaking force (Fe.m)the sum of the measured breaking forces of all the individual wires taken from the rope3.10.18measured reduced aggregate breaking force (Fe.red.m)the sum of the measured breaking forces of the agreed load bearing wires taken from the rope3.10.19calculated measured breaking force (Fm.c)the product of the sum of the measured breaking forces of individual wires after they have been taken out of therope and the partial spinning loss factor obtained from the results of type testing3.10.20calculated measured aggregate breaking force (Fe.m.c)the value obtained by dividing the measured breaking force (Fm) of the rope by the partial spinning loss factorobtained from the results of type testing3.10.21measured total spinning lossthe difference between the measured aggregate breaking force, before ropemaking, and the measured breakingforce of the rope3.10.22measured partial spinning lossthe difference between the measured aggregate breaking force (Fe.m), after ropemaking, and the measuredbreaking force of the rope (Fm)3.10.23spinning loss factor (k)the ratio between either the calculated minimum aggregate breaking force (Fe.c.min) and the calculated minimumbreaking force (Fc.min) of the rope or the specified minimum aggregate breaking force (Fe.min) and the specifiedminimum breaking force (Fmin) of the rope, as determined from the ropemaker’s design3.10.24measured total spinning loss factor (km)the ratio between the measured breaking force (Fm) of the rope and the measured aggregate breaking force of therope, before ropemaking3.10.25measured partial spinning loss factor (kp.m.)the ratio between the measured breaking force (Fm) of the rope and the measured aggregate breaking force of therope, after ropemaking (Fe.m)3.10.26outer wire factor (a)factor used in the calculation of the approximate diameter of the outer wires of the outer strand layer3.10.27outer wire diameter (dd a)the value derived from the product of the outer wire factor and the nominal rope diameterd a = a.d
EN 12385-2:2002 (E)273.11 Rope characteristics3.11.1torquetorsional characteristic, the value of which is usually expressed in N.m, at a stated tensile loading and determinedby test when both rope ends are prevented from rotatingNOTETorsional characteristics can also be determined by calculation.3.11.2turnrotational characteristic, the value of which is usually expressed in degrees or turns per unit length at a statedtensile loading and determined by test when one end of the rope is free to rotate3.11.3f
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