EN 17149-2:2024
(Main)Railway applications - Strength assessment of rail vehicle structures - Part 2: Static strength assessment
Railway applications - Strength assessment of rail vehicle structures - Part 2: Static strength assessment
This document specifies a procedure for static strength assessment of rail vehicle structures.
It is part of a series of standards that specifies procedures for strength assessments of structures of rail vehicles that are manufactured, operated and maintained according to standards valid for railway applications.
The assessment procedure of the series is restricted to ferrous materials and aluminium.
This document series does not define design load cases.
This document series is not applicable for corrosive conditions or elevated temperature operation in the creep range.
This series of standards is applicable to all kinds of rail vehicles. However, it does not define in which cases or for which kinds of rail vehicles a static strength assessment is to be undertaken.
Bahnanwendungen - Festigkeitsnachweis von Schienenfahrzeugstrukturen - Teil 2: Statischer Festigkeitsnachweis
Dieses Dokument legt ein Verfahren für den statischen Festigkeitsnachweis für Schienenfahrzeugstrukturen fest.
Es ist Teil einer Normenreihe, die Verfahren zum Festigkeitsnachweis von Schienenfahrzeugstrukturen festlegt, die nach den für Bahnanwendungen geltenden Normen hergestellt, betrieben und instandgehalten werden.
Das Nachweisverfahren der Normenreihe beschränkt sich auf eisenhaltige Werkstoffe und Aluminium.
In dieser Dokumentenreihe werden keine Auslegungslastfälle definiert.
Diese Dokumentenreihe ist nicht anwendbar für Korrosionszustände oder Betrieb bei erhöhter Temperatur im Kriechbereich.
Diese Normenreihe ist für alle Arten von Schienenfahrzeugen anwendbar. Sie legt jedoch nicht fest, in welchen Fällen oder für welche Arten von Schienenfahrzeugen eine statische Festigkeitsbewertung durchzuführen ist.
Applications ferroviaires - Évaluation de la résistance des structures de véhicule ferroviaire - Partie 2 : Évaluation de la résistance statique
Le présent document spécifie la procédure pour évaluer la résistance statique des structures de véhicules ferroviaires.
Il fait partie d'une série de normes qui spécifient les procédures d'évaluation de la résistance des structures de véhicules ferroviaires qui sont fabriquées, exploitées et entretenues conformément aux normes applicables aux applications ferroviaires.
La procédure d'évaluation spécifiée dans cette série de normes se limite aux matériaux ferreux et à l'aluminium.
Cette série de normes ne définit pas de cas de charge de conception.
Cette série de normes ne s'applique pas en cas de conditions corrosives ou d'exploitation à une température élevée dans la plage de fluage.
Cette série de normes s'applique à tous les types de véhicules ferroviaires. Toutefois, elle ne spécifie pas les cas de charge et ne définit pas les cas ou les types de véhicules ferroviaires qui doivent être soumis à une évaluation de la résistance statique.
Železniške naprave - Ocenjevanje odpornosti konstrukcije železniških vozil - 2. del: Ocena statične odpornosti
Ta dokument opisuje postopek za oceno statične odpornosti konstrukcije železniških vozil, ki so izdelana, upravljana in vzdrževana v skladu s standardi za uporabo v železniških sistemih.
Postopek ocenjevanja je omejen na železne materiale in aluminij.
Ta dokument ne opredeljuje primerov konstrukcijske obremenitve.
Ta dokument se ne uporablja za korozivne pogoje ali obratovanje pri povišanih temperaturah v območju lezenja.
Ta dokument se uporablja za vse vrste železniških vozil.
General Information
Overview - EN 17149-2:2024 (Static strength assessment for rail vehicle structures)
EN 17149-2:2024, published by CEN, defines a procedure for the static strength assessment of rail vehicle structures. It is Part 2 of the EN 17149 series and is intended for structures manufactured, operated and maintained to railway standards. The standard covers assessment based on stresses and strains derived from calculation or test and supports both linear elastic and nonlinear elastic–plastic analyses. Key scope limits: it applies only to ferrous materials and aluminium, does not define design load cases, and is not applicable for corrosive environments or elevated-temperature (creep) operation.
Key topics and technical requirements
- Assessment basis: Uses stresses or strains as the primary acceptance criteria; these may be obtained by calculation or measurement.
- Analysis types: Procedures for linear elastic analysis and nonlinear elastic–plastic analysis are provided, with corresponding stress, deformation, strain and stability criteria.
- Equivalent stress methods: Guidance for computing equivalent stresses for ductile (von Mises / Drucker–Prager approaches) and brittle materials (normal stress hypothesis). The standard addresses plane stress as characteristic for surface evaluation.
- Material models: Support for bilinear, trilinear, multilinear or continuous stress–strain curves; allowance for ideal elastic–plastic behavior and different tensile/compressive proof strengths.
- Welded joints: Specific treatment of parent material, heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal properties; effect of weld throat eccentricity may be discounted for static assessment.
- Admissible plastic strain: Criteria and limits for exceptional and ultimate design loads are detailed.
- Partial factors: Sets partial factors for loads, component static strength (including consequence of failure, validation degree, material hardening, casting), and instability to be used in safety evaluations.
- Exclusions: Does not specify which load cases to use or when an assessment is required for specific vehicle types.
Practical applications and users
- Used by structural engineers, design offices, testing teams and certification bodies performing static strength verification for rolling stock components (bodies, bogie frames, structural subassemblies).
- Applicable when documenting compliance of structural components to European railway strength assessment procedures or when validating repairs/modifications.
- Useful for CFD/FEA analysts implementing linear or nonlinear finite element models for static load checks and for test engineers comparing measured strains/stresses with design criteria.
Related standards
- EN 17149-1:2024 - Part 1: General (series overview)
- EN 17149-3 - Part 3: Fatigue strength assessment (under preparation)
- Normative references cited: EN 12663-1/2, EN 13749, EN 15227, EN 15827, EN 17343, ISO/TR 25901-1.
Keywords: EN 17149-2:2024, static strength assessment, rail vehicle structures, railway applications, ferrous materials, aluminium, linear elastic analysis, nonlinear elastic–plastic analysis, equivalent stress, weld HAZ.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-2024
Železniške naprave - Ocenjevanje odpornosti konstrukcije železniških vozil - 2.
del: Ocena statične odpornosti
Railway applications - Strength assessment of rail vehicle structures - Part 2: Static
strength assessment
Bahnanwendungen - Festigkeitsnachweis von Schienenfahrzeugstrukturen - Teil 2:
Statischer Festigkeitsnachweis
Applications ferroviaires - Évaluation de la résistance des structures de véhicule
ferroviaire - Partie 2 : Évaluation de la résistance statique
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 17149-2:2024
ICS:
45.060.01 Železniška vozila na splošno Railway rolling stock in
general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 17149-2
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
April 2024
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 45.060.01
English Version
Railway applications - Strength assessment of rail vehicle
structures - Part 2: Static strength assessment
Applications ferroviaires - Évaluation de la résistance Bahnanwendungen - Festigkeitsnachweis von
des structures de véhicule ferroviaire - Partie 2 : Schienenfahrzeugstrukturen - Teil 2: Statischer
Évaluation de la résistance statique Festigkeitsnachweis
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 February 2024.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2024 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 17149-2:2024 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 6
4 Stress and strain determination . 7
4.1 General. 7
4.2 Calculation of equivalent stress with linear elastic material behaviour . 7
4.2.1 General. 7
4.2.2 Equivalent stress for ductile materials . 7
4.2.3 Equivalent stress for brittle materials . 8
4.3 Calculation with nonlinear material behaviour . 8
4.3.1 Material models . 8
4.3.2 Equivalent stress . 10
4.3.3 Equivalent plastic strain. 10
4.4 Determination of stresses and strains by test . 10
5 Static strength . 11
5.1 Material properties . 11
5.1.1 General. 11
5.1.2 Parent material . 11
5.1.3 Heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal . 12
5.2 Admissible plastic strain . 13
5.2.1 Exceptional design loads . 13
5.2.2 Ultimate design loads . 14
6 Partial factors . 15
6.1 General. 15
6.2 Partial factor for loads γ . 15
L
6.3 Partial factor for the component static strength γ . 15
M
6.3.1 General. 15
6.3.2 Partial factor for the consequence of failure γ . 15
M,S
6.3.3 Partial factor for the degree of the validation process γ . 16
M,V
6.3.4 Partial factor for the material hardening γ . 16
M,T
6.3.5 Partial factor for casting γ . 16
M,G
6.4 Partial factor for instability γ . 17
I
7 Static strength assessment procedure . 17
7.1 General. 17
7.2 Linear elastic analysis . 17
7.2.1 Stress criterion . 17
7.2.2 Deformation criterion . 18
7.2.3 Stability criterion . 19
7.3 Nonlinear elastic-plastic analysis . 19
7.3.1 General . 19
7.3.2 Stress criterion . 19
7.3.3 Strain criterion . 20
7.3.4 Deformation criterion . 20
7.3.5 Stability criterion. 20
Annex A (informative) Additional information for the section factor n . 21
pl,ε
Bibliography . 22
European foreword
This document (EN 17149-2:2024) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “'Railway
applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2024, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by October 2024.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document is part of the series EN 17149 Railway applications — Strength assessment of rail vehicle
structures, which consists of the following parts:
— Part 1: General
— Part 2: Static strength assessment
The following part is under preparation:
— Part 3: Fatigue strength assessment based on cumulative damage
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the United
Kingdom.
Introduction
This document provides procedures and criteria for the static strength assessment based on linear
analysis or nonlinear elastic plastic analysis.
It does not define load cases and does not define in which cases, for which structural components or for
which kinds of rail vehicles a static strength assessment is to be undertaken.
1 Scope
This document specifies a procedure for static strength assessment of rail vehicle structures.
It is part of a series of standards that specifies procedures for strength assessments of structures of rail
vehicles that are manufactured, operated and maintained according to standards valid for railway
applications.
The assessment procedure of the series is restricted to ferrous materials and aluminium.
This document series does not define design load cases.
This document series is not applicable for corrosive conditions or elevated temperature operation in the
creep range.
This series of standards is applicable to all kinds of rail vehicles. However, it does not define in which
cases or for which kinds of rail vehicles a static strength assessment is to be undertaken.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12663-1:2010+A2:2023, Railway applications — Structural requirements of railway vehicle bodies —
Part 1: Locomotives and passenger rolling stock (and alternative method for freight wagons)
EN 12663-2:2010+A1:2023, Railway applications — Structural requirements of railway vehicle bodies —
Part 2: Freight wagons
EN 13749:2021, Railway applications — Wheelsets and bogies — Method of specifying the structural
requirements of bogie frames
EN 15227:2020, Railway applications — Crashworthiness requirements for rail vehicles
EN 15827:2011, Railway applications — Requirements for bogies and running gears
EN 17149-1:2024, Railway applications — Strength assessment of rail vehicle structures — Part 1: General
EN 17343:2023, Railway applications — General terms and definitions
ISO/TR 25901-1:2016, Welding and allied processes — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations given in
ISO/TR 25901-1:2016, EN 17343:2023 and EN 17149-1:2024 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
4 Stress and strain determination
4.1 General
The assessment procedure is based on stresses or strains. These can be derived from calculation or from
measurement during testing.
Stresses and strains may be determined with linear elastic material behaviour or nonlinear material
behaviour.
For the determination of stresses or strains for the static strength assessment of welded joints, the effects
of the weld throat eccentricity e may be discounted.
W
4.2 Calculation of equivalent stress with linear elastic material behaviour
4.2.1 General
For the calculation of equivalent stress, the plane stress tensor on the surface of the component should
be used as characteristic stress value for the static strength assessment. The stress components of the
plane stress tensor are σ , σ , τ with associated principal normal stresses σ , σ .
x y xy 1 2
The equivalent stress shall be determined in dependence of the ductility of the material.
NOTE Ductile material and brittle material are defined in EN 17149-1:2024.
The equivalent stress for ductile materials shall be based on the Von Mises hypothesis (see Formula (3)).
The equivalent stress for brittle materials shall be determined in accordance with the normal stress
hypothesis (see Formula (4) and Formula (5)).
In case of a material with different tensile proof strength and compressive proof strength (e.g. cast
material) 4.2.2 and 4.2.3 may be applied.
The compressive strength factor f is the ratio of the compressive proof strength over the tensile proof
c
strength. This factor accounts for the enhanced strength of cast materials in the case of a compressive
strength condition. The value of f shall be determined by material properties specified in standards or
c
other validated data. In cases where those material properties are not available, the values given in
Table 1 may be applied.
Table 1 — Parameter f
C
Non-cast
Cast
Material group GS GJS, ADI GJL GJM
materials
aluminium
1,0
f
1,0 1,3 2,5 1,5 1,5
C
As a simplified approach, the compressive strength factor for cast material f may be generally set to 1,0.
c
4.2.2 Equivalent stress for ductile materials
The equivalent stress σ for ductile material may be determined according to the Drucker-Prager
eq
hypothesis in accordance with Formula (1).
f −11f +
CC
(1)
σ 3 σσ+
eq H vM
22f f
CC
=
NOTE 1 For f =1,0 Formula (1) results in σσ= .
eq vM
C
σ is the hydrostatic stress. For the plane stress state σ is calculated in accordance with Formula (2).
H H
σσ+
σ = (2)
H
σ is the equivalent stress according to the Von Mises hypothesis. For the plane stress state σ is
vM vM
calculated in accordance with Formula (3).
σ σ−⋅σσ+σ (3)
vM 1 1 2 2
NOTE 2 Formula (1) is also valid for the general three-dimensional stress state by taking the formulae for σ
H
and σ from the technical literature.
vM
For a material where the compressive proof strength is lower than the tensile proof strength (e.g. in case
of stainless steel in hardened condition), the above method may be applied with an appropriate factor for
f but is limited to a plane stress state.
C
4.2.3 Equivalent stress for brittle materials
The equivalent stress σ for brittle materials is determined according to the normal stress hypothesis
eq
in accordance with Formula (4) and Formula (5).
(4)
σ = max σσ, , σ
( )
eq cc1 2 c3
with the principal normal stress adjusted by the compressive strength factor
σ
1,2,3
forσ < 0
1,2,3
f
σ = (5)
C
c1,c2,c3
σσ for ≥ 0
1,2,3 1,2,3
NOTE For f =1,0 Formula (4) results in σ = max σσ, , σ .
( )
C eq 1 2 3
4.3 Calculation with nonlinear material behaviour
4.3.1 Material models
The real material behaviour (Figure 1) may be approximated by bi-linear (Figure 2), tri-linear (Figure 3),
multilinear or continuous material models. Hardening effects for strains exceeding the proof strength
may be applied but also the application of an elastic ideal-plastic material law is allowed. Also, different
tensile proof strength and compressive proof strength may be accounted for by an appropriate stress-
strain curve.
Depending on the material model, the limit for the elastic behaviour represented by the proof strength
R can be either the upper yield strength R or the 0,2 % proof strength R as defined in
p eH p0,2
EN ISO 6892-1.
NOTE [1] and [2] give hints about the definition of the material law for the nonlinear stress strain calculation.
=
Key
1 true stress strain behaviour
2 engineering stress strain behaviour
Figure 1 — Real material behaviour a) without distinctive yield strength
b) with distinctive yield strength
Key
1 true stress strain behaviour
2 bi-linear approximation
Figure 2 — Bi-linear material model a) without distinctive yield strength
b) with distinctive yield strength
Key
1 true stress strain behaviour
2 tri-linear approximation
Figure 3 — Tri-linear material model a) without distinctive yield strength
b) with distinctive yield strength
4.3.2 Equivalent stress
The calculation of equivalent stress with nonlinear material behaviour follows the procedure for linear
elastic material behaviour given in 4.2.
4.3.3 Equivalent plastic strain
The equivalent plastic strain is generally calculated according to the Von Mises hypothesis and may be
determined following the technical literature or by applying Formula (6).
2 2 2 2 2 2
ε ε++εε+ ε+ε+ε (6)
( ) ( )
p,eq p,x p,y p,z p,xy p,yz p,xz
4.4 Determination of stresses and strains by test
The stresses and strains determined by testing shall be obtained from measured strains on the
component resulting from the application of the test loads. Residual stresses present prior to the
application of the test load, resulting from the manufacturing process may be discounted.
Depending on the kind of assessment procedure (see Clause 7), the stresses shall be determined from
measured strains with linear elastic material behaviour or nonlinear material models as given in 4.3.1.
=
5 Static strength
5.1 Material properties
5.1.1 General
The material properties for the static strength assessment of the parent material and welded joints under
the application temperature within the range given in the material specification are described in 5.1. If
the scope of the application is exceeded, an assessment method shall be chosen which accounts for the
specific application.
NOTE 1 As an example, FKM Guideline [33] gives guidance for higher temperatures.
The material properties shall comply with the component strength values based on a survival probability
of P = 97,5 %. Strength values taken from material standards fulfil these requirements.
S
In accordance with 7.1, at welded joints the assessment is required for the weld metal, the heat affected
zone (HAZ) and the adjacent parent material considering the width of the HAZ. The relevant thickness
and the strength values for each area to be used for the strength assessment are given in Table 2.
NOTE 2 The definition of the heat affected zone (HAZ) is given in ISO/TR 25901-1:2016, 2.1.2.2.
Table 2 — Relevant thickness and strength values
Strength values R , R , A
Area Relevant thickness
p m
Parent material Plate thickness Strength values of the parent material
Minimum of the parent material and the
Heat-affected zone Plate thickness in the heat-affected
a
HAZ zone
HAZ
Minimum of the parent material, the
Weld metal Effective throat thickness a
a b
HAZ and the weld metal
a
If the permanent elongation at rupture A for the HAZ is not available, the value for the parent material may be
applied.
b
Welding results in mixing of the weld metal with the parent material. Therefore, the effective strength value of a
weld can be higher than the minimum value of the weld metal, parent material or heat-affected zone. Higher
strength values for the heat-affected zone may be used if this is demonstrated, e. g. with tensile strength tests.
5.1.2 Parent material
Material properties shall be valid for the assessment location.
If the strength properties of semi-finished products consider the original wall thickness, the influence of
the component size is generally covered.
NOTE Semi-finished products can have significantly varying strength properties over their cross section.
Anisotropy effects due to manufacturing processes are addressed by the anisotropy factor f . For rolled
A
sheets and extrusions an anisotropy factor f shall be considered in the direction transverse to the main
A
direction of rolling in accordance with Table 3, unless this is already considered or explicitly excluded in
the material standard or component specification.
Table 3 — Anisotropy factor f for steel and aluminium
A
Material R f
m,N A
[N/mm ]
Rolled steel ≤ 600 0,9
> 600 ≤ 900 0,86
Rolled sheets and extrusions of aluminium ≤ 200 1,0
> 200 ≤ 400 0,95
> 400 ≤ 600 0,9
All other material applications 1,0
Heat-affected zone 1,0
The static material strength values of parent material for the static strength assessment are given in
Formula (7) and Formula (8).
R fR⋅ (7)
m A m,N
R fR⋅ (8)
p A p,N
5.1.3 Heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal
The material properties for the static strength assessment of the weld metal and the heat-affected zone
shall be derived from appropriate standards, material specifications, weld process specifications (see
EN 15085 series) or tech
...
Frequently Asked Questions
EN 17149-2:2024 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Railway applications - Strength assessment of rail vehicle structures - Part 2: Static strength assessment". This standard covers: This document specifies a procedure for static strength assessment of rail vehicle structures. It is part of a series of standards that specifies procedures for strength assessments of structures of rail vehicles that are manufactured, operated and maintained according to standards valid for railway applications. The assessment procedure of the series is restricted to ferrous materials and aluminium. This document series does not define design load cases. This document series is not applicable for corrosive conditions or elevated temperature operation in the creep range. This series of standards is applicable to all kinds of rail vehicles. However, it does not define in which cases or for which kinds of rail vehicles a static strength assessment is to be undertaken.
This document specifies a procedure for static strength assessment of rail vehicle structures. It is part of a series of standards that specifies procedures for strength assessments of structures of rail vehicles that are manufactured, operated and maintained according to standards valid for railway applications. The assessment procedure of the series is restricted to ferrous materials and aluminium. This document series does not define design load cases. This document series is not applicable for corrosive conditions or elevated temperature operation in the creep range. This series of standards is applicable to all kinds of rail vehicles. However, it does not define in which cases or for which kinds of rail vehicles a static strength assessment is to be undertaken.
EN 17149-2:2024 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 45.060.01 - Railway rolling stock in general. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 17149-2:2024 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 2008/57/EC; Standardization Mandates: M/483. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
You can purchase EN 17149-2:2024 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CEN standards.
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