prEN ISO 19014-5

Earth-moving machinery - Functional safety - Part 5: Tables of performance levels (ISO/DIS 19014-5:2025)

This document provides normative tables of machine performance levels required (MPLr) by common function and type for earth-moving machinery (EMM) as defined in ISO 6165. These MPLr can then be mapped or applied to safety control systems (SCS) used to control or that affect the functions defined in the table.
The MPLr in this document are determined through the machine control system safety analysis (MCSSA) process outlined in ISO 19014-1. A brief explanation of how the levels were derived and the associated assumptions are contained herein.
This document is not applicable to EMM manufactured before the date of its publication.

Erdbaumaschinen - Funktionale Sicherheit - Teil 5: Tabellen mit Performance Leveln (ISO/DIS 19014-5.2:2025)

Dieses Dokument enthält normative Tabellen mit erforderlichen Performance Leveln der Maschine (MPLr, en: machine performance level required) nach üblicher Funktion und Typ der Erdbaumaschine (EMM, en: earth-moving machinery) entsprechend ISO 6165:2022. Dieses MPLr kann dann Sicherheitssteuerungen (SCS, en: safety control system), die die in der Tabelle aufgeführten Funktionen steuern oder beeinflussen, zugeordnet oder darauf angewendet werden.
Die MPLr in diesem Dokument werden mithilfe der in ISO 19014 1:20XX beschriebenen Sicherheitsanalyse der Maschinensteuerung (MCSSA, en: machine control system safety analysis) bestimmt. Hierin sind eine kurze Erläuterung zur Ableitung der Level und die entsprechenden Annahmen enthalten.
Dieses Dokument ist nicht anwendbar für EMM, die vor dem Veröffentlichungsdatum dieses Dokuments hergestellt wurden.

Engins de terrassement - Sécurité fonctionnelle - Partie 5: Tableaux des niveaux de performance (ISO/DIS 19014-5:2025)

Le présent document fournit les tableaux normatifs des niveaux de performance de machine requis (MPLr) par fonction courante et types d’engin de terrassement tels que définis dans l’ISO 6165. Ces MPLr peuvent par conséquent être mis en correspondance ou appliqués aux systèmes de commande de sécurité (SCS) utilisés pour commander ou affecter les fonctions définies dans le tableau.
Les MPLr du présent document sont déterminés au travers du processus d’analyse de sécurité des systèmes de commande de la machine (MCSSA) exposée dans l’ISO 19014-1. Le présent document donne une brève explication sur la manière dont les niveaux, ainsi que les hypothèses associées, ont été établis.
Le présent document n’est pas applicable aux engins de terrassement fabriqués avant la date de sa publication.

Stroji za zemeljska dela - Funkcijska varnost - 5. del: Tabele ravni zmogljivosti (ISO/DIS 19014-5:2025)

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Publication Date: 19-Jan-2027
• ICS: 53.100 - Earth-moving machinery
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 151 - Construction equipment and building material machines - Safety
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 151/WG 1 - Earth-moving machinery - Safety
• Current Stage: 4060 - Closure of enquiry - Enquiry
• Start Date: 19-Sep-2025
• Due Date: 15-Oct-2026
• Completion Date: 19-Sep-2025
• Directive: 2023/1230 - Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2023 on machinery and repealing Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Directive 73/361/EEC (Text with EEA relevance)
• Mandate: M/605 - COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION of 20.1.2025 on a standardisation request to the European Committee for Standardization and to the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization as regards machinery and related products in support of Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 of the European Parliament and of the Council
• Ref Project: oSIST prEN ISO 19014-5:2025 - Earth-moving machinery - Functional safety - Part 5: Tables of performance levels (ISO/DIS 19014-5:2025)

Overview

prEN ISO 19014-5 (ISO/DIS 19014-5:2025) - Earth-moving machinery - Functional safety - Part 5: Tables of performance levels - provides normative tables of machine performance levels required (MPLr) for common functions and machine types defined in ISO 6165. These MPLr are intended to be mapped to or applied within safety control systems (SCS) that control, or affect, the functions listed. The levels are derived using the machine control system safety analysis (MCSSA) process described in ISO 19014-1, and the document includes a brief explanation of derivation assumptions. This standard is for EMM manufactured on or after its publication date.

Key topics and requirements

• Normative MPLr tables: Predefined machine performance levels for many earth-moving machinery (EMM) functions, organized by machine type.
• Mapping to SCS: Guidance on how to map listed functions to a Safety Control System and apply MPLr in design and verification.
• MCSSA linkage: MPLr values determined through the MCSSA process from ISO 19014-1, with supporting scenario assumptions and derivation notes.
• Scope and applicability rules: Instructions on when the tables apply, truncation rules, and effects of differing technologies on MCSSA outcomes.
• Scenario and usage data: Additional MCSSA scenario information such as roading, steering while roading, work cycles, swing/slew behaviours, seat-belt considerations, and maintenance tasks.
• Extensive annexes: Normative performance tables for a broad range of machine types - rigid and articulated dumpers, crawler and wheeled excavators, backhoe loaders, wheel loaders (large/medium/compact), skid steer loaders, graders, dozers, trenchers, pipelayers, scrapers, rollers, landfill compactors, powered attachments and more.
• Regulatory alignment: Informative annex relating the standard to Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 where applicable.

Applications and users

This standard is practical for:

• OEMs and machine designers implementing functional safety in new earth-moving equipment.
• Safety engineers and system integrators mapping machine functions to SCS and selecting appropriate MPLr.
• Compliance and certification bodies assessing conformance with functional safety expectations.
• Fleet operators and maintenance managers seeking to understand required safety performance for retrofits and replacements (note: not applicable to machines manufactured before publication).
• Regulatory and procurement teams referencing harmonized MPLr for specifications and tenders.

Related standards

• ISO 19014-1 (MCSSA process and general functional safety framework)
• ISO 6165 (classification/definition of earth-moving machinery)
• Relevant Type-A/B machinery safety standards and regional regulations (see Annex ZA for the EU relationship)

Keywords: prEN ISO 19014-5, ISO/DIS 19014-5:2025, earth-moving machinery, functional safety, machine performance levels, MPLr, safety control systems, MCSSA.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2025
Stroji za zemeljska dela - Funkcijska varnost - 5. del: Tabele ravni zmogljivosti
(ISO/DIS 19014-5:2025)
Earth-moving machinery - Functional safety - Part 5: Tables of performance levels
(ISO/DIS 19014-5:2025)
Erdbaumaschinen - Funktionale Sicherheit - Teil 5: Tabellen mit Performance Leveln
(ISO/DIS 19014-5:2025)
Engins de terrassement - Sécurité fonctionnelle - Partie 5: Tableaux des niveaux de
performance (ISO/DIS 19014-5:2025)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 19014-5
ICS:
53.100 Stroji za zemeljska dela Earth-moving machinery
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/DIS 19014-5.2
ISO/TC 127/SC 2
Earth-moving machinery —
Secretariat: ANSI
Functional safety —
Voting begins on:
Part 5: 2025-07-25
Tables of performance levels
Voting terminates on:
2025-09-19
Engins de terrassement — Sécurité fonctionnelle —
Partie 5: Tableaux des niveaux de performance
ICS: 53.100
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENTS AND APPROVAL. IT
IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE
AND MAY NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL
PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
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BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
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USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
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POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
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RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION.
Reference number
ISO/DIS 19014-5.2:2025(en)
DRAFT
ISO/DIS 19014-5.2:2025(en)
International
Standard
ISO/DIS 19014-5.2
ISO/TC 127/SC 2
Earth-moving machinery —
Secretariat: ANSI
Functional safety —
Voting begins on:
Part 5:
2025-07-25
Tables of performance levels
Voting terminates on:
2025-09-19
Engins de terrassement — Sécurité fonctionnelle —
Partie 5: Tableaux des niveaux de performance
ICS: 53.100
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENTS AND APPROVAL. IT
IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE
AND MAY NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL
PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
© ISO 2025
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
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TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
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Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ISO/DIS 19014-5.2:2025(en)
ii
ISO/DIS 19014-5.2:2025(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General . 3
4.1 General principles .3
4.1.1 Safety requirements .3
4.2 Mapping of functions to a SCS .3
4.3 Applicability of the listed MPL to machines .3
r
4.4 Truncation .4
4.5 Effects of different technologies on MCSSA .4
4.6 Supporting diagrams and data for the tables of machine performance levels .5
5 Additional MCSSA scenario information . 5
5.1 Traffic rate on road .5
5.2 Steering while roading .5
5.3 Slow/stop and machine speed .7
5.4 Work cycles .7
5.4.1 Dumpers . .8
5.4.2 Excavators .8
5.4.3 Wheel loaders . . .9
5.4.4 Skid steer loaders .10
5.5 Swing/slew of backhoe loaders and excavators .11
5.5.1 H variable for working beside traffic or co-workers .11
5.5.2 P values for swinging into traffic or co-workers . 12
5.6 Maximum foreseeable P variables for typical areas on a site . 13
5.7 Seat belts . 13
5.8 Maintenance tasks . . 13
5.9 Backhoe arm out and wheeled excavator or backhoe stabilizer down while travelling
or roading . 13
6 Information for use . 14
Annex A (normative) Performance level tables for rigid frame dump trucks .15
Annex B (normative) Articulated-frame dumpers equal to or greater than 22 000 kg
performance level tables . .25
Annex C (normative) Articulated-frame dumpers equal to or less than 22 000 kg performance
level tables .30
Annex D (normative) Crawler excavators less than 109 000 kg performance level tables .36
Annex E (normative) Wheeled excavators performance level tables .50
Annex F (normative) Backhoe loaders performance level tables .66
Annex G (normative) Large wheel loaders equal to or greater than 24 000 kg performance level
tables .77
Annex H (normative) Medium, small and compact wheel loaders less than 24 000 kg
performance level tables . .88
Annex I (normative) Wheeled and crawler skid steer loaders performance level tables .96
Annex J (normative) Landfill compactor performance level tables .105
Annex K (normative) Roller performance level tables .110
Annex L (normative) Grader performance level tables .117

iii
ISO/DIS 19014-5.2:2025(en)
Annex M (normative) Crawler dozer performance level tables . 128
Annex N (normative) Pipelayer performance level tables .136
Annex O (normative) Crawler loader performance level tables .143
Annex P (normative) Wheeled dozer performance level tables .151
Annex Q (normative) Scraper performance level tables .156
Annex R (normative) Crawler excavators equal to or greater than 109 000 kg performance
level tables .162
Annex S (normative) Cable excavator (front shovel) performance level tables .170
Annex T (normative) Cable excavator (dragline) performance level tables .177
Annex U (normative) Compact trencher less than 4 500 kg performance level tables .183
Annex V (normative) Medium trencher greater than or equal to 4 500 kg and less than
18 000 kg performance level tables .199
Annex W (normative) Heavy trencher greater than or equal to 18 000 kg performance level
tables . 209
Annex X (normative) Telescopic wheel loader performance level tables .222
Annex Y (normative) Compact tool carrier performance level tables .224
Annex Z (normative) Powered attachments performance level tables .232
Annex AA (normative) Miscellaneous functions .236
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 aimed to be covered .242
Bibliography . 243

iv
ISO/DIS 19014-5.2:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 127, Earth-moving machinery, Subcommittee
SC 2, Safety, ergonomics and general requirements.
This first editioncancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TS 19014-5:20XX), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— Referenced standards to be dated.
— MCSSA discrepancies as shown in the proof comments plus other unresolved proof issues
— Alternative control outcome to be added to all scenariosA list of all parts in the ISO 19014 series can be
found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

v
ISO/DIS 19014-5.2:2025(en)
Introduction
This document addresses systems of all energy types used for functional safety in earth-moving machinery.
The structure of safety standards in the field of machinery is as follows:
Type-A standards (basis standards) give basic concepts, principles for design and general aspects that can
be applied to machinery.
Type-B standards (generic safety standards) deal with one or more safety aspects, or one or more types of
safeguards that can be used across a wide range of machinery:
— type-B1 standards on particular safety aspects (e.g. safety distances, surface temperature, noise);
— type-B2 standards on safeguards (e.g. two-hands controls, interlocking devices, pressure sensitive
devices, guards).
Type-C standards (machinery safety standards) deal with detailed safety requirements for a particular
machine or group of machines.
This document contains a list of machine performance level requirements (MPL ) by function and earth-
r
moving machinery type, determined through the process outlined in ISO 19014-1:202X.
This document is a type-C standard as stated in ISO 12100:2010.
This document is of relevance, in particular, for the following stakeholder groups representing the market
players with regard to machinery safety:
— machine manufacturers (small, medium and large enterprises);
— health and safety bodies (regulators, accident prevention organizations, market surveillance etc.).
Others can be affected by the level of machinery safety achieved with the means of the document by the
above-mentioned stakeholder groups:
— machine users/employers (small, medium and large enterprises);
— machine users/employees (e.g. trade unions, organizations for people with special needs);
— service providers, e. g. for maintenance (small, medium and large enterprises);
— consumers (in case of machinery intended for use by consumers).
The above-mentioned stakeholder groups have been given the possibility to participate at the drafting
process of this document.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations or hazardous events are
covered are indicated in the Scope of this document.
When requirements of this type-C standard are different from those which are stated in type-A or type-B
standards, the requirements of this type-C standard take precedence over the requirements of the other
standards for machines that have been designed and built according to the requirements of this type-C
standard.
vi
DRAFT International Standard ISO/DIS 19014-5.2:2025(en)
Earth-moving machinery — Functional safety —
Part 5:
Tables of performance levels
1 Scope
This document provides normative tables of machine performance levels required (MPL ) by common function
r
and type for earth-moving machinery (EMM) as defined in ISO 6165:2022. These MPL can then be mapped or
r
applied to safety control systems (SCS) used to control or that affect the functions defined in the table.
The MPL in this document are determined through the machine control system safety analysis (MCSSA)
r
process outlined in ISO 19014-1:20XX. A brief explanation of how the levels were derived and the associated
assumptions are contained herein.
This document is not applicable to EMM manufactured before the date of its publication.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 6165:2022, Earth-moving machinery — Basic types — Identification and vocabulary
ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction
ISO 19014-1:20XX, Earth-moving machinery — Functional safety — Part 1: Methodology to determine safety-
related parts of the control system and performance requirements
ISO 19014-2:20XX, Earth-moving machinery — Functional safety – Part 2: Design and evaluation of hardware
and architecture requirements for safety-related parts of the control system
ISO 19014-3:20XX, Earth-moving machinery — Functional safety — Part 3: Environmental performance and
test requirements of electronic and electrical components used in safety-related parts of the control system
ISO 19014-4:20XX, Earth-moving machinery — Functional safety — Part 4: Design and evaluation of software
and data transmission for safety-related parts of the control system
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 6165:2022, ISO 12100:2010,
ISO 19014–1:20XX, ISO 19014-2:20XX, ISO 19014-3:20XX, ISO 19014-4:20XX and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/

ISO/DIS 19014-5.2:2025(en)
3.1
hold still
function that keeps the wheels or crawler tracks stationary, preventing the machine from moving
EXAMPLE A SCS that would control the hold still function is a park brake.
3.2
slow/stop
function which reduces or brings to zero the machine speed (3.4)
EXAMPLE A SCS that would control the slow/stop function is a service brake.
3.3
machine speed
function which controls the rate of travel
EXAMPLE A SCS that would control the machine speed function is a throttle control, propel control or gear
selection control.
3.4
engine speed
function which controls the rotational speed of the engine
EXAMPLE A SCS that would control the engine speed function is a throttle control.
3.5
machine direction
function which controls the longitudinal direction of the machine travel
EXAMPLE A SCS that would control the machine direction function is a forward/neutral/reverse selection
control.
3.6
steering
function which controls the lateral direction of machine travel
EXAMPLE A SCS that would control the steering function is a steering wheel or joystick.
3.7
swing/slew
function which controls the clockwise or anti-clockwise rotation of the upper structure of an excavator or
digging linkage
EXAMPLE A SCS that would control the swing/slew function is a joystick.
3.8
roading
machines moving on a road (3.14)
Note 1 to entry: A suitably designed machine and road homologation can be required.
3.9
traveling
machine moving from one point on a worksite to another without going on a road (3.14)
EXAMPLE On a haul road, unimproved road or other thoroughfare on a site.
3.10
high wall
mine, quarry or other similar type wall associated with the worksite that a machine is working near
Note 1 to entry: It is considered machine abuse (3.9) to operate machines near high walls without berms (3.13) in place.

ISO/DIS 19014-5.2:2025(en)
3.11
berm
pile of dirt, rocks or other material intended to prevent a machine from passing into an area it is not intended
to be operated in
Note 1 to entry: Some regions use different terms, e.g. bund, windrow.
3.12
road
public traffic area for use by automotive vehicles for travel or transportation
Note 1 to entry: Public traffic area does not include the sites of temporary road works (e.g. for repairs, maintenance,
alteration, improvement, installation, or any other works to, above or under the road, including work to road equipment,
lighting, barriers, walls etc) or roads not open to the public (e.g. on new housing and industrial developments), or on
which public traffic is not permitted.
[SOURCE: ISO 17253:2014, 3.2]
3.13
operator presence system
system fitted to a machine that detects if an operator is positioned in an operator station and automatically
takes a control system action based on that determination
4 General
4.1 General principles
4.1.1 Safety requirements
The MPL provided in this document can be used as an alternative to performing an MCSSA for like machinery
r
per ISO 19014-1:20XX and were derived using that process. The functions, applications and use cases used to
determine these levels are based on generic limits of machine application for the machine type. If the MPL
r
in this document are used, the MPL shall be in accordance with Annexes A to AA after following the review
r
outlined in, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5,4.6, and 6.1.
Machinery shall conform to the safety requirements and risk reduction measures of ISO 19014-1:20XX,
ISO 19014-2:20XX, and ISO 19014-4:20XX. In addition, the machine shall be designed according to the
principles of ISO 12100:2010 for relevant but not significant hazards which are not dealt with by this
document.
4.2 Mapping of functions to a SCS
The MCSSA supporting these MPL were carried out by function rather than system. In practice, there can be
r
several SCS that can fail in a way that is described by the failure type listed for any particular function. All
SCS on a machine shall be reviewed to determine if any failure can cause a hazardous outcome associated
with a failure type of the functions listed. For example, a brake system can be mapped from a slow/stop
or hold still function, as can another system that interferes with the ability of the machine to brake at an
appropriate rate to meet the ISO 3450:2011 stopping distance.
Measures beyond SCS can be applied to mitigate hazardous failures (e.g. mechanical lock outs, guards,
administrative controls). In such a case, a MCSSA shall be completed to assess the MPL requirements of any
residual risk associated with the SCS.
4.3 Applicability of the listed MPL to machines
r
This document does not eliminate the need to do a risk assessment in accordance with ISO 12100:2010 as
required byISO 19014-1:20XX.
ISO/DIS 19014-5.2:2025(en)
The MCSSA supporting these MPL were carried out considering the limits of the machine type usage across
r
the industry. Unique or limited applications or use cases can result in a different MPL for the machine function.
r
If a machine is specifically designed or modified for an application other than what is considered in the tables
in this document, an MCSSA shall be performed to determine if any functions require a different MPL .
r
While every effort was made to perform the supporting MCSSA in a general sense, there can be times where
the assessment does not match a specific machine design; this is particularly relevant to the selection of
the controllability factors (AC, AR, AW). The supporting MCSSA assume a common operator control layout
around the operator station and no common cause failures. If there is a common cause failure between the
SCS mapped to the function being assessed and the MCS or SCS being used for controllability, the MPL in
r
the table is not applicable (e.g. two systems sharing a control element or a control unit). Likewise, where the
control used to activate the avoidance on a particular design does not align with the AR score in the table,
the table is not applicable. For example, a brake is assumed to be on the floor immediately next to a throttle/
propel pedal, if the brake is controlled with a lever the AR score would change from an AR3 to an AR2, a size
difference within a machine type that results in a change in severity. In this case, the designer shall perform
a MCSSA according to ISO 19014-1:20XX to consider these facts. If the remaining data used in the assessment
are applicable to the machine being assessed, the data can be used in that MCSSA and the non-applicable
score changed. It is the responsibility of the machine designer to review and assess whether the scoring
used in the MCSSA are applicable to their machine.
4.4 Truncation
Due to the large number of combinations of inputs, the MCSSA supporting these tables are focused on
scenarios that would clearly dominate the MPL (scenario that drives the highest MPL for the same
r r
function). Where a dominant scenario was not clearly identifiable, multiple scenarios were assessed to find
the scenario(s) that led to highest MPL . Non-dominant scenarios were truncated from MCSSA. Part of the
r
truncation process included equating scenarios to be the same, no worse, or less than scenarios already
assessed; where this is the case, detail is not provided in the tables for the sake of legibility.
Only the scenarios that led to the highest MPL are included in the tables in the annexes unless a different
r
failure type with a different hazardous outcome existed, in which case the scenarios with the highest MPL
r
for all those failure types are included in the tables. Additional explanation in this space can be found in the
function dominant failure type matrices. When more than one scenario of the same failure type led to the
highest MPL all such scenarios have been included.
r,
4.5 Effects of different technologies on MCSSA
In most cases, the MPL in this document apply regardless of the technology used in the SCS; however, there
r
are times when this is not the case, e.g. mechanical drivetrains versus electric or hydrostatic drivetrains.
When considering an alternative SCS technology (e.g. electric or hydrostatic), the assessments in the tables
in this document shall be reviewed. Any assumptions or assessments that are invalidated by the introduction
of a different technology shall be reassessed according to 4.3. Additionally, the functionality of these systems
can cause MPL to be mapped to different SCS.
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NOTE Not all machines were assumed to have mechanical drivetrains; dozers, excavators, skid steer loaders and
rollers were assumed to have a hydrostatic drivetrain.
The following are some situations where technology differences can affect MPL :
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— there are changes in response to machine speed, propel, brake or direction commands (e.g. compared to
mechanical drivetrains, some electric and hydrostatic drivetrains apply functions differently);
— retarders have possibly not considered a safety function on a mechanical drive system but can possibly
be the primary means of slowing the machine in an electric drive machine;
— controllability assessments can be different due to common components and other common cause failure
considerations;
— there are additional safety functions associated with new hazards created by using a different energy type;

ISO/DIS 19014-5.2:2025(en)
— engine speed can become decoupled from other systems (e.g. no longer has a direct effect on machine speed);
— there are changes in SCS performance due to system stored energy level (e.g. output performance varying
due to battery charge).
4.6 Supporting diagrams and data for the tables of machine performance levels
Scenarios that dominated the MPL score in the MCSSA are listed in the tables and a brief explanation is
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provided in the annexes. Where more detail is deemed necessary, additional diagrams and information are
provided in Clause 5.
5 Additional MCSSA scenario information
5.1 Traffic rate on road
The exposure of bystanders to an uncommanded steering event is largely dictated by the distance between
vehicles. Machines cannot be designed to mitigate situations where illegal or unsafe actions are committed
by other road users. The MCSSA considered traffic rates with 2 car lengths distance between cars as the
norm (less distance between cars being commonly considered unsafe across the world).
While traffic can momentarily exceed this rate, the P value needs to account for the machine lifecycle. Traffic
rates with less spacing would not occur continually over the entire machine lifecycle; this makes the traffic
rate of 1 car every 3 car lengths conservative (see Figure 1).
NOTE This document refers to "cars", "light vehicles", and "vehicles". "Car" is typically used in the context of a
roading use case, "light vehicles" is typically used in the context of mining applications for vehicles that weigh less
than 3 500 kg., and "vehicles" is used generically.
5.2 Steering while roading
All failure types for steering create the same hazard, depending on whether the desired path is straight or
curved (i.e. uncommanded steering on a straight road has the same hazardous outcome as failure to steer on
a curved road), wherein the machine will leave the intended travel lane.

ISO/DIS 19014-5.2:2025(en)
Key
X1 zone 1
X2 zone 2
1 vehicle 1
2 vehicle 2
3 machine
L length
Figure 1 — Steering hazard zone for on road travel
Earth-moving machines can cause an S3 injury if there is contact between the machine and a vehicle. The
proportion of the vehicle that results in an S3 injury is quantified below.
— The passenger cabin of the vehicle (i.e. machine contacts the side of the vehicle); this equates to
approximately ½ the car length (see dotted line on vehicle in Figure 1, X1).
— The front of the vehicle (i.e. the vehicle drove straight into the side of machine due to the machine steering
in front of the vehicle); this equates to approximately ½ the width of the vehicle (see solid line on vehicle
in Figure 1, X2). Contact on the corners of the vehicle would be less likely to cause an S3 injury.
— The ratio of length to width varies by vehicle; however, an estimation of an average ratio of 1:3,5 has
been used.
When roading there is a risk of contacting a vehicle, a bystander or an object on the other side of the machine;
this is less than the traffic rate. A P variable of 10 % has been used.

ISO/DIS 19014-5.2:2025(en)
Based on these limiting factors, the H and P variables for machines roading can be shown to be no higher than:
LW 1 1 11
      
HP +=HP HP ++HT =×()50 %%10 ++50 % = 16 %
      
RR LL RR L R
22 3 2 7
      
where
L 1 car length;
H H variable for right hand uncommanded steering = 50 % (if the machine steers without
R
command, half the failures would steer the machine to the left, the other half to the right);
P P variable for the right-hand uncommanded steering = 10 %;
R
H H variable for left hand uncommanded steering = 50 %;
L
P P variable for the left-hand uncommanded steering;
L
T traffic rate per 5,1 = 1/3;
R
W L/3,5.
5.3 Slow/stop and machine speed
The hazard zone for a brake failure is the area beyond the machine’s normal stopping distance. An
uncommanded increase in machine speed has a similar hazard zone (see Figure 2).
Key
1 machine
2 intended stopping distance
3 increased stopping distance
Figure 2 — Slow/stop and machine speed hazard zone
5.4 Work cycles
This section contains descriptions of common work cycles for the various machine types used in the MCSSA
evaluations to determine MPL .
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The values used in the percentage breakdown in Tables 1 through 6 represent the worst credible scenario
for the failure type being assessed as determined in the MCSSA.
Figures 3 through 6 represent work cycles as considered in the MCSSA.

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5.4.1 Dumpers
Figure 3 — Truck unloading and queuing cycle
Table 1 — Truck unloading and queuing cycle
Unloading and queuing – long cycle – see Figure 3
1 – 2 (slow forward speed, high traffic) 50 %
2 – 3 (slow forward speed, low traffic) 8 %
3 – 4 (slow reverse speed, low traffic) 17 %
Dump 17 %
4 – 5 (medium forward speed, high traffic) 8 %
5.4.2 Excavators
Table 2 — Excavator object handling work cycle
Object handling cycle
Step Time [s] % cycle
① lower/lash 45 21,3 %
② lift 30 14,2 %
③ swing 15 7,1 %
④ lower 60 28,4 %
⑤ unlash 45 21,3 %
⑥ lift 4 1,9 %
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TTabablele 2 2 ((ccoonnttiinnueuedd))
Object handling cycle
Step Time [s] % cycle
⑦ swing 2 0,9 %
⑧ travel 10 4,7 %
total cycle time 211 100,0 %
Table 3 — Excavator trenching work cycle
Trenching use case
dig (includes some lift) 35 %
swing CCW 25 %
dump 10 %
swing CW 25 %
travel 5 %
5.4.3 Wheel loaders
5.4.3.1 Wheel loader bucket work
Key
A loading
C unloading
B/D travel during cycle
I zone with offsite traffic P = 50 %
II zone with site traffic P = 20 %
III zone where it is considered machine abuse, between machine and destination P = 0 %
Figure 4 — Wheel loader bucket work cycle

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Table 4 — Wheel loader bucket work cycle
Wheel loader bucket work cycle – see Figure 4
Segments A, C 30 %
Segments B, D 20 %
5.4.3.2 Wheel loader loading/unloading and lifting
Key
A unloading
C loading
B/D travel during cycle
I zone with more pedestrian traffic, less vehicular traffic P = 20 %
II zone with more vehicular traffic, less pedestrian traffic P = 20 %
Figure 5 — Wheel loader work lifting and loading/unloading cycle
Table 5 — Wheel loader lifting and loading/unloading cycle
Lifting and loading/unloading use case – see Figure 5
A 6,25 %
A 6,25 %
A 6,25 %
A-positioning 6,25 %
B 25 %
C 6,25 %
C 6,25 %
C 6,25 %
C-positioning 6,25 %
D 25 %
5.4.4 Skid steer loaders
Lifting, material handling, low to the ground and bucket work cycles look similar to the wheel loaders.
However, instead of doing a 3-point turn, the machine rotates by counter steer.

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Figure 6 — Skid steer loader lifting, loading/unloading, low to ground cycle diagram
Table 6 — Skid steer loader lifting, loading/unloading, low to ground cycle
Lifting, loading/unloading, low to ground use case– see
Figure 6
1 1 %
2 1 %
3 48 %
4 1 %
5 1 %
6 48 %
5.5 Swing/slew of backhoe loaders and excavators
5.5.1 H variable for working beside traffic or co-workers
An excavator swing radius is a hazard zone and it is not intended for people, objects or traffic to be within
the hazard zone. These MCSSA assume sufficient worksite hazard mitigations are in place (such as barriers
and worksite rules).
Contact with an excavator tool during swing has three-dimensional zones in which the severity differs.
Between the ground and 1 m from the ground, the worst credible injury is an S2. Between 1 m to 2 m
from the ground, the worst credible injury is an S3. When the tool is within a trench, it is machine abuse to
stand between the arm and the trench wall, however, a limb can momentarily be in this area and has been
considered an S2. When the tool is on the ground or 2 m above, it is not considered a hazard.
When the motion of the lowest point of the tool is plotted over the object handling work cycle it can be
determined which portions of the work cycle fall within the S2 and S3 zones. Both zones were analysed with
the dominant score being shown in the scenarios contained in the tables in Annexes D, E, and F.
A representation of this is shown in Figure 7 and Table 2.

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Key
t time in seconds
h height in meters
S2 zones in which an S2 severity can occur (0 m - 1 m above the ground or in the trench)
S3 zone in which an S3 severity can occur (1 m - 2 m above the ground)
NOTE This figure uses the cycles from Table 2.
Figure 7 — Different severity score zones of the swing cycle
The result is the following H variables:
— H = 79 %,
S2
— H = 7 %.
S3
5.5.2 P values for swinging into traffic or co-workers
The assumption of one vehicle every three vehicle lengths remains from 5.2. The proportion of the vehicle
length that can result in an S3 injury is assumed to be ½ the vehicle length (combination of surfaces along
the length and width of the vehicle where a person can be contacted by the machine tool – which is narrow
compared to the exposed area), therefore:
P = 1/2 × 1/3 = 1/6.
A P value of 5 % has been added to one or both sides of machines to account for co-workers who momentarily
pass into the swing radius of the machine to perform tasks that are necessary for the cycle (e.g. to check
trench depth or attach or release a pipe from a chain). These co-workers are aware of hazard of swinging
machines and would avoid being in the swing radius whenever possible. These values are then averaged
across both sides of the machine because the machine can only swing in one direction at a time.
Where there is a co-worker on both sides of the machine:
P = [(1/6 + 5 %) +5 %]/2 = 14 %.
Where there only is a co-worker on one side of the machine:

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P = (1/6 + 5 %)/2 = 11 %.
5.6 Maximum foreseeable P variabl
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