EN 14437:2022
(Main)Determination of the uplift resistance of installed clay or concrete tiles for roofing - Roof system test method
Determination of the uplift resistance of installed clay or concrete tiles for roofing - Roof system test method
This document specifies a test method to establish the uplift resistance of installed clay or concrete tiles for roofing, complying with the relevant product standard, EN 490 or EN 1304, which are unfixed or mechanically fixed to the substructure.
NOTE The test method has been developed for clay or concrete tiles for roofing, but can apply to other discontinuously laid small elements, such as: slates; fibre cement slates; stones; and, adapted accordingly, to photovoltaic and solar thermal panels.
The test method is applicable to mechanical fixings such as clips, hooks, screws and nails.
The method is not applicable to fixed tiles having fixing patterns with less than every third tile fixed.
The test method is not applicable to under and over tiles. Examples of these tiles are given in Annex F.
Bestimmung des Abhebewiderstandes von verlegten Dachziegeln oder Dachsteinen - Prüfverfahren für Dachsysteme
Dieses Dokument legt ein Prüfverfahren zur Ermittlung des Abhebewiderstandes von Dacheindeckungen mit Dachpfannen nach EN 490 bzw. EN 1304, die entweder unbefestigt oder mechanisch an der Unter-konstruktion befestigt sind, fest.
ANMERKUNG Das Prüfverfahren wurde für Dachpfannen entwickelt, es ist jedoch auch für andere überlappend verlegte kleine Dachelemente anwendbar wie z. B. Schiefer, Faserzementplatten, Natursteine, und, entsprechend angepasst, auch für Photovoltaikmodule und thermische Sonnenkollektoren.
Das Prüfverfahren ist für mechanische Befestigungen wie Klammern, Haken, Schrauben und Nägel anwendbar.
Das Prüfverfahren ist nicht für befestigte Dachpfannen mit Befestigungsschemata, bei denen weniger als jede dritte Dachpfanne befestigt ist, anwendbar.
Das Prüfverfahren ist nicht anwendbar für Mönch- und Nonnenziegel. Beispiele für solche Ziegel sind in Anhang F angegeben.
Détermination de la résistance au soulèvement des tuiles en terre cuite ou en béton mises en oeuvre sur la toiture - Méthode d'essai par système de toiture
Le présent document prescrit une méthode d'essai pour déterminer la résistance au soulèvement de tuiles en terre cuite ou en béton conformes à la norme de produit applicable, EN 490 ou EN 1304. Ces tuiles peuvent être soit fixées mécaniquement sur un support, soit ne pas être fixées du tout.
NOTE La méthode d'essai a été développée pour les tuiles en terre cuite ou en béton ; toutefois elle peut aussi s'appliquer à d'autres petits éléments posés en discontinu tels que : ardoises, ardoises en fibres-ciment, pierres, et, après adaptation appropriée, panneaux solaires photovoltaïques et thermiques.
La méthode d'essai est applicable aux fixations mécaniques telles que clips, crochets, vis, ou pointes.
La méthode ne s'applique pas aux tuiles fixées avec une densité de fixation inférieure à une tuile sur trois.
La méthode d'essai ne s'applique pas aux tuiles Canal. L'Annexe F montre des exemples de ce type de tuiles.
Ugotavljanje dvižne odpornosti vgrajenih opečnih ali betonskih strešnikov - Preskusna metoda
Ta dokument določa preskusno metodo za ugotavljanje dvižne odpornosti vgrajenih opečnih ali betonskih strešnikov za strešne kritine, skladnih z ustreznim standardom za izdelke, standardom EN 490 ali EN 1304, ki niso pritrjeni ali so mehansko pritrjeni na spodaj ležečo konstrukcijo.
OPOMBA: Preskusna metoda je bila razvita za opečne ali betonske strešnike za strešno kritino, vendar se lahko uporablja tudi za druge nezvezno položene majhne elemente, kot so skrilavci, vlaknocementni skrilavci in kamni, ter (z ustrezno prilagoditvijo) za fotonapetostne in solarne toplotne panele.
Preskusna metoda se uporablja za mehanske pritrdilne elemente, kot so sponke, kavlji, vijaki in žeblji.
Metoda se ne uporablja za pritrjene ploščice, pri katerih je pritrjena manj kot vsaka tretja ploščica.
Preskusna metoda se ne uporablja za material pod ploščicami in nad njimi. Primeri teh ploščic so navedeni v dodatku G.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2023
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 14437:2005
Ugotavljanje dvižne odpornosti vgrajenih opečnih ali betonskih strešnikov -
Preskusna metoda
Determination of the uplift resistance of installed clay or concrete tiles for roofing - Roof
system test method
Bestimmung des Abhebewiderstandes von verlegten Dachziegeln oder Dachsteinen -
Prüfverfahren für Dachsysteme
Détermination de la résistance au soulèvement des tuiles en terre cuite ou en béton
mises en oeuvre sur la toiture - Méthode d'essai par système de toiture
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 14437:2022
ICS:
91.060.20 Strehe Roofs
91.100.25 Gradbeni izdelki iz terakote Terracotta building products
91.100.30 Beton in betonski izdelki Concrete and concrete
products
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 14437
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
November 2022
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 91.060.20 Supersedes EN 14437:2004
English Version
Determination of the uplift resistance of installed clay or
concrete tiles for roofing - Roof system test method
Détermination de la résistance au soulèvement des Bestimmung des Abhebewiderstandes von verlegten
tuiles en terre cuite ou en béton mises en œuvre sur la Dachziegeln oder Dachsteinen - Prüfverfahren für
toiture - Méthode d'essai par système de toiture Dachsysteme
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 29 August 2022.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 14437:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 6
5 Sampling . 6
6 Test conditions . 6
7 Test material . 6
8 Apparatus . 6
8.1 Test rig . 6
8.2 Cables . 7
8.3 Force measuring device . 7
8.4 Monitoring device for displacement of the roofing tiles . 7
8.5 Measuring device for weight . 7
9 Test procedure . 7
9.1 Measurement of the weight . 7
9.2 Installation of battens, roofing tiles and fixings . 7
9.3 Determination of the location of the forces on the test roof . 8
9.4 Measurement of the uplift resistance . 9
9.4.1 Calibration of the test equipment . 9
9.4.2 Eliminate the effect of the load bars and cables . 9
9.4.3 Trial test . 9
9.4.4 Test series . 9
9.4.5 Application of the force . 9
9.4.6 Determining the maximum uplift resistance . 10
10 Test report . 11
Annex A (informative) Example of test rig . 13
Annex B (normative) Specification of the arrangements of the tiles on the test rig and the
arrangement of the tiles to be loaded . 14
Annex C (informative) Examples of fixing patterns to be tested . 17
Annex D (informative) Calculation of uplift resistance . 23
Annex E (informative) Calculation of the uplift resistance of clay or concrete tiles for roofing
at various roof pitches, for a tested configuration . 28
Annex F (informative) Example of roof tiles for which the test method is not applicable . 32
Annex G (informative) Test rig commissioning and periodic calibrations . 33
Bibliography . 34
European foreword
This document (EN 14437:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 128 “Roof covering
products for discontinuous laying and products for wall cladding”, the secretariat of which is held by NBN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2023, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by May 2023.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 14437:2004.
In comparison with the previous edition, the following technical modifications have been made: the test
method has not changed, but the interpretation of the results includes the introduction of serviceability
and ultimate failure loads in accordance with Eurocode EN 1990.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the United
Kingdom.
Introduction
This document gives a test method and failure criteria for determining the uplift resistance of clay or
concrete tiles for roofing.
The results of this test may be used to determine the uplift force which can be withstood by the fixing,
e.g. to withstand wind force.
1 Scope
This document specifies a test method to establish the uplift resistance of installed clay or concrete tiles
for roofing, complying with the relevant product standard, EN 490 or EN 1304, which are unfixed or
mechanically fixed to the substructure.
NOTE The test method has been developed for clay or concrete tiles for roofing, but can apply to other
discontinuously laid small elements, such as: slates; fibre cement slates; stones; and, adapted accordingly, to
photovoltaic and solar thermal panels.
The test method is applicable to mechanical fixings such as clips, hooks, screws and nails.
The method is not applicable to fixed tiles having fixing patterns with less than every third tile fixed.
The test method is not applicable to under and over tiles. Examples of these tiles are given in Annex F.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp/ui
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
discontinuously laid small elements
elements to be used for roof covering and wall cladding which are installed as separate elements and
collectively form the roof covering
3.2
roof pitch
angle of elevation in degrees of the rafter from the horizontal
3.3
characteristic value
adopted value derived from a prescribed statistical analysis of a number of test results
3.4
roof system
system that comprises the structure of the battens, mechanical fixings (clips, hooks, nails and screws) as
well as the clay and concrete tiles and fittings laid according to their laying specification
3.5
ultimate limit states
states associated with collapse or with other similar forms of structural failure
Note 1 to entry: They generally correspond to the maximum load-carrying resistance of a structure or structural
member.
[SOURCE: EN 1990]
3.6
serviceability limit states
states that correspond to conditions beyond which specified service requirements for a structure or
structural member are no longer met
[SOURCE: EN 1990]
4 Symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviations apply.
d the maximum permissible displacement;
max
F force exerted on 16 tiles when one of the failure modes a, b, c, d, or e (9.4.6) occur during a trial
t
test;
L the hanging length of the tile;
h
R uplift resistance of 16 tiles in test i;
i
W mean weight of a roofing tile.
i
Additional symbols and abbreviations are used in the annexes and they are listed and defined at the point
of use.
5 Sampling
The tiles, battens and fixings selected shall be representative of the system to be used.
In selecting the number of elements, refer to Clause 7 and Clause 9, taking into consideration the number
of fixing patterns.
The specification of the battens can include a reference to a national code of practice.
6 Test conditions
Unless otherwise specified, the roofing tiles, fixings, battens and the test frame shall be conditioned for
at least 24 h in an environment of (20 ± 10) °C, and (55 ± 25) % relative humidity, prior to the test. The
manner of storage shall not interfere with the free exchange of moisture from or into the materials. The
test shall be conducted in the same conditions as the storage.
7 Test material
The test materials shall be randomly chosen from the samples.
8 Apparatus
8.1 Test rig
The test rig consists of a roof structure and auxiliary equipment to exert a force on the clay or concrete
tiles for roofing. The roof structure shall have a roof pitch of (45 ± 2)°.
The test rig shall be able to exert a nominally equal uplift force on 16 roofing tiles from a minimum
distance of 0,9 m to the surface of the roof covering and at an angle of (90 ± 2)° to the roof structure, at
the start of the test.
The test rig shall have sufficient capacity and stiffness for the test as not to influence the test result. The
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