EN 609-1:2017

Agricultural and forestry machinery - Safety of log splitters - Part 1: Wedge splitters

This European Standard specifies the safety requirements, and their verification for the design and construction of horizontal and vertical wedge splitters, designed for splitting logs for firewood, irrespective of the nature of the power source used. This standard deals with wedge splitters that are designed so that the splitting operation is activated by one person only, however it is foreseeable that other operators may be working with the machine e.g. for loading or unloading. In addition, it specifies the type of information on safe working practices to be provided by the manufacturer.
This document deals with all the significant hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events relevant to these machines when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Table 1).
This document is not applicable to machines that are designed for both cutting into length for splitting and splitting for firewood.
This document is not applicable to wedge splitters which are manufactured before the date of publication of this document by CEN.

Land- und Forstmaschinen - Sicherheit von Holzspaltmaschinen - Teil 1: Keilspaltmaschinen

Diese Europäische Norm legt sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen und deren Prüfung für Gestaltung und Konstruktion von Horizontal  und Vertikal Keilspaltmaschinen zum Spalten von Brennholz, unabhängig von der Art der verwendeten Antriebsenergie, fest. Die Norm behandelt Keilspaltmaschinen, die so ausgelegt sein müssen, dass der Spaltvorgang lediglich durch eine Bedienperson ausgelöst wird, jedoch ist es absehbar, dass weitere Bedienpersonen, z. B. zum Be  oder Entladen an der Maschine arbeiten. Darüber hinaus legt sie die Art der durch den Hersteller bereitzustellenden Informationen über Verfahren für ein sicheres Arbeiten fest.
Dieses Dokument behandelt alle signifikanten Gefährdungen, Gefährdungssituationen sowie Gefährdungen, die für diese Maschinen bei bestimmungsgemäßer Verwendung und bei vernünftigerweise durch den Hersteller vorhersehbarer Fehlanwendung relevant sind (siehe Tabelle 1).
Dieses Dokument ist nicht anwendbar auf Maschinen, die zum Schneiden und Spalten des Brennholzes vorgesehen sind.
Dieses Dokument ist nicht anwendbar auf Keilspaltmaschinen, die vor dem Veröffentlichungsdatum dieser Norm durch den CEN hergestellt wurden.

Matériel agricole et forestier - Sécurité des fendeuses de bûches - Partie 1 : Fendeuses à coin

La présente Norme européenne spécifie les prescriptions de sécurité et leur vérification pour la conception et la construction de fendeuses à coin horizontales et verticales, conçues pour le fendage de bûches destinées au bois de chauffage, indépendamment de la nature de la source d'énergie utilisée. La présente norme traite des fendeuses à coin conçues pour activer l'opération de fendage par une personne seule, néanmoins il est possible que d'autres opérateurs puissent travailler avec la machine, par exemple pour assurer le chargement et le déchargement. Elle spécifie également le type d'informations relatives aux pratiques de travail sûres que le constructeur doit garantir.
Le présent document traite de tous les phénomènes dangereux, situations et événements dangereux significatifs associés à ces machines en cas d’utilisation normale ou de mauvais usage raisonnablement prévisible par le constructeur (voir Tableau 1).
Le présent document ne s'applique pas aux machines conçues pour les coupes à la longueur dans le cadre du fendage et du fendage du bois de chauffage.
Le présent document ne s'applique pas aux fendeuses à coin fabriquées avant la date de publication de ce document par le CEN.

Kmetijski in gozdarski stroji - Varnost cepilnikov lesa - 1. del: Cepilniki s klinom

Ta evropski standard določa varnostne zahteve in njihovo preverjanje za načrtovanje in gradnjo cepilnikov s klinom, katerih uporaba (upravljanje) je namenjena za enega upravljavca za cepljenje lesa za drva, ne glede na vrsto uporabljenega vira energije. Avtomatski ali polavtomatski cepilniki s klinom so vključeni na področje uporabe tega standarda. Obdelovalniki drv so izključeni s področja uporabe tega standarda. Ta standard opisuje metode za odpravo ali zmanjšanje tveganj, ki izhajajo iz njihove uporabe. Poleg tega določa tudi vrsto informacij o varnih delovnih praksah, ki jih mora zagotoviti proizvajalec. Seznam obravnavanih pomembnih nevarnosti je podan v dodatku A. Dodatek A navaja tudi nevarnosti, ki niso bile obravnavane. Ta evropski standard se uporablja predvsem za stroje, ki so izdelani po datumu izdaje standarda.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 10-Jan-2017
• Withdrawal Date: 29-Jun-2018
• ICS: 65.060.80 - Forestry equipment
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 144 - Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 144/WG 8 - Forestry machinery
• Current Stage: 9093 - Decision to confirm - Review Enquiry
• Start Date: 09-Dec-2022
• Completion Date: 23-Sep-2025
• Directive: 2006/42/EC - Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast)
• Mandate: M/396 - Mandate to CEN and Cenelec for standardisation in the field of machinery
• Ref Project: SIST EN 609-1:2017 - Agricultural and forestry machinery - Safety of log splitters - Part 1: Wedge splitters

Relations

• Replaces: EN 609-1:1999+A2:2009 - Agricultural and forestry machinery - Safety of log splitters - Part 1: Wedge splitters
• Effective Date: 04-Dec-2010

Overview

EN 609-1:2017 (CEN) - "Agricultural and forestry machinery - Safety of log splitters - Part 1: Wedge splitters" specifies safety requirements and verification for the design and construction of horizontal and vertical wedge splitters used to split logs for firewood. It applies irrespective of power source and addresses machines intended to be operated by a single operator while recognising that others may be loading/unloading. The standard covers all significant hazards for intended use and reasonably foreseeable misuse, and supports the Essential Requirements of EU Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC.

Key topics and technical requirements

The standard divides machines into four categories (horizontal/vertical × short/long logs) and provides machine‑specific safety measures. Main technical topics include:

• Control systems and ergonomics
  • Requirements for reliability, ergonomic layout of actuators and prevention of accidental actuation.
  • Specifications for emergency stop and safe starting/stopping of power sources.
• Two‑hand control devices (AOPD)
  • Design, verification and examples to prevent defeat or accidental operation.
• Power systems
  • Electrical, hydraulic and internal combustion engine safety provisions, and machines with multiple power sources.
• Safe guarding of the splitting zone
  • Machine‑specific guarding and safety distances for horizontal and vertical, short and long log splitters.
• Log handling and holding
  • Requirements and test procedures for log holding before, during and after splitting; annexed log‑holding tests for vertical splitters.
• Stability, transport and handling
  • Stability tests, ergonomic requirements and guarding of power transmission and hauling winches.
• Hot surfaces and exhausts
  • Temperature testing and acceptance criteria for hot surfaces.
• Verification and documentation
  • Procedures for verification of safety requirements, marking, warnings and required information in the instruction handbook.

Normative annexes include test methods for log holding, two‑hand control device examples, hot surface testing and stability tests for machines with hauling winches.

Applications and users

Who uses EN 609-1:2017:

• Manufacturers of wedge log splitters - for product design, CE conformity and technical documentation.
• Safety and compliance bodies - market surveillance, conformity assessment against Machinery Directive.
• Employers and users - guidance on safe working practices and operator information.
• Service and maintenance providers - safe maintenance, guarding and hydraulic/electrical requirements.

Practical benefits: reduces injury risk, improves ergonomics and clarifies verification/testing needed for compliance and safe operation.

Related standards

• EN 609-2 - Part 2: Screw splitters (related machine group)
• EN ISO 12100 - General principles for risk assessment and design (type A/C/B standards hierarchy)
• EU Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC - essential requirements referenced in Annex ZA

Keywords: EN 609-1, log splitters safety standard, wedge splitters, agricultural and forestry machinery safety, two‑hand control device, log holding, guarding, hydraulic safety.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2017
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 609-1:1999+A2:2010
Kmetijski in gozdarski stroji - Varnost cepilnikov lesa - 1. del: Cepilniki s klinom
Agricultural and forestry machinery - Safety of log splitters - Part 1: Wedge splitters
Land- und Forstmaschinen - Sicherheit von Holzspaltmaschinen - Teil 1:
Keilspaltmaschinen
Matériel agricole et forestier - Sécurité des fendeuses de bûches - Partie 1: Fendeuses à
coin
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 609-1:2017
ICS:
65.060.80 Gozdarska oprema Forestry equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN 609-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
January 2017
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 65.060.80 Supersedes EN 609-1:1999+A2:2009
English Version
Agricultural and forestry machinery - Safety of log splitters
- Part 1: Wedge splitters
Matériel agricole et forestier - Sécurité des fendeuses Land- und Forstmaschinen - Sicherheit von
de bûches - Partie 1 : Fendeuses à coin Holzspaltmaschinen - Teil 1: Keilspaltmaschinen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 2 October 2016.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 609-1:2017 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 List of significant hazards . 11
5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures . 13
5.1 General . 13
5.2 Electrical equipment . 13
5.3 Control systems . 13
5.3.1 General . 13
5.3.2 Reliability of the control systems . 14
5.3.3 Ergonomic requirements of control actuators . 14
5.4 Starting and stopping of the power source . 15
5.4.1 General . 15
5.4.2 Stopping of other than electrically powered machines. 15
5.4.3 Stopping of the electrically powered machines . 15
5.5 Emergency stop . 15
5.6 Two-hand control device . 15
5.7 Power supply . 16
5.7.1 Electrically powered machines . 16
5.7.2 Machines powered by an external power supply . 16
5.7.3 Machines powered by an internal combustion engine . 16
5.7.4 Machines with two or more power supplies . 17
5.8 Hydraulic equipment . 17
5.9 Safe guarding of the splitting zone . 17
5.9.1 General . 17
5.9.2 Horizontal short log wedge splitter . 17
5.9.3 Horizontal long log wedge splitter . 22
5.9.4 Vertical short log wedge splitter . 27
5.9.5 Vertical long log wedge splitter . 33
5.10 Log holding requirements. 37
5.10.1 General . 37
5.10.2 Prior to and during the splitting . 38
5.10.3 After the splitting . 38
5.11 Return movement of the moving device of the splitter . 40
5.12 Log-handling device . 41
5.13 Requirements for hauling winches that can be attached to a wedge splitter . 42
5.14 Bluntness of edges . 43
5.15 Stability . 43
5.16 Transport and handling of the machine . 43
5.16.1 General . 43
5.16.2 Ergonomic requirements . 43
5.17 The guarding of power transmission from an external power source . 44
5.18 Unprotected gravity moving objects with semi-automatically controlled movement . 44
6 Verification of safety requirements . 44
7 Information for use . 46
7.1 Marking of machine . 46
7.2 Warnings on machine . 46
7.3 Instruction handbook . 47
7.3.1 General . 47
7.3.2 Other information . 47
Annex A (normative) Log holding test for vertical log wedge splitters . 49
A.1 Long log wedge splitters – Test requirements for the log fixing device . 49
A.1.1 General . 49
A.1.2 Holding force . 49
A.2 Short log wedge splitters – Test requirements for the log fixing device . 50
A.2.1 General . 50
A.2.2 Holding force . 50
Annex B (normative) Examples of solutions and verification of the two-hand control device
for wedge splitters . 52
B.1 Prevention of accidental actuation and of defeat . 52
B.2 Example for prevention of defeat using one hand . 52
B.3 Example for prevention of defeat using hand and elbow of the same arm. 52
B.4 Example for prevention of defeat using the forearm(s) or elbow(s) . 53
B.5 Example for prevention of defeat using the hand and other parts of the body e.g.
knee(s) . 54
Annex C (normative) Testing requirements for hot exhaust surfaces and hot surfaces . 55
C.1 Temperature measuring equipment . 55
C.2 Method of test. 55
C.3 Test acceptance . 55
Annex D (normative) Stability test for log splitters equipped with a hauling winch . 57
D.1 General . 57
D.2 Lateral stability test and requirements . 57
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC on machinery . 58
Bibliography . 59

European foreword
This document (EN 609-1:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 144 “Tractors and
machinery for agriculture and forestry”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2017, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2018.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 609-1:1999+A2:2009.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC.
For relationship with EU Directive 2006/42/EC, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of
this document.
EN 609, Agricultural and forestry machinery — Safety of log splitters, is currently composed with the
following parts:
— Part 1: Wedge splitters;
— Part 2: Screw splitters.
The new edition of this standard proposes a new specific approach, which evaluates the dangers of
specifically this type of machine. Machines have been divided into four categories, which are machines
for short logs or long logs with splitting direction of horizontal or vertical to reflect the differences
concerning safety issues.
The main changes in this new edition are the following:
— four (4) different machine categories, which all have machine specific safety requirements and
options (Horizontal and Vertical – Long logs and Short logs);
— more specific interpretation of safety distances for these specific types of machines (EN 13857 and
machine specific distances);
— specific requirements for log handling, which includes holding before, during and after the splitting,
but also log lifting;
— improved ergonomic requirements, which consider the actual use of the machine;
— requirements for AOPD;
— requirements for hauling winches that can be, and often are, attached to the wedge splitters;
— new tests and verifications, how to interpret the standard.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Introduction
The structure of safety standards in the field of machinery is as follows:
a) type-A standards (basic standards) giving basic concepts, principles for design, and general aspects
that can be applied to machinery;
b) type-B standards (generic safety standards) dealing with one or more safety aspects or one or more
types of safeguards that can be used across a wide range of machinery:
1) type-B1 standards on particular safety aspects (e.g. safety distances, surface temperature,
noise);
2) type-B2 standards on safeguards (e.g. two-hand control device, interlocking devices, pressure-
sensitive devices, guards);
c) type-C standards (machinery safety standards) dealing with detailed safety requirements for a
particular machine or group of machines.
This document is a type “C” standard as defined in EN ISO 12100.
This document is of relevance, in particular, for the following stakeholder groups representing the
market players with regard to machinery safety:
— machine manufacturers (small, medium and large enterprises);
— health and safety bodies (regulators, accident prevention organizations, market surveillance, etc.).
Others can be affected by the level of machinery safety achieved with the means of the document by the
above-mentioned stakeholder groups:
— machine users/employers (small, medium and large enterprises);
— machine users/employees (e.g. trade unions, organizations for people with special needs);
— service providers, e.g. for maintenance (small, medium and large enterprises);
— consumers (in case of machinery intended for use by consumers).
The above-mentioned stakeholder groups have been given the possibility to participate at the drafting
process of this document.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are
covered are indicated in the scope of this document.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B
standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of other
standards, for machines that have been designed and built in accordance with the requirements of the
provisions of this type C standard.
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies the safety requirements, and their verification for the design and
construction of horizontal and vertical wedge splitters, designed for splitting logs for firewood,
irrespective of the nature of the power source used. This standard deals with wedge splitters that are
designed so that the splitting operation is activated by one person only, however it is foreseeable that
other operators may be working with the machine e.g. for loading or unloading. In addition, it specifies
the type of information on safe working practices to be provided by the manufacturer.
This document deals with all the significant hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events
relevant to these machines when they are used as intended and under the conditions of misuse which
are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Table 1).
This document is not applicable to machines that are designed for both cutting into length for splitting
and splitting for firewood.
This document is not applicable to wedge splitters which are manufactured before the date of
publication of this document by CEN.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 349:1993+A1:2008, Safety of machinery - Minimum gaps to avoid crushing of parts of the human body
EN 574:1996+A1:2008, Safety of machinery - Two-hand control devices - Functional aspects - Principles
for design
EN 691-1:2012, Safety of woodworking machines - Part 1: Common requirements
EN 894-1:1997+A1:2008, Safety of machinery - Ergonomics requirements for the design of displays and
control actuators - Part 1: General principles for human interactions with displays and control actuators
EN 894-3:2000+A1:2008, Safety of machinery - Ergonomics requirements for the design of displays and
control actuators - Part 3: Control actuators
EN 12965:2003+A2:2009, Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry - Power take-off (PTO)
drive shafts and their guards - Safety
EN 14492-1:2006+A1:2009, Cranes - Power driven winches and hoists - Part 1: Power driven winches
EN 60204-1:2006, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 1: General requirements
(IEC 60204-1:2006)
1)
EN 60529:1991 , Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code) (IEC 60529:1989)
EN 61496-1:2013, Safety of machinery - Electro-sensitive protective equipment - Part 1: General
requirements and tests (IEC 61496-1:2012)

1) EN 60529:1991 is impacted by the stand-alone amendments EN 60529:1991/A1:2000 and EN 60529:1991/A2:2013 and
the corrigendum EN 60529:1991/corrigendum May 1993.
EN 61496-2:2013, Safety of machinery - Electro-sensitive protective equipment - Part 2: Particular
requirements for equipment using active opto-electronic protective devices (AOPDs) (IEC 61496-2:2013)
EN ISO 4254-1:2015, Agricultural machinery - Safety - Part 1: General requirements (ISO 4254-1:2013)
EN ISO 4413:2010, Hydraulic fluid power - General rules and safety requirements for systems and their
components (ISO 4413:2010)
EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery - General principles for design - Risk assessment and risk
reduction (ISO 12100:2010)
EN ISO 13849-1:2015, Safety of machinery - Safety-related parts of control systems - Part 1: General
principles for design (ISO 13849-1:2015)
EN ISO 13850, Safety of machinery - Emergency stop function - Principles for design (ISO 13850)
EN ISO 13855:2010, Safety of machinery - Positioning of safeguards with respect to the approach speeds
of parts of the human body (ISO 13855:2010)
EN ISO 13857:2008, Safety of machinery - Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by
upper and lower limbs (ISO 13857:2008)
EN ISO 14119:2013, Safety of machinery - Interlocking devices associated with guards - Principles for
design and selection (ISO 14119:2013)
EN ISO 14120:2015, Safety of machinery - Guards - General requirements for the design and construction
of fixed and movable guards (ISO 14120:2015)
IEC 60309 (all parts), Plugs, socket-outlets and couplers for industrial purposes
2 )
ISO 3767-1:1998 , Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden
equipment — Symbols for operator controls and other displays — Part 1: Common symbols
ISO 3767-2:2016, Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden
equipment — Symbols for operator controls and other displays — Part 2: Symbols for agricultural tractors
and machinery
ISO 11684, Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden equipment —
Safety signs and hazard pictorials — General principles

2) ISO 3767-1:1998 is impacted by the stand-alone amendments ISO 3767-1:1998/Amd 1 2008 and
ISO 3767-1:1998/Amd 2 2012.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100:2010 and the
following definitions apply.
3.1
wedge splitter
machine in which the log is split as the result of being pressed between a wedge (i.e. the cutting tool of
the machine) and a plate
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 1 to 4.

Figure 1 — Example of a horizontal short log wedge splitter

Figure 2 — Example of a horizontal long log wedge splitter
Figure 3 —Example of a vertical short log wedge splitter

Figure 4 —Example of a vertical long log wedge splitter
3.2
horizontal wedge splitter
wedge splitter with an inclination of the splitting axis of between 0° to 30° to horizontal axis
3.3
vertical wedge splitter
wedge splitter with an inclination of the splitting axis of between 90° to 120° to the horizontal axis
3.4
automatic wedge splitter
wedge splitter in which, after the process is started, continuous feeding of the splitting zone, splitting of
the log and the discharge of the splitting zone is carried out without further operator intervention
3.5
semi-automatic wedge splitter
wedge splitter, in which a single splitting process is started by the operator actuating a control and the
splitting process is completed without further operator intervention
3.6
manual wedge splitter
wedge splitter in which a log is placed manually for splitting and the splitting movement is carried out
using a hold-to-run device
3.7
short log wedge splitter
wedge splitter in which the space between the foremost point of the splitting wedge and the pressure
plate or a log support plate is 550 mm or less
3.8
long log wedge splitter
wedge splitter in which the space between the foremost point of the splitting wedge and the pressure
plate or a log support plate is greater than 550 mm
3.9
pressure plate
moving part of the machine which pushes the log against a wedge
3.10
wedge
stationary or moving tool which causes the log to split
3.11
log support plate
stationary part of the machine against which the log is pushed by the moving wedge
3.12
splitting zone
area in which the log is being split
3.13
splitting bed
part of a horizontal wedge splitter on which the log is placed for splitting
3.14
log handling device
part of a wedge splitter, which is used for positioning or lifting the log for splitting e.g. hoist or winch
3.15
AOPD
active optoelectronic protective device
4 List of significant hazards
Table 1 gives the significant hazard(s), the significant hazardous situation(s) and hazardous event(s)
covered by this document that have been identified by risk assessment as being significant for this type
of machine, and which require specific action by the designer or manufacturer to eliminate or reduce
the risk.
Attention is drawn to the necessity to verify that the safety requirements specified in this document
apply to each significant hazard presented by a given machine and to validate that the risk assessment
is complete.
Table 1 — List of significant hazards
No Hazards, hazardous situations and EN ISO 12100 Relevant
hazardous events subclause of
this
document
1 Mechanical hazards related to:
- machine parts or work pieces:
a) shape; 6.2.2.1, 6.2.2.2, 6.3 5.9, 5.10, 5.11,
5.12, 5.13,
5.14, 5.18
b) relative location; 5.9, 5.10, 5.11,
5.12, 5.13,
5.18
c) mass and stability (potential energy 5.10, 5.12,
of elements which may move under the 5.13, 5.16,
effect of gravity) 5.18
d) mass and velocity (kinetic energy of 5.9, 5.10, 5.11,
elements in controlled or uncontrolled 5.12, 5.13,
motion); 5.16, 5.18
e) mechanical strength. 5.9, 5.10, 5.11,
5.12, 5.13,
5.16
- accumulation of energy inside the machinery:
g) liquids and gases under pressure; 6.2.10, 6.3.5.4 5.7, 5.8
1.1 Crushing hazard  5.9, 5.10, 5.11,
5.12, 5.13,
5.17, 5.18
1.2 Shearing hazard 5.9, 5.10, 5.11,
5.12, 5.13
1.3 Cutting or severing hazard 5.9, 5.10, 5.11,
5.12, 5.13
1.4 Entanglement hazard 5.9, 5.10, 5.11,
5.12, 5.13,
5.16, 5.17.
No Hazards, hazardous situations and EN ISO 12100 Relevant
hazardous events subclause of
this
document
1.5 Drawing-in or trapping hazard 5.9, 5.10, 5.11,
5.13, 5.16,
5.17
1.9 High pressure fluid injection or ejection 6.2.10 5.7, 5.8
hazard
2 Electrical hazards due to:
2.1 Contact of persons with live parts 6.2.9, 6.3.5.4 5.2, 5.3, 5.7.1
(direct contact)
2.2 Contact of persons with parts which 6.2.9 5.2, 5.3, 5.7.1
have become live under faulty
conditions (indirect contact)
8 Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic principles in machinery design
related to:
8.1 Unhealthy postures or excessive effort 6.2.7, 6.2.8.2, 6.2.11.12, 5.3, 5.16
6.3.5.5, 6.3.5.6
8.2 Hand-arm or foot-leg anatomy 6.2.8.3 5.3, 5.16
8.4 Local lighting 6.2.8.6 7.3
8.6 Human error, human behaviour 6.2.8, 6.2.11.8, 7.3
6.2.11.10, 6.3.5.2, 6.4
8.7 Design, location or identification of 6.2.8.7, 6.2.11.8 5.3
manual controls
8.8 Design or location of visual display 6.2.8.8, 6.4.2 5.3
units
9 Combination of hazards 6.3.2.1 5.7
10 Unexpected start up, unexpected overrun/over speed (or any similar
malfunction) from:
10. Failure/disorder of the control system 6.2.11, 6.3.5.4 5.3.2, 5.4, 5.7
10. Restoration of energy supply after an 6.2.11.4 5.3.2, 5.4, 5.7,
2 interruption 5.8
10. External influences on electrical 6.2.11.11 5.3, 5.7.1
3 equipment
10. Errors made by the operator (due to 6.2.8, 6.2.11.8, 5.3, 7.3
6 mismatch of machinery with human 6.2.11.10, 6.3.5.2, 6.4.3
characteristics and abilities, See 8.6)
11 Impossibility of stopping the 6.2.11.1, 6.2.11.3, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5,
machine in the best possible 6.3.5.2 5.7
conditions
No Hazards, hazardous situations and EN ISO 12100 Relevant
hazardous events subclause of
this
document
13 Failure of the power supply 6.2.11.1, 6.2.11.4 5.3.2, 5.7
14 Failure of the control circuit 6.2.11, 6.3.5.4 5.3.2
15 Errors of fitting 6.2.7, 6.4.5 7.3
16 Break-up during operation 6.2.3 5.3.2, 7.3
17 Falling or ejected objects or fluids 6.2.3, 6.2.10 5.8, 5.9, 5.10,
18 Loss of stability / overturning of 6.3.2.6 5.10, 5.12,
machinery 5.13, 5.15,
5.16, Annex D
5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures
5.1 General
Machinery shall comply with the safety requirements and/or protective measures of Clause 5. The
machine shall also be marked in accordance with 7.2 and shall be provided or equipped with warnings
in accordance with 7.3.
In addition, the machine shall be designed according to the principles of EN ISO 12100 for relevant but
not significant hazards which are not dealt with by this document.
On a wedge splitter, which can be used both in the horizontal and vertical position, all requirements for
both systems shall be fulfilled.
Access to the rotating or moving parts shall be prevented. Guarding, see EN ISO 14120 for fixed and
movable guards, shall comply with EN ISO 13857:2008, Tables 1, 3, 4 and 6.
5.2 Electrical equipment
The electrical equipment of electrically driven machines shall comply with EN 60204-1.
The degree of protection of all electrical components shall be a minimum of IP54, and IP 44 for the plug
and main switch box in accordance with EN 60529.
See 7.3.2 w) for the use of portable residual current device.
5.3 Control systems
5.3.1 General
Unless otherwise specified in this document controls shall be at least category 1 in accordance with
EN ISO 13849-1:2015, 6.2.4.
Log splitters shall be equipped with only one control station.
5.3.2 Reliability of the control systems
The safety-related functions are generally composed of an input portion (e.g. control levers, position
sensors, guards or protective devices), a logic part and an outlet part (e.g a motor). These functions
shall meet the requirements of EN ISO 13849-1 and performance level as follows:
1) emergency stopping function: PL = c (see 5.5);
2) interlocking movable guard stop function: PL = c;
3) two-hand control device function: PL = c (see 5.6);
4) AOPD stop function: PL = d;
5) log-handling device function: PL = c (see 5.12).
5.3.3 Ergonomic requirements of control actuators
5.3.3.1 General
The controls actuators shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of EN 894-1.
The control systems shall be designed to minimize foreseeable errors that could be made by the
operator and to ensure efficient interaction between the operator and the machine.
5.3.3.2 Identification of control actuators
Control functions and movements shall be identified by symbols conforming to ISO 3767-1 or
ISO 3767-2, so that the operator can determine the proper control function and movement.
Labels, signs and other informative texts or symbols shall be located on or adjacent to their associated
control actuators, in such a position that they are visible when control actuators are operated.
5.3.3.3 Manual controls
Unless otherwise stated in this document, the manual control actuators shall comply with the
requirements of EN 894-3 with respect to design and actuating forces:
1) hold-to-run two-hand control device shall be located so that the height of the control actuators shall
be between 850 mm to 1 650 mm from ground;
2) it shall be possible to operate control actuators when wearing gloves;
3) the space between individual control actuators shall be optimal in order to ensure efficient
operation according to EN ISO 4254-1:2015, 4.5.3;
4) the machines shall be designed to minimize the force exerted by the operator, when using the
control actuators. according to EN ISO 4254-1:2015, 4.5.3;
5) minimum control actuating forces shall be sufficient to avoid inadvertent actuation;
6) the force required to activate the manual control actuator hand lever shall not be greater than 55 N
in the vertical and 35 N in the horizontal direction.
See Annex B for examples and verification of positioning.
5.4 Starting and stopping of the power source
5.4.1 General
A control device, for starting and stopping the power source, shall be available for the operator.
On machines not powered by electricity, the engine start and stop control or the tractor start and stop
control are regarded as the operator's controls for starting and stopping the machine.
5.4.2 Stopping of other than electrically powered machines
Machine shall be equipped with a stopping device. Stopping of the powering unit, e.g. tractor, can be
regarded as such a device.
5.4.3 Stopping of the electrically powered machines
Electrically driven machines shall be fitted with a stop control which, when actuated, shall disconnect
power from all the machine actuators unless power is required to maintain a safe condition.
The colour of the normal stop control device shall be in accordance with EN 60204-1:2006, 10.2, using
only the red colour for better identification.
Stop category 0 functions according to EN 60204-1:2006, 4.1 shall be provided unless power needs to
be maintained to provide a safe stop condition.
NOTE The supply disconnecting device (see 5.3) when operated achieves a stop category 0.
Stop functions fulfilling the requirements of EN 60204-1:2006, 9.2.5.2 shall override related start
functions. The reset of the stop function shall not initiate any hazardous situation.
5.5 Emergency stop
An emergency stop is not necessary:
a) when operator can see the splitting zone and oversee all access to the splitting zone;
and
b) releasing of a hold-to-run control device stops the splitting and all other hazardous movement;
Where an emergency stop is provided, it shall comply with the requirements of EN ISO 13850 and
EN 60204-1:2006, 9.2.5.4 and 10.7. Actuating the emergency stop shall prevent all hazardous
movement.
The hazardous movement shall remain stopped until the emergency stop has been manually
disengaged (unlatched). Manual disengagement of the emergency stop shall not induce hazardous
movement. Actuating the emergency stop shall not cut the power source of the machine, i.e. stop the
electric motor, hydraulic pump or PTO.
5.6 Two-hand control device
If the machine has a two-hand control device it shall be the only designated control to operate the
splitting process and it shall be ensured that the operator can see the splitting zone and oversee all
access to the splitting zone.
A two-hand control device for a wedge splitter shall conform to the following:
a) the two-hand control device shall be of the “hold-to-run“ type, i.e. the splitting process is stopped if
either manual control is released;
b) the moving wedge / pressure plate shall not return to the starting position if one manual control is
in the “On” position unless the return move does not cause any hazards;
c) it shall be impossible to start the splitting process inadvertently or to operate both manual controls
simultaneously with one hand or arm or with other parts of the body or to operate the two-hand
control device simultaneously with a hand and an arm, with a hand and other parts of the body, or
with an arm and other parts of the body (see Annex B);
d) the selection of dissimilar actuating directions, covers, shapes etc. shall minimize the possibilities of
defeat;
e) holding one or both of the two manual control actuators into any single position, by manual
operation or by any other means, shall not allow more than one single splitting stroke, before the
manual control actuator or actuators are released;
f) the manual control actuating devices for the two-hand control device shall be designed and
arranged in such a way that the protective effect of the two-hand control device cannot be easily
defeated or by-passed, e.g. tampering with the mechanism using a piece of tape or string or a piece
of wood.
NOTE Total protection from defeat is not possible. See note of EN 574:1996+A1:2008, 8.1.
See Annex B for examples and verification.
5.7 Power supply
5.7.1 Electrically powered machines
An automatic restart, in the case of a supply interruption after the restoration of the supply voltage,
shall be prevented in accordance with EN 60204-1:2006, 7.5 (Paragraphs 1 and 3).
Under voltage protection shall be provided by, for example, switching off the machine at a
predetermined voltage level.
The machine shall have a supply disconnection device meeting the requirements of EN 60204-1:2006,
5.3.
If the machine is connected to a three-phase power supply, with a plug and socket supply disconnecting
device, the plug shall include a phase inverter up to CEE 32 A. See the IEC 60309 series.
5.7.2 Machines powered by an external power supply
It shall be possible to disconnect any external power supply.
5.7.3 Machines powered by an internal combustion engine
Exposed components of the power source exhaust system having a surface temperature greater than
80 °C measured at 20 °C ± 3 °C ambient temperature shall be considered hot and shall be guarded so
that they are not accessible to unintentional contact during normal use. These parts, which also include
the power source exhaust guard, are considered accessible if the area contactable by the appropriate
test cone is larger than 10 cm .
See Annex C for testing requirements of hot parts.
The exhaust outlet shall be located such that exhaust emissions shall not be direct to the operator,
which is in normal working positions.
5.7.4 Machines with two or more power supplies
When a wedge splitter can be driven by more than one power supply, it shall not be possible to connect
more than one power supply at a time.
Access to the power-input connection (PIC) of the wedge splitter shall be prevented by a movable guard
fixed to the wedge splitter; see EN ISO 14120 for fixed and movable guards and EN ISO 14119 for
interlocking, when operating with an alternative power supply.
NOTE For a wedge splitter with two alternative power supplies, this requirement is achieved if a single
moveable guard fixed to the wedge splitter is provided which:
— at one position prevents access to the PIC while allowing connection to the other source of power;
— at another position allows connection of a PTO drive shaft to the PIC while preventing the connection of the
other source of power; and
— at no position allows both sources of power to be connected at the same time, thereby providing a form of
interlock.
5.8 Hydraulic equipment
Hydraulic equipment shall comply with EN ISO 4413. Identification requirements of EN ISO 4413:2010,
7.4.2.1 can also be achieved with identification in the instruction handbook or the spare parts list or
catalogue.
Pressurized hoses, lines and components shall be located, shielded or protected so that in the event of
rupture, the fluid cannot be discharged directly onto the operators. Hydraulic pipes with an operating
pressure under 50 bar and with a temperature below 50 °C are excluded from these requirements.
5.9 Safe guarding of the splitting zone
5.9.1 General
Fixings used for securing fixed guards shall be held captive either on the machine or the guard they
secure. See EN ISO 14120:2015, 5.19.
5.9.2 Horizontal short log wedge splitter
5.9.2.1 General
For wedge splitters where the space between the foremost point of the splitting wedge and the
pressure plate or a log support plate is 550 mm or less. See L of Figure 8, one of the safeguarding
options detailed in the following sub clauses shall be applied.
5.9.2.2 Horizontal short log wedge splitter guarded with a combination of guards
Access to the splitting zone shall be prevented by a combination of fixed guards and interlocking
movable guards fulfilling the requirements of EN ISO 14120 for fixed and movable guards and
EN ISO 14119 for interlocking and be in accordance with the safety distances of EN ISO 13857:2008,
Tables 3, 4 and 6.
5.9.2.3 Horizontal short log wedge splitter guarded with a combination of guards with a two-
hand-control device
Access to the splitting zone shall be prevented from below, from the sides, from the front and from the
top by fixed guards fulfilling the requirements of EN ISO 14120 and in accordance with the safety
distances of EN ISO 13857:2008, Tables 3, 4 and 6. It is allowed to have an opening to enable feeding of
the machine (see Figure 5). Opening shall start at least from the vertical main cutting edge. See x and
x/2 in Figure 7. Distance from the opening to the nearest point of the wedge shall be greater than
230 mm. See Figures 5 to 7.
A two-hand control device shall be provided in the operating position, which fulfils the requirements of
5.6. The two-hand control device shall be placed in front of the access to splitting zone (see Figures 5 to
7) so that the operator cannot be caught between the pressure plate and the wedge, between the log
and the wedge, between the log and the pressure plate or between the pressure plat
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