CEN/TR 16918:2015

Safety of toys - Children´s mouthing behaviour in contact with toys

This Technical Report presents the results of a European Study on “Children's mouthing behaviour in contact with toys”. It provides statistical data on the duration and frequency that children under 36 months introduce toys into their mouths and estimated data on the time children under 36 months spend mouthing toys each day.
Furthermore, it provides information on:
-   the literature focused on children's mouthing behaviour, including commonly used methodologies and significant results;
-   the design and methodology of the study;
-   the data on the children and toy sample;
-   the forms used in data collection.

Sicherheit von Spielzeug - Mundkontaktverhalten von Kindern mit Spielzeug

Sécurité des jouets - Analyse de la mise à la bouche des jouets par les enfants

Varnost igrač - Obnašanje otroka pri stiku igrače z usti

To tehnično poročilo predstavlja rezultate evropske študije »Obnašanje otroka pri stiku igrače z usti«. Podaja statistične podatke o trajanju in pogostosti, s katero otroci, mlajši od 36 mesecev, v usta vnašajo igrače, ter ocenjene podatke o času, ki ga otroci, mlajši od 36 mesecev, vsak dan namenijo stiku igrač z usti.
Nadalje podaja informacije o
- literaturi, ki se osredotoča na obnašanje otrok, povezano z usti, vključno z najpogosteje uporabljanimi metodologijami in pomembnimi rezultati;
- zasnovi in metodologiji študije;
- podatkih o otrocih in vzorcu igrač;
- obrazcih, uporabljenih za zbiranje podatkov.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 15-Dec-2015
• ICS: 97.200.50 - Toys
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 52 - Safety of toys
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 52/WG 5 - Safety of toys - Chemical toys
• Current Stage: 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
• Start Date: 16-Dec-2015
• Due Date: 22-Oct-2016
• Completion Date: 16-Dec-2015
• Ref Project: SIST-TP CEN/TR 16918:2016 - Safety of toys - Children´s mouthing behaviour in contact with toys

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2016
9DUQRVWLJUDþ2EQDãDQMHRWURNDSULVWLNXLJUDþH]XVWL
Safety of toys - Children´s mouthing behaviour in contact with toys
Sicherheit von Spielzeug - Mundkontaktverhalten von Kindern
Sécurité des jouets - Analyse de la mise à la bouche des jouets par les enfants
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 16918:2015
ICS:
97.200.50 ,JUDþH Toys
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

CEN/TR 16918
TECHNICAL REPORT
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
December 2015
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
ICS 97.200.50
English Version
Safety of toys - Children´s mouthing behaviour in contact
with toys
Sécurité des jouets - Analyse de la mise à la bouche des Sicherheit von Spielzeug - Mundkontaktverhalten von
jouets par les enfants Kindern

This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 7 December 2015. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 52.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 16918:2015 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Literature review . 7
2.1 General . 7
2.2 Methodological review on children’s mouthing behaviour . 8
2.3 Main results on the duration and frequency of children’s mouthing behaviour in
previous literature . 11
2.3.1 General . 11
2.3.2 Daily time available to mouth not spent sleeping or eating . 12
2.3.3 Frequency of mouthing objects . 13
2.3.4 Amount of the time spent mouthing objects . 14
3 Design of the research . 16
3.1 General objective. 16
3.2 Data collection . 16
3.3 Methodology . 17
3.3.1 General . 17
3.3.2 Ethnographic. 18
3.3.3 Home environment . 18
3.3.4 Free play environment . 20
3.3.5 Pilot test . 21
3.3.6 Observational tool and protocols . 22
3.3.7 Training sessions . 23
3.4 Sample description: Children and toys . 23
3.4.1 General . 23
3.4.2 Children sample . 24
3.4.3 Sample . 31
3.5 Statistical analysis . 35
4 Results of children’s mouthing behaviour in contact with toys . 36
4.1 Frequency children mouthed toys . 36
4.1.1 General . 36
4.1.2 By age . 36
4.1.3 By gender . 37
4.1.4 By gender and age . 38
4.1.5 By country . 39
4.1.6 By country and age . 40
4.2 Time children spent mouthing toys . 41
4.2.1 General . 41
4.2.2 By age . 41
4.2.3 By gender . 42
4.2.4 By gender and age . 42
4.2.5 By country . 43
4.2.6 By country and age . 44
4.2.7 Toy-to-mouth contact duration by age . 45
4.3 Type of mouthing: lip/tongue, suck/engulf, bite/chew . 47
4.3.1 Frequency by type of mouthing . 47
4.3.2 Frequency by type of mouthing and age. 48
4.3.3 Time children spent mouthing, by type of mouthing . 49
4.3.4 Time children spent mouthing toys by type of mouthing and age . 50
4.4 Elastomeric vs. not elastomeric material . 51
4.4.1 General . 51
4.4.2 Frequency by elastomeric and not elastomeric material . 51
4.4.3 Frequency by elastomeric and not elastomeric material and age . 52
4.4.4 Time children spent mouthing by elastomeric and not elastomeric material . 53
4.4.5 Time children spent mouthing, by elastomeric and not elastomeric material and age . 53
4.4.6 Toy-to-mouth contact duration by elastomeric and not elastomeric material . 54
4.4.7 Toy-to-mouth duration by elastomeric and not elastomeric material and age . 55
4.4.8 Qualitative approach of the influence of elastomeric material in children’s mouthing
behaviour. 55
4.5 Toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed . 58
4.5.1 General . 58
4.5.2 Frequency children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed . 58
4.5.3 Frequency children mouthed toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed by age . 59
4.5.4 Time children spent mouthing toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed . 60
4.5.5 Time children spent mouthing toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed by age . 60
4.5.6 Toy-to-mouth contact duration for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed . 61
4.5.7 Toy-to-mouth contact for toys intended vs not intended to be mouthed by age . 62
4.6 Toy categories . 63
4.6.1 General . 63
4.6.2 Frequency children mouthed toys by toy category . 64
4.6.3 Time children spent mouthing toys by toy category . 65
4.7 Bite marks left on toys . 66
4.8 Degree of salivation . 67
4.8.1 General . 67
4.8.2 Toys that contributed to high degrees of salivation . 68
5 Estimations . 69
5.1 General . 69
5.2 Results of ethnographic study . 69
5.2.1 Time children are awake and not eating. 69
5.2.2 Time children are in contact with toys . 71
5.3 Estimation formula . 72
5.4 Estimation of frequency children mouth toys . 72
5.4.1 General . 72
5.4.2 Estimation of frequency children mouth toys by age . 73
5.5 Estimation of time children spend mouthing toys. 74
5.5.1 General .
...