EN 15338:2007+A1:2010
(Main)Hardware for furniture - Strength and durability of extension elements and their components
Hardware for furniture - Strength and durability of extension elements and their components
This European Standard specifies test methods and requirements for the strength and durability of all types of extension elements and their components for all fields of application, except table extensions.
The tests consist of the application of loads, forces and velocities simulating normal functional use, as well as misuse, that might reasonably be expected to occur.
With the exception of the corrosion test in 6.4, the tests are designed to evaluate properties without regard to materials, design/construction or manufacturing processes.
The strength and durability tests only relate to the extension elements and the parts used for the attachment, e.g. screws.
The strength and durability tests are carried out in a test frame with specified properties. The test results can only be used as a guide to the performance of a piece of furniture.
The test results are only valid for the extension element tested. These results may be used to represent the performance of production models provided that the tested model is representative of the production model.
Ageing and influences of heat and humidity are not included.
Möbelbeschläge - Festigkeit und Dauerhaltbarkeit von Auszügen und deren Komponenten
Diese Europäische Norm legt Prüfverfahren und Anforderungen für die Festigkeit und Dauerhaltbarkeit aller
Arten von Auszügen und deren Komponenten für alle Anwendungsbereiche fest, mit Ausnahme von
Tischauszügen.
Bei den Prüfungen werden Lasten, Kräfte und Geschwindigkeiten aufgebracht, die einer normalen funktionsbedingten
Benutzung sowie auch einer vorhersehbaren Fehlanwendung entsprechen.
Mit Ausnahme der Korrosionsprüfung nach 6.4 sind die Prüfungen auf die Bewertung von Eigenschaften ausgerichtet,
ohne Berücksichtigung von Werkstoffen, Gestaltung/Konstruktion oder Herstellverfahren.
Die Prüfungen der Festigkeit und Dauerhaltbarkeit beziehen sich nur auf die Auszüge und die Teile für die
Befestigung, z. B. Schrauben.
Die Prüfungen der Festigkeit und Dauerhaltbarkeit werden in einem Prüfrahmen mit festgelegten Eigenschaften
durchgeführt. Die Prüfergebnisse können nur als Hinweis für die Gebrauchstauglichkeit eines
Möbelstückes herangezogen werden.
Die Prüfergebnisse sind nur für den geprüften Auszug gültig. Diese Ergebnisse können zur Darstellung der
Gebrauchstauglichkeit von Produktionsserien herangezogen werden, vorausgesetzt, das geprüfte Modell ist
für die Serie repräsentativ.
Alterung und die Einwirkungen von Wärme und Feuchtigkeit sind nicht enthalten.
Quincaillerie d'ameublement - Résistance mécanique et endurance des éléments extractibles et de leurs composants
La présente Norme européenne spécifie des méthodes d’essai et des exigences relatives à la résistance mécanique
et à l’endurance de tous les types d’éléments extractibles et de leurs composants prévus pour tous les champs
d’application, à l’exception des rallonges de table.
Les essais consistent à appliquer des charges, forces et vitesses simulant un usage fonctionnel normal et un mauvais
usage auquel on peut raisonnablement s’attendre.
À l’exception de l’essai de corrosion décrit en 6.4, les essais sont conçus pour évaluer les propriétés quels que soient
les matériaux, la conception/construction et les procédés de fabrication.
Les essais de résistance mécanique et d’endurance concernent uniquement les éléments extractibles et les parties
utilisées pour leur fixation, par exemple des vis.
Les essais de résistance mécanique et d’endurance sont effectués dans une structure d’essai ayant des propriétés
spécifiées. Les résultats d’essai peuvent uniquement servir de guide en matière de performances d’un meuble.
Les résultats d’essai ne sont valables que pour les éléments extractibles soumis à essai. Ces résultats peuvent être
utilisés pour indiquer les performances des modèles fabriqués à condition que le modèle essayé soit représentatif du
modèle fabriqué.
Le vieillissement et les effets de la chaleur et de l’humidité ne sont pas traités.
Pohištveno okovje - Trdnost in trajnost izvlečnih elementov in njihovih sestavnih delov (vključno z dopolnilom A1)
Ta evropski standard določa preskusne metode in zahteve za trdnost in trajnost vseh tipov izvlečnih elementov in njihovih sestavnih delov za vsa področja uporabe, razen za podaljške mize. Preskus je sestavljen iz vnosa obremenitev, sil in hitrosti, ki posnemajo običajno funkcionalno uporabo in upravičeno pričakovano napačno uporabo. Z izjemo korozijskega preskusa v točki 6.4 so preskusi zasnovani tako, da ovrednotijo lastnosti ne glede na materiale, načrt/konstrukcijo ali proizvodne procese. Preskusi trdnosti in trajnosti se navezujejo samo na izvlečne elemente in dele, uporabljene za pritrditev, to so vijaki. Preskusi trdnosti in trajnosti se izvajajo v preskusnem okvirju z določenimi lastnostmi. Rezultati preskusa se lahko uporabijo le kot vodilo za delovanje kosa pohištva. Rezultati preskusov veljajo le za preskušani izvlečni element. Ti rezultati se lahko uporabijo za predstavitev delovanja proizvodnih modelov, če preskusni model predstavlja proizvodni model. Staranje ter vpliv vročine in vlage niso zajeti.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Möbelbeschläge - Festigkeit und Dauerhaltbarkeit von Auszügen und deren KomponentenQuincaillerie d'ameublement - Résistance mécanique et endurance des éléments extractibles et de leurs composantsHardware for furniture - Strength and durability of extension elements and their components97.140PohištvoFurnitureICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 15338:2007+A1:2010SIST EN 15338:2007+A1:2010en,fr,de01-julij-2010SIST EN 15338:2007+A1:2010SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 15338:20071DGRPHãþD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 15338:2007+A1
February 2010 ICS 97.140 Supersedes EN 15338:2007English Version
Hardware for furniture - Strength and durability of extension elements and their components
Quincaillerie d'ameublement - Résistance mécanique et endurance des éléments extractibles et de leurs composants
Möbelbeschläge - Festigkeit und Dauerhaltbarkeit von Auszügen und deren Komponenten This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 December 2006 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 4 January 2010.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15338:2007+A1:2010: ESIST EN 15338:2007+A1:2010
Product information system . 19Annex B (normative)
Apparatus for slam-shut/open of extension elements . 20SIST EN 15338:2007+A1:2010
Test parameters . 24
Introduction The aim of this European Standard is to provide furniture manufacturers, designers and developers with comparable information regarding the performance of extension elements and drawers. SIST EN 15338:2007+A1:2010
1 Scope This European Standard specifies test methods and requirements for the strength and durability of all types of extension elements and their components for all fields of application, except table extensions. The tests consist of the application of loads, forces and velocities simulating normal functional use, as well as misuse, that might reasonably be expected to occur. With the exception of the corrosion test in 6.4, the tests are designed to evaluate properties without regard to materials, design/construction or manufacturing processes. The strength and durability tests only relate to the extension elements and the parts used for the attachment, e.g. screws. The strength and durability tests are carried out in a test frame with specified properties. The test results can only be used as a guide to the performance of a piece of furniture. The test results are only valid for the extension element tested. These results may be used to represent the performance of production models provided that the tested model is representative of the production model. Ageing and influences of heat and humidity are not included. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 320, Fibreboards — Determination of resistance to axial withdrawal of screws EN 323, Wood-based panels — Determination of density EN ISO 6270-2, Paints and varnishes — Determination of resistance to humidity — Part 2: Procedure for exposing test specimens in condensation-water atmospheres (ISO 6270-2:2005) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 catch device device, which keeps or pulls an extension element in place, but does not require a second action in order to release it, e.g. a magnetic catch or a self-closing or self-opening mechanism 3.2 extension element components that can be pulled out and pushed in, e.g. drawers, suspended pocket files, keyboard trays 3.3 loading capacity, M mass in Kg, as specified by the manufacturer, for which the extension element will fulfil the strength and durability requirements.
If mounting or assembly instructions are not supplied, the most adverse configuration shall be used and the mounting or assembly method shall be recorded in the test report. Fittings shall be tightened before testing and shall not be re-tightened unless specifically required in the manufacturer’s instructions. If the configuration must be changed to produce the worst-case conditions, this shall be recorded in the test report. For testing a range of related extension elements, only worst case(s) need to be tested. The tests shall be carried out in indoor ambient conditions at a temperature between 15 °C and 25 °C. If during a test the temperature is outside of the range of 15 °C to 25 °C, the maximum and/or minimum temperature shall be recorded in the test report.
Extension elements which include structural hardware parts made of hygroscopic plastic materials, e.g. polyamide shall be conditioned at (23 ± 5) °C and a relative humidity of (50 ± 5) % for at least 7 days before testing. In the case of designs not addressed in the test procedures, the test shall be carried out as far as possible as described, and deviations from the test procedure recorded in the test report. Before beginning the testing, visually inspect the extension element thoroughly. Record any defects so that they are not assumed to have been caused by the tests. Carry out measurements when specified. 4.2 Test equipment Unless otherwise specified, the tests may be applied by any suitable device, because results are not dependent upon the apparatus. The equipment shall not inhibit deformation of the extension element, i. e. it shall be able to move so that it can follow the deformation of the extension element during testing. All loading pads shall be capable of pivoting in relation to the direction of the applied force. The pivot point shall be as close as practically possible to the load surface. 4.3 Application of forces The forces in the static load tests shall be applied sufficiently slowly to ensure that negligible dynamic force is applied. Unless otherwise specified, each force shall be maintained for not less than 10 and not more than 15
s. The forces in durability tests shall be applied at a rate to ensure that excessive heating does not occur. The forces may be replaced by masses. The relation 10 N = 1 kg may be used for this purpose. SIST EN 15338:2007+A1:2010
Record any changes that have taken place since the initial inspection. The inspection shall include at least the following: a) the fracture of any component or joint; b) the loosening of any joint intended to be rigid, which can be demonstrated by hand pressure; c) the deformation or wear of any part or component such that its functioning is impaired; d) the loosening of any means of fixing components; e) any impaired function of a component or part. 5 Test apparatus 5.1 Loading pad Rigid disc 100 mm in diameter (or 50 mm to be used in limited space), with a flat face and a 12 mm front edge blend radius. 5.2 Apparatus for slam-shut/open tests Two examples for suitable apparatus as well as calibration instructions are given in Annex B. SIST EN 15338:2007+A1:2010
Key
1 Typing paper 2 Spacing material (for example polystyrene) in the middle of the extension element
3 Front of extension element 4 Air gap
(NOTE Will be determined by the size of the paper) 5 Air gap 25mm ± 6 mm A Side view B Top view Figure 1 — Loading of suspended filing pockets with typing paper 5.6 Test frame and test drawer The tests specified in 6.2 and 6.3 shall be carried out in a test frame (Figure 2, which is so constructed that the deformation under the applied load is no more than 1 mm).
Unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer, the extensions shall be mounted on particle board sides, see 5.7. The distance between the outer surfaces of the particle board shall be specified by the manufacturer. If it is not specified, the distance (Figure 2, key 11) shall be (590 ± 10) mm.
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Frequently Asked Questions
EN 15338:2007+A1:2010 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Hardware for furniture - Strength and durability of extension elements and their components". This standard covers: This European Standard specifies test methods and requirements for the strength and durability of all types of extension elements and their components for all fields of application, except table extensions. The tests consist of the application of loads, forces and velocities simulating normal functional use, as well as misuse, that might reasonably be expected to occur. With the exception of the corrosion test in 6.4, the tests are designed to evaluate properties without regard to materials, design/construction or manufacturing processes. The strength and durability tests only relate to the extension elements and the parts used for the attachment, e.g. screws. The strength and durability tests are carried out in a test frame with specified properties. The test results can only be used as a guide to the performance of a piece of furniture. The test results are only valid for the extension element tested. These results may be used to represent the performance of production models provided that the tested model is representative of the production model. Ageing and influences of heat and humidity are not included.
This European Standard specifies test methods and requirements for the strength and durability of all types of extension elements and their components for all fields of application, except table extensions. The tests consist of the application of loads, forces and velocities simulating normal functional use, as well as misuse, that might reasonably be expected to occur. With the exception of the corrosion test in 6.4, the tests are designed to evaluate properties without regard to materials, design/construction or manufacturing processes. The strength and durability tests only relate to the extension elements and the parts used for the attachment, e.g. screws. The strength and durability tests are carried out in a test frame with specified properties. The test results can only be used as a guide to the performance of a piece of furniture. The test results are only valid for the extension element tested. These results may be used to represent the performance of production models provided that the tested model is representative of the production model. Ageing and influences of heat and humidity are not included.
EN 15338:2007+A1:2010 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 97.140 - Furniture. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 15338:2007+A1:2010 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 15338:2007/FprA1, EN 15338:2007, EN 15338:2024. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase EN 15338:2007+A1:2010 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CEN standards.
SIST EN 15338:2007+A1:2010 문서는 가구용 하드웨어의 연장 요소 및 그 구성 요소의 강도와 내구성에 대한 표준을 제공합니다. 이 유럽 표준은 연장 요소 및 그 구성 요소의 강도 및 내구성을 위한 테스트 방법과 요구 사항을 명시하고 있습니다. 특히, 테이블 연장은 이 표준의 적용 범위에서 제외되어 있습니다. 이 표준의 주요 강점 중 하나는 다양한 응용 분야에 걸쳐 모든 유형의 연장 요소를 포괄적으로 다룬다는 점입니다. 따라서 이 표준은 가구 제조업체들이 제품의 품질을 평가하고 그 성능을 보장하는 데 큰 도움이 됩니다. 또한, 표준은 일반적인 기능 사용뿐만 아니라 오용을 가정한 하중, 힘 및 속도의 적용을 포함한 테스트를 통해 실제 사용 상황을 시뮬레이션합니다. 강도 및 내구성 테스트는 테스트 프레임에서 수행되며, 특정한 속성을 갖춘 프레임이 사용됩니다. 이는 테스트 결과가 가구의 성능을 대표하는 가이드로 활용될 수 있도록 합니다. 그러나 테스트 결과는 테스트된 연장 요소에만 유효하며, 테스트 모델이 생산 모델을 대표할 경우에 한해 생산 모델의 성능을 나타내는 데 사용될 수 있습니다. 이 표준은 재료, 디자인/구조 또는 제조 과정에 관계없이 평가 방법을 제공합니다. 이는 다양한 제조사들이 보다 자유롭게 자신들의 제품을 평가하고 개선할 수 있는 기회를 제공합니다. 또한, 노화 및 열, 습기의 영향은 포함되지 않았다는 점도 주목할 만합니다. 이러한 접근은 제품 사용 시에 있을 수 있는 변화를 고려하지 않고, 특정 조건 하에서의 강도와 내구성을 중점적으로 검토하기 위한 것입니다. 결론적으로, SIST EN 15338:2007+A1:2010 표준은 가구용 하드웨어의 강도와 내구성을 체계적으로 평가할 수 있는 중요한 리소스입니다. 이 표준은 가구 산업 종사자들에게 신뢰할 수 있는 가이드라인을 제공하여 제품의 성능 개선과 품질 보증을 위한 필수적인 도구 역할을 합니다.
Die Norm EN 15338:2007+A1:2010, die sich mit der Hardware von Möbeln und insbesondere mit der Festigkeit und Dauerhaftigkeit von Erweiterungselementen und deren Komponenten befasst, bietet einen klaren und umfassenden Rahmen für die Bewertung eines kritischen Aspekts in der Möbelindustrie. Ihr Geltungsbereich umfasst alle Arten von Erweiterungselementen, nicht jedoch Tischverbreiterungen, was die Norm besonders relevant macht für eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen in der Möbelherstellung. Ein herausragendes Merkmal dieser Norm ist die Systematik der Testmethoden, die eine simulierte Anwendung von Lasten, Kräften und Geschwindigkeiten beinhaltet, um sowohl den normalen Gebrauch als auch Missbrauch zu berücksichtigen. Diese realitätsnahen Tests gewährleisten, dass die getesteten Produkte den tatsächlichen Belastungen standhalten, die im Alltag auftreten können. Die Norm bewertet die Festigkeit und Haltbarkeit der Erweiterungselemente sowie der Befestigungsteile, wie beispielsweise Schrauben, unabhängig von den verwendeten Materialien oder dem Herstellungsprozess. Dies ist besonders vorteilhaft, da es eine breite Anwendbarkeit der Ergebnisse auf verschiedene Hersteller und Produktlinien unterstützt. Die durchgeführten Festigkeits- und Haltbarkeitstests in einem speziell konstruierten Prüfrahmen bieten zusätzliche Sicherheit in der Bewertung der Produkte. Die Tatsache, dass die Testergebnisse als Richtlinie für die Leistung eines Möbelstücks dienen können, gibt Herstellern und Verbrauchern gleichermaßen Vertrauen in die Qualität der Produkte. Es ist wichtig zu beachten, dass die Testergebnisse nur für das getestete Erweiterungselement gültig sind, dies stellt sicher, dass nur repräsentative Modelle für die Leistung von Produktionsmodellen verwendet werden. Eine Einschränkung der Norm ist, dass Alterungseinflüsse sowie Wärme- und Feuchtigkeitseinwirkungen nicht berücksichtigt werden. Dennoch bleibt die Norm EN 15338:2007+A1:2010 aufgrund ihrer fundierten Testmethoden und ihrer relevanten Anforderungen ein unverzichtbares Werkzeug für Hersteller, die die Festigkeit und Dauerhaftigkeit ihrer Möbelprodukte sicherstellen möchten. Die Norm trägt erheblich zur Qualitätssicherung in der Möbelproduktion und zum Vertrauen der Verbraucher in die Langlebigkeit von Möbeln bei.
EN 15338:2007+A1:2010は、家具用ハードウェアに関する重要な標準であり、特に延長要素とその構成要素の強度と耐久性に焦点を当てています。この欧州標準は、テスト方法と要求事項を明確に定義しており、さまざまな用途における延長要素とその部品に適用されますが、テーブル延長を除外しています。この規格は、通常の機能的使用および期待される誤用を模擬した荷重、力、速度の適用を含むテストを通じて強度と耐久性を評価します。 この標準の大きな強みは、素材、デザイン、製造プロセスに関係なく、全てのタイプの延長要素とその取り付け部品に対する一般的な評価基準を提供している点です。具体的には、延長要素に直接関連する部分、例えばネジなどに対して強度と耐久性のテストが実施されます。テストは特定の特性を持つ試験フレーム内で行われ、得られた結果は家具一つに対するパフォーマンスのガイドとしてのみ使用されることが強調されています。 また、この標準は試験対象となった延長要素に対してのみ有効な結果をもたらし、試験されたモデルが生産モデルを代表するものである場合には生産モデルのパフォーマンスを表すことができます。ただし、加齢や熱・湿度の影響は含まれていないため、これらの要因は別途検討する必要があります。 EN 15338:2007+A1:2010は、家具業界における強度と耐久性に関する基準を確立する重要な文書であり、製品開発や品質管理において不可欠な要素となるでしょう。この標準の適用により、消費者はより高品質で信頼性の高い製品を手にすることができ、業界全体の信頼性向上にも寄与することが期待されます。
La norme EN 15338:2007+A1:2010 se distingue par son objectif clair et ciblé, à savoir établir des méthodes d'essai et des exigences relatives à la résistance et à la durabilité des éléments d'extension et de leurs composants pour les meubles. L'un des points forts de cette norme réside dans sa capacité à évaluer la performance à travers divers tests, simulating à la fois un usage normal et des abus potérieurs. Cela permet de garantir une robustesse et une longévité des produits dans des conditions d'utilisation réalistes. Le champ d'application de cette norme est particulièrement pertinent, car il couvre tous les types d'éléments d'extension à l'exception des extensions de table. Cela signifie qu'elle est applicable dans un large éventail de contextes, permettant aux fabricants de meubles d'assurer que leurs produits répondent à des critères de qualité rigoureux. La norme ne se limite pas à un type de matériau ou de processus de fabrication, ce qui accroît sa flexibilité et son utilité pour divers acteurs de l'industrie. De plus, les essais de résistance et de durabilité se déroulent dans un cadre d'essai spécifique, garantissant la rigueur scientifique des résultats obtenus. Toutefois, il est essentiel de noter que les résultats des tests ne peuvent qu'informer sur la performance d'un modèle testé et doivent être considérés comme indicatifs pour des modèles de production, à condition que ces derniers soient représentatifs du modèle testé. La norme aborde également les contraintes de durabilité sans inclure les effets du vieillissement et des influences climatiques telles que la chaleur et l'humidité. Cela peut être perçu à la fois comme une limite et comme un point fort, car elle permet une analyse plus ciblée des propriétés mécaniques pures des éléments d'extension, sans être influencée par des facteurs environnementaux variables. En somme, EN 15338:2007+A1:2010 s'avère être une référence essentielle pour assurer la qualité et la confiance dans les mécanismes de meubles, offrant aux fabricants des bases solides pour garantir la satisfaction du client.
The EN 15338:2007+A1:2010 standard provides a comprehensive framework for assessing the strength and durability of extension elements and their components used in furniture. Its scope is clearly defined, excluding table extensions while encompassing a wide range of applications. This specificity ensures that manufacturers have a focused guideline for various extension elements, promoting consistent quality and performance across the industry. One of the standard's notable strengths lies in its rigorous test methods, which simulate both normal functional use and potential misuse that extension elements might encounter. By applying loads, forces, and velocities, the standard effectively mirrors real-world scenarios, ensuring that the tested components are not only robust under ideal circumstances but also resilient against conceivable adverse conditions. This realistic approach to testing enhances the reliability of the standard, making it a valuable resource for manufacturers looking to validate their products’ performance. Furthermore, the standard’s emphasis on evaluating strength and durability without considering materials, design, or manufacturing processes fosters an inclusive testing environment. This approach allows for broad applicability, as manufacturers can rely on the standard regardless of their specific production methodologies. The focus on the attachment parts, such as screws, also ensures that the evaluation encompasses crucial components that contribute to the overall integrity of the extension elements. However, it is important to note that the results from these strength and durability tests are primarily intended as guidance for furniture performance. The specification that the results apply only to the extension elements tested is critical, as it clarifies the limitations of the data. This aspect encourages manufacturers to conduct their specific testing for production models, ensuring that individual products meet the required standards. The EN 15338:2007+A1:2010 standard establishes a key benchmark for the furniture industry, enhancing the understanding of strength and durability in extension elements. Its relevance continues to grow as the demand for high-quality, durable furniture increases in the market. Overall, this standard serves as an essential tool for manufacturers aiming to meet performance expectations and ensure the longevity of their products.
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