EN 1991-1-4:2005/A1:2010
(Amendment)Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions
(1) EN 1991-1-4 gives guidance on the determination of natural wind actions for the structural design of building and civil engineering works for each of the loaded areas under consideration. This includes the whole structure or parts of the structure or elements attached to the structure, e. g. components, cladding units and their fixings, safety and noise barriers.
(2) This Part is applicable to:
. Buildings and civil engineering works with heights up to 200 m. See also (11).
. Bridges having no span greater than 200 m, provided that they satisfy the criteria for dynamic response, see (11) and 8.2.
(3) This part is intended to predict characteristic wind actions on land-based structures, their components and appendages.
(4) Certain aspects necessary to determine wind actions on a structure are dependent on the location and on the availability and quality of meteorological data, the type of terrain, etc. These need to be provided in the National Annex and Annex A, through National choice by notes in the text as indicated. Default values and methods are given in the main text, where the National Annex does not provide information.
(5) Annex A gives illustrations of the terrain categories and provides rules for the effects of orography including displacement height, roughness change, influence of landscape and influence of neighbouring structures.
(6) Annex B and C give alternative procedures for calculating the structural factor cscd.
(7) Annex D gives cscd factors for different types of structures.
(8) Annex E gives rules for vortex induced response and some guidance on other aeroelastic effects.
(9) Annex F gives dynamic characteristics of structures with linear behaviour
(10) This part does not give guidance on local thermal effects on the characteristic wind, e.g. strong arctic thermal surface inversion or funnelling or tornadoes.
11) This part does not give guidance on the following aspects:
Eurocode 1: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 1-4: Allgemeine Einwirkungen - Windlasten
Eurocode 1: Actions sur les structures - Partie 1-4 : Actions générales - Actions du vent
Evrokod 1: Vplivi na konstrukcije - 1-4. del: Splošni vplivi - Obtežbe vetra
EN 1991-1-4 podaja navodila glede določevanja obtežbe naravnega vetra na projektiranje zgradb in gradbena dela za vsako od obravnavanih področij pod obtežbo. To vključuje celotno konstrukcijo ali dele konstrukcije ali elemente, ki so pritrjeni na konstrukcijo, npr. sestavne dele, fasadne enote in njihovo pritrjevanje, varnost in protihrupne pregrade.
Ta del se uporablja za:
- Zgradbe in civilna gradbena dela na višini do 200 m. Glej tudi točko (11).
- Mostove, pri katerih ni noben lok večji kot 200 m, pod pogojem, da ustrezajo pogojem za dinamični odziv, glej točki (11) in 8.2. Ta del je namenjen napovedovanju značilnosti obtežbe vetra na konstrukcije na kopnem, njihove komponente in dodatke. Določeni vidiki, ki so potrebni za določevanje obtežbe vetra na konstrukcijo, so odvisni od lokacije in od razpoložljivosti ter kvalitete meteoroloških podatkov, vrste zemljišča, itd. Le-te je treba določiti v Nacionalnem dodatku in Dodatku A, s pomočjo nacionalne izbire in z opombami v besedilu, kot je nakazano. Privzete vrednosti in metode so podane v glavnem besedilu, kadar Nacionalni dodatek ne podaja informacij. Dodatek A podaja ilustracije glede kategorije terena in zagotavlja pravila za učinke orografije, vključno z odmikom višine, spremembo grobosti, vplivom krajine in vplivom sosednjih konstrukcij. Dodatka B in C podajata alternativne postopke za izračun faktorja konstrukcije cscd. Dodatek D podaja cscd faktorje za različne tipe konstrukcij. Dodatek E podaja pravila za odziv, ki ga povzroči vrtinec, in nekaj navodil glede drugih aerolastičnih učinkov.
Dodatek F podaja dinamične lastnosti konstrukcij z linearnim obnašanjem. Ta del ne podaja navodil glede lokalnih toplotnih učinkov na značilni veter, t.j. močna arktična temperaturna površinska inverzija ali učinek lijaka ali tornadov.
Ta del ne podaja navodil glede naslednjih vidikov:
- obtežba vetra na rebraste stolpe z nevzporedna mrežasto strukturo,
- obtežba vetra na drogove in dimnike, pritrjene z vrvmi,
- torzionalne tresljaje, npr. visoke zgradbe s centralnim jedrom,
- tresljaje krova mostu zaradi prečne turbulence vetra,
- mostove, ki so podprti s kabli,
- tresljaje, pri katerih je treba upoštevati več kot samo osnoven način.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 06-Apr-2010
- Withdrawal Date
- 30-Oct-2010
- Technical Committee
- CEN/TC 250 - Structural Eurocodes
- Drafting Committee
- CEN/TC 250/SC 1 - Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
- Current Stage
- 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
- Start Date
- 07-Apr-2010
- Due Date
- 07-Apr-2011
- Completion Date
- 07-Apr-2010
Relations
- Amends
EN 1991-1-4:2005 - Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions - Effective Date
- 04-Jul-2009
Overview
EN 1991-1-4:2005/A1:2010 (Eurocode 1 - Part 1-4) defines how to determine wind actions (wind loads) for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works. The standard covers wind effects on entire structures, parts of structures and attached elements - for example components, cladding, fixings, safety and noise barriers. It is applicable to buildings up to 200 m high and to bridges with spans up to 200 m that satisfy dynamic-response criteria. The amendment A1 (2010) updates pressure-coefficient tables, zoning rules for roofs and other procedural clarifications.
Key topics and technical requirements
- Scope and applicability: Land-based structures, components and appendages; limits on height and bridge span (up to 200 m), with dynamic criteria for bridges.
- Determination of characteristic wind actions: Procedures to compute wind pressure and forces on global structure and local elements.
- Terrain, orography and roughness: Annex A illustrates terrain categories and gives rules for orography effects, displacement height, roughness change, landscape influence and neighbouring structures.
- Pressure coefficients and zoning: Roofs (flat, monopitch, duopitch, hipped, multispan) should be divided into zones with pressure coefficients defined per zone; recommended values appear in the main text and amendment tables.
- Dynamic and aeroelastic effects: Annex E addresses vortex-induced response and guidance on other aeroelastic phenomena; Annex F gives dynamic characteristics for linear behaviour.
- Structural factor cscd: Alternative calculation procedures are provided in Annexes B and C; Annex D gives typical cscd values for different structures.
- National choices and National Annex: Several parameters (e.g., pressure coefficients, zone definitions, roughness values) are subject to national choice and must be specified in a National Annex. Default values/methods are used where the National Annex is silent.
- Exclusions: Local thermal effects on wind (strong thermal inversions, funneling, tornadoes) are not covered.
Applications
- Designing wind-resistant buildings, roofs, canopies, cladding systems and fixings.
- Assessing wind loads for bridges (within span/height limits) and noise/safety barriers.
- Performing wind-load zoning and selecting external pressure coefficients for structural calculations.
- Evaluating dynamic response and aeroelastic risks (vortex shedding, buffeting) for tall or slender structures.
Who uses this standard
- Structural and wind engineers
- Bridge designers and civil engineers
- Architects and façade/cladding manufacturers
- Code officials, building control authorities and standards committees
Related standards
- Eurocode suite (e.g., EN 1990 Basis of structural design; EN 1992, EN 1993 for material-specific design) - used alongside EN 1991-1-4 for full structural design compliance.
Keywords: EN 1991-1-4, Eurocode 1, wind actions, wind loads, pressure coefficients, terrain categories, orography, National Annex, wind engineering, structural design.
Frequently Asked Questions
EN 1991-1-4:2005/A1:2010 is a amendment published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions". This standard covers: (1) EN 1991-1-4 gives guidance on the determination of natural wind actions for the structural design of building and civil engineering works for each of the loaded areas under consideration. This includes the whole structure or parts of the structure or elements attached to the structure, e. g. components, cladding units and their fixings, safety and noise barriers. (2) This Part is applicable to: . Buildings and civil engineering works with heights up to 200 m. See also (11). . Bridges having no span greater than 200 m, provided that they satisfy the criteria for dynamic response, see (11) and 8.2. (3) This part is intended to predict characteristic wind actions on land-based structures, their components and appendages. (4) Certain aspects necessary to determine wind actions on a structure are dependent on the location and on the availability and quality of meteorological data, the type of terrain, etc. These need to be provided in the National Annex and Annex A, through National choice by notes in the text as indicated. Default values and methods are given in the main text, where the National Annex does not provide information. (5) Annex A gives illustrations of the terrain categories and provides rules for the effects of orography including displacement height, roughness change, influence of landscape and influence of neighbouring structures. (6) Annex B and C give alternative procedures for calculating the structural factor cscd. (7) Annex D gives cscd factors for different types of structures. (8) Annex E gives rules for vortex induced response and some guidance on other aeroelastic effects. (9) Annex F gives dynamic characteristics of structures with linear behaviour (10) This part does not give guidance on local thermal effects on the characteristic wind, e.g. strong arctic thermal surface inversion or funnelling or tornadoes. 11) This part does not give guidance on the following aspects:
(1) EN 1991-1-4 gives guidance on the determination of natural wind actions for the structural design of building and civil engineering works for each of the loaded areas under consideration. This includes the whole structure or parts of the structure or elements attached to the structure, e. g. components, cladding units and their fixings, safety and noise barriers. (2) This Part is applicable to: . Buildings and civil engineering works with heights up to 200 m. See also (11). . Bridges having no span greater than 200 m, provided that they satisfy the criteria for dynamic response, see (11) and 8.2. (3) This part is intended to predict characteristic wind actions on land-based structures, their components and appendages. (4) Certain aspects necessary to determine wind actions on a structure are dependent on the location and on the availability and quality of meteorological data, the type of terrain, etc. These need to be provided in the National Annex and Annex A, through National choice by notes in the text as indicated. Default values and methods are given in the main text, where the National Annex does not provide information. (5) Annex A gives illustrations of the terrain categories and provides rules for the effects of orography including displacement height, roughness change, influence of landscape and influence of neighbouring structures. (6) Annex B and C give alternative procedures for calculating the structural factor cscd. (7) Annex D gives cscd factors for different types of structures. (8) Annex E gives rules for vortex induced response and some guidance on other aeroelastic effects. (9) Annex F gives dynamic characteristics of structures with linear behaviour (10) This part does not give guidance on local thermal effects on the characteristic wind, e.g. strong arctic thermal surface inversion or funnelling or tornadoes. 11) This part does not give guidance on the following aspects:
EN 1991-1-4:2005/A1:2010 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 91.010.30 - Technical aspects. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 1991-1-4:2005/A1:2010 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 1991-1-4:2005. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
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Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2010
Evrokod 1: Vplivi na konstrukcije - 1-4. del: Splošni vplivi - Obtežbe vetra
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions
Eurocode 1: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 1-4: Allgemeine Einwirkungen -
Windlasten
Eurocode 1: Actions sur les structures - Partie 1-4 : Actions générales - Actions du vent
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1991-1-4:2005/A1:2010
ICS:
91.010.30 7HKQLþQLYLGLNL Technical aspects
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 1991-1-4:2005/A1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
April 2010
ICS 91.010.30
English Version
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions -
Wind actions
Eurocode 1: Actions sur les structures - Partie 1-4 : Actions Eurocode 1: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 1-4:
générales - Actions du vent Allgemeine Einwirkungen - Windlasten
This amendment A1 modifies the European Standard EN 1991-1-4:2005; it was approved by CEN on 18 February 2010.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for inclusion of this
amendment into the relevant national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such
national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This amendment exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the
responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1991-1-4:2005/A1:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Foreword
This document (EN 1991-1-4:2005/A1:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 250
“Structural Eurocodes”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text
or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest
by October 2010.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Page 7
National annex for EN 1991-1-4 - add the following:
“7.2.3(2)”
“7.2.3(4)”
“7.2.4(1)”
“7.2.4(3)”
“7.2.5(1)”
“7.2.5(3)”
“7.2.6(1)”
“7.2.6(3)”
“7.2.7”
“7.3(6)”
“7.9.2(2)”
“Table 7.14”
Page 37
7.2.3 Flat roofs
Delete 7.2.3(2) and replace with:
“7.2.3(2) The roof should be divided in zones.
NOTE The zones may be defined by the National Annex.
The recommended zones are given in Figure 7.6.”
Delete 7.2.3(4) and (5) and replace with:
“7.2.3(4) Pressure coefficients should be defined for each zone.
NOTE 1 The pressure coefficients may be set by the National Annex.
The recommended values are given in Table 7.2
NOTE 2 The resulting pressure coefficient on the parapet should be determined using 7.4.”
Page 39
Table 7.2 – Delete title and replace with the following:
“Recommended values of external pressure coefficients for flat roofs.”
In NOTE 3 delete “shall” and replace with “should”.
SIST EN
...
The standard EN 1991-1-4:2005/A1:2010, known as Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions, is an essential reference for industry professionals involved in the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works. Its primary focus is on the determination of natural wind actions, making it highly relevant for ensuring the safety and integrity of structures subjected to wind forces. The scope of this standard encompasses a variety of applications, extending to buildings and civil engineering works with heights up to 200 meters as well as bridges with spans not exceeding 200 meters. This breadth of applicability allows for a comprehensive approach to understanding the wind actions on different structures and their components, including cladding units and safety barriers. It serves as a critical resource for predicting characteristic wind actions, which are influenced by multiple factors such as location, meteorological data quality, and terrain type. One of the notable strengths of EN 1991-1-4 is its structured guidance on calculating wind actions, which includes not just default values but also allows for national adaptations through the National Annex. This flexibility ensures that local conditions can be accommodated, enhancing the practicality of the standard in diverse geographical regions. The inclusion of detailed annexes provides further assistance, with Annex A illustrating terrain categories and discussing orographic influences, while Annexes B and C cover alternative calculation procedures for structural factors. This segmentation ensures clarity and ease of use, especially for engineers and designers working with various types of structures. Additionally, the standard addresses dynamic characteristics and offers calculations for vortex-induced responses in Annex E, thus expanding its utility beyond static wind loads. However, it also delineates its limitations, explicitly mentioning that it does not encompass local thermal effects such as thermal inversions or extreme weather phenomena like tornadoes. This focus on core wind actions allows professionals to concentrate on the most relevant factors affecting structural stability without being burdened by overly broad guidelines. In summary, EN 1991-1-4:2005/A1:2010 is a robust and indispensable standard for the assessment of wind actions on structures, offering both foundational guidance and the flexibility needed for local adaptations. Its comprehensive approach, strengthened by its thorough annexes, makes it highly relevant and applicable for structural engineers tasked with designing safe and resilient buildings and civil infrastructure.
EN 1991-1-4:2005/A1:2010은 건축물 및 토목 공사의 구조 설계를 위한 자연 풍하중의 결정에 대한 지침을 제공하는 문서로, 전체 구조 또는 구조의 일부, 부착된 요소, 예를 들어 구성 요소, 외장 유닛 및 이들의 고정 장치, 안전 및 소음 차단막 등을 포함합니다. 이 표준은 높이가 200m까지의 건물과 토목 공사, 교량 등 다양한 구조물에 적용되며, 다이나믹 응답 기준을 충족해야만 200m 이상의 경간을 가진 교량에 적용될 수 있습니다. 특히, 이 문서는 육상 구조물에 대한 특성 풍하중을 예측하는 것에 중점을 두고 있습니다. 풍하중의 결정에 필요한 여러 측면은 위치, 기상 데이터의 가용성 및 품질, 지형의 유형 등에 따라 다르며, 이를 국가 부록과 부록 A를 통해 제공해야 합니다. 국가 부록에서 제공되지 않는 정보에 대해서는 기본 텍스트에서 기본값 및 방법을 제시하고 있습니다. 부록 A는 지형 카테고리의 설명과 함께 조망성, roughness 변화, 경관의 영향 및 인접 구조물의 영향을 고려한 규칙을 제공합니다. 부록 B와 C에서는 구조 계수 cscd를 계산하는 대체 절차를 제시하고, 부록 D는 다양한 유형의 구조물에 대한 cscd 계수를 제공합니다. 부록 E에서는 와류 유도 응답과 기타 공력적 효과에 대한 지침을 주며, 부록 F는 선형 거동을 가진 구조물의 동적 특성을 다룬다. 이 표준은 특성 풍하중에 대한 포괄적인 기준을 제공하며, 구조물 설계의 안전성과 신뢰성을 높이는 데 기여합니다. 그러나 이 문서는 국부적인 열 효과나 강한 북극 온도 역전, 파이프 현상, 토네이도와 같은 특정 요소에 대한 지침은 포함하지 않으며, 이러한 부분은 다른 자료를 통해 보완해야 할 필요가 있습니다. EN 1991-1-4는 현대 건설 환경에서 매우 중요한 표준으로, 건축 및 토목 기술자들이 안정적이고 안전한 구조물을 설계하는 데 필수적인 참고 자료로 자리 잡고 있습니다.
La norme EN 1991-1-4:2005/A1:2010, intitulée "Eurocode 1: Actions sur les structures - Partie 1-4: Actions générales - Actions de vent", représente une avancée significative dans la conception des structures en matière d'interaction avec les forces du vent. Son champ d'application couvre une large gamme de réalisations, y compris les bâtiments et ouvrages de génie civil de hauteur allant jusqu'à 200 mètres ainsi que les ponts avec une portée maximale de 200 mètres, sous réserve de respecter les critères de réponse dynamique. Un des points forts de cette norme est sa capacité à fournir des orientations sur la détermination des actions de vent naturelles, ce qui est crucial pour assurer la sécurité des structures. L’inclusion des éléments tels que les composants, les unités d'habillage et leurs fixations, ainsi que les barrières de sécurité et de bruit, montre l'importance de prendre en compte l'ensemble de l'ouvrage lors de l'évaluation des actions du vent. La norme englobe également des annexes détaillées. L'Annexe A, par exemple, illustre les catégories de terrain et fournit des règles concernant les effets orographiques. Ces informations sont essentielles pour évaluer l'influence du paysage et des structures environnantes sur les actions de vent. De plus, les Annexes B et C proposent des procédures alternatives pour le calcul du facteur structurel cscd, apportant ainsi une flexibilité dans l'approche de conception. Un autre atout majeur réside dans l'Annexe E, qui traite des effets aérodynamiques tels que la réponse induite par vortex, offrant ainsi une compréhension plus complète des phénomènes en jeu. De plus, l'Annexe F présente les caractéristiques dynamiques des structures avec un comportement linéaire, ce qui constitue une ressource précieuse pour les ingénieurs. Cependant, la norme note certaines limitations, comme l'absence de directives concernant les effets thermiques locaux ou des événements extrêmes tels que les tornades, ce qui est un point à prendre en compte lors de l’application des principes énoncés. La pertinence de la norme EN 1991-1-4:2005/A1:2010 dans le contexte actuel ne peut être sous-estimée. Dans un monde où les conditions climatiques deviennent de plus en plus imprévisibles, les réglementations permettant de concevoir des structures capables de résister aux forces du vent sont d'une importance capitale pour garantir la durabilité et la sécurité des constructions.
EN 1991-1-4:2005/A1:2010の標準は、建物および土木工事の構造設計における風の作用に関する重要なガイドラインを提供しています。この標準の範囲には、200メートル以下の高さの建物や土木工事、また200メートル以下のスパンを持つ橋が含まれ、動的応答基準を満たすことが求められます。これにより、建物やその構成要素、付属物に対する特性風作用を予測するための評価が可能です。 この標準の強みは、風の作用を算出するために必要な要素が、地理的条件や気象データの質に依存していることを考慮している点です。各国の附属書において、具体的な情報が提供され、主文ではデフォルトの値や方法が示されています。この柔軟性は、多様な地域に適用されることから、非常に重要な要素です。 さらに、Annex Aでは地形カテゴリーの図解があり、地形の影響を考慮したルールが提供されています。これにより、風の作用に関して正確な評価ができるようになります。また、Annex BとCでは構造係数の代替計算手順が提示されており、Annex Dは異なる構造形式におけるcscd係数を提供しています。これらの付属書は、実際の風の作用を考慮した設計において非常に有用です。 Annex Eでは、渦誘起応答や他のエアロエラスティック効果に関するガイダンスが示されており、建物の設計における動的特性を把握する上での参考材料となります。Annex Fも含まれており、線形挙動を示す構造物の動的特性についての情報が提供されています。 ただし、この標準は局所的な熱効果や強い極地の熱逆転、トルネードの影響などについてはガイダンスを示していないため、建物の設計者はこれらの特殊な条件も考慮する必要があります。そのため、EN 1991-1-4は風の作用における包括的なフレームワークを提供しつつも、一定の制限を有している点を意識することが重要です。 このように、EN 1991-1-4は、建物や土木構造物の設計において風の作用を考慮するための非常に関連性の高い標準であり、適用性と強度を兼ね備えています。
Die Norm EN 1991-1-4:2005/A1:2010 ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil des Eurocodes, der sich mit den Windlasten auf Tragwerke befasst. Diese Norm bietet eine umfassende Anleitung zur Bestimmung der natürlichen Windkräfte, die für die statische Berechnung von Gebäuden und Ingenieurbauwerken notwendig sind. Besonders hervorzuheben ist, dass die Norm alle relevanten Bereiche der Konstruktion abdeckt, sei es das gesamte Bauwerk, Teile davon oder angefügte Elemente wie Komponenten, Verkleidungseinheiten und deren Befestigungen. Die Anwendbarkeit der Norm erstreckt sich auf Gebäude und Ingenieurbauwerke mit einer Höhe von bis zu 200 Metern sowie Brücken mit Spannweiten von maximal 200 Metern, vorausgesetzt, sie erfüllen die Anforderungen an die dynamische Reaktion. Dies zeigt die Relevanz der Norm für eine breite Palette von Bauprojekten und sorgt dafür, dass Ingenieure und Architekten über die notwendigen Werkzeuge verfügen, um zuverlässige und sichere Konstruktionen zu entwerfen. Ein weiterer Stärkenpunkt der Norm liegt in der detaillierten Berücksichtigung der Standorteigenschaften und der meteorologischen Daten, die entscheidend für die Bestimmung der Windlasten sind. Diese Informationen sind im Nationalen Anhang und in Annex A geregelt, was den Anwendern ermöglicht, sich entsprechend an lokale Gegebenheiten anzupassen. In den Haupttexten werden Standardwerte und Methoden bereitgestellt, falls der Nationale Anhang keine spezifischen Daten bietet. Die Norm bietet auch umfangreiche Anhänge, die verschiedene Aspekte der Windlasten behandelt. Annex A illustriert die Kategorien des Geländes und gibt Vorschriften bezüglich der Auswirkungen der Orographie, was für die genaue Berechnung der Windkräfte von großer Bedeutung ist. Darüber hinaus bieten Annex B und C alternative Verfahren zur Berechnung des Strukturfaktors cscd, während Annex D spezifische cscd-Faktoren für unterschiedliche Bauwerksarten liefert. Annex E behandelt die wirbelinduzierte Reaktion und gibt zusätzliche Informationen zu aeroelastischen Effekten. Trotz dieser umfassenden Informationen ist es wichtig zu beachten, dass die Norm keine Leitlinien zu lokalen thermischen Effekten auf den charakteristischen Wind, wie beispielsweise starke arktische thermische Inversionsschichten oder Tornados, bietet. Dies könnte in bestimmten geografischen und klimatischen Kontexten eine Limitation darstellen, die jedoch im Rahmen der Norm klar kommuniziert wird. Insgesamt zeigt die EN 1991-1-4:2005/A1:2010, dass sie eine unverzichtbare Ressource für die sichere und effiziente Gestaltung von Bauwerken in Bezug auf Windlasten darstellt und ihre Relevanz in der aktuellen Ingenieurtätigkeit klar unter Beweis stellt.
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