EN ISO 16793:2021
(Main)Nuclear fuel technology - Guidelines for ceramographic preparation of UO2 sintered pellets for microstructure examination (ISO 16793:2018)
Nuclear fuel technology - Guidelines for ceramographic preparation of UO2 sintered pellets for microstructure examination (ISO 16793:2018)
This document describes the ceramographic preparation of uranium dioxide (UO2) sintered pellets for qualitative and quantitative microstructure examinations.
These examinations can be carried out before and after thermal or chemical etching.
They enable
— observations of fissures, inter- or intra-granular pores and inclusions, and
— measurement of pore and grain size and measurement of pore and grain size distributions.
The measurement of average grain size can be carried out using a classical counting method as described in ISO 2624 or ASTM E112[3], i.e. intercept procedure, comparison with standard grids or reference photographs.
The measurement of pore-size distributions is usually carried out by an automatic image analyser. If the grain-size distributions are also measured with an image analyser, it is recommended that thermal etching be used to reveal the grain structure uniformly throughout the whole sample.
Kernbrennstofftechnologie - Leitfaden für die keramographische Herstellung gesinterter UO2-Pellets zur Untersuchung des Feingefüges (ISO 16793:2018)
Technologie du combustible nucléaire - Lignes directrices pour la préparation céramographique de pastilles UO2 frittées pour l'examen de la microstructure (ISO 16793:2018)
Le présent document décrit la préparation céramographique de pastilles de dioxyde d'uranium (UO2) frittées, permettant de réaliser des examens qualitatifs et quantitatifs de leur microstructure.
Ces examens peuvent être réalisés avant et après une attaque chimique ou thermique.
Ils permettent
— l'observation des fissures, des pores intergranulaires ou intragranulaires et des inclusions, et
— le mesurage de la taille des grains et de la porosité, ainsi que de leur distribution.
Le mesurage de la taille moyenne des grains peut être effectué par une méthode courante de comptage décrite dans l'ISO 2624 ou l'ASTM E112[3], c'est-à-dire une méthode par interception, comparaison avec des grilles normalisées ou avec des images types.
Le mesurage de la distribution des tailles de pores est généralement effectué par un analyseur d'images automatique. Si la distribution granulométrique est également mesurée avec un analyseur d'images, il est recommandé d'utiliser une attaque thermique pour révéler de façon uniforme la structure des grains de l'ensemble de l'échantillon.
Tehnologija jedrskih goriv - Smernice za pripravo keramografske preiskave mikrostrukture za sintrane pelete UO2 (ISO 16793:2018)
General Information
Overview
EN ISO 16793:2021 - "Nuclear fuel technology - Guidelines for ceramographic preparation of UO2 sintered pellets for microstructure examination" provides harmonized, practical guidance for preparing uranium dioxide (UO2) sintered fuel pellets for both qualitative and quantitative microstructural analysis. The standard covers sample sectioning, mounting options, grinding, polishing, dismounting, and both chemical and thermal etching to reveal grains, pores, fissures and inclusions for microscopy and image analysis.
Key topics and requirements
- Scope of examination: Observations of fissures, inter- and intra-granular pores, inclusions; measurement of pore and grain sizes and distributions.
- Preparation procedures: Three principal workflows - unmounted samples, mounted samples that remain mounted, and mounted samples that require later dismounting.
- Sectioning & equipment: Use of a metallographic sectioning machine with a diamond wheel and water inlet; manual or automatic polishing machines; ultrasonic cleaning; vacuum impregnation; thermal etching furnace; mechanical gripping devices and optical microscopes.
- Polishing & consumables: Abrasive papers (P60–P2500), diamond polish suspensions (0.25–15 µm), aqueous alumina/silica suspensions (0.05–1 µm), and various polishing cloths.
- Etching methods: Guidance on chemical etching and thermal etching (thermal etching requires unmounted samples and is recommended when image analysis is used to measure grain-size distributions to ensure uniform grain revelation). Thermal etching is performed under an oxidizing CO2 atmosphere.
- Measurement techniques: Average grain-size measurement may follow classical counting/intercept procedures as per ISO 2624 or ASTM E112. Pore-size distributions are commonly measured with automatic image analysers.
- Safety & reagents: Lists hazardous reagents used (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, chromium (VI) oxide) and the need for appropriate PPE and ventilation (fume hood) when handling them.
Applications and users
EN ISO 16793:2021 is intended for:
- Nuclear fuel manufacturers and fabrication quality-control laboratories
- Materials scientists and metallographers working on UO2 pellet microstructure
- Research institutions studying sintering, porosity, grain growth and failure mechanisms
- Regulatory and certification bodies assessing fuel microstructure for safety and performance
The standard supports routine production inspection, failure analysis, research characterization, and image-analysis workflows for assessing grain size and pore distributions in nuclear fuel pellets.
Related standards
- ISO 2624 - grain-size measurement methods (classical counting/intercept)
- ASTM E112 - standard for determining average grain size
- ISO 3696 - demineralized water quality (referenced for consumables)
Keywords: EN ISO 16793:2021, ceramographic preparation, UO2 sintered pellets, microstructure examination, thermal etching, chemical etching, grain size, pore-size distribution, image analyser.
Frequently Asked Questions
EN ISO 16793:2021 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Nuclear fuel technology - Guidelines for ceramographic preparation of UO2 sintered pellets for microstructure examination (ISO 16793:2018)". This standard covers: This document describes the ceramographic preparation of uranium dioxide (UO2) sintered pellets for qualitative and quantitative microstructure examinations. These examinations can be carried out before and after thermal or chemical etching. They enable — observations of fissures, inter- or intra-granular pores and inclusions, and — measurement of pore and grain size and measurement of pore and grain size distributions. The measurement of average grain size can be carried out using a classical counting method as described in ISO 2624 or ASTM E112[3], i.e. intercept procedure, comparison with standard grids or reference photographs. The measurement of pore-size distributions is usually carried out by an automatic image analyser. If the grain-size distributions are also measured with an image analyser, it is recommended that thermal etching be used to reveal the grain structure uniformly throughout the whole sample.
This document describes the ceramographic preparation of uranium dioxide (UO2) sintered pellets for qualitative and quantitative microstructure examinations. These examinations can be carried out before and after thermal or chemical etching. They enable — observations of fissures, inter- or intra-granular pores and inclusions, and — measurement of pore and grain size and measurement of pore and grain size distributions. The measurement of average grain size can be carried out using a classical counting method as described in ISO 2624 or ASTM E112[3], i.e. intercept procedure, comparison with standard grids or reference photographs. The measurement of pore-size distributions is usually carried out by an automatic image analyser. If the grain-size distributions are also measured with an image analyser, it is recommended that thermal etching be used to reveal the grain structure uniformly throughout the whole sample.
EN ISO 16793:2021 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 27.120.30 - Fissile materials and nuclear fuel technology. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
You can purchase EN ISO 16793:2021 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CEN standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-april-2021
Tehnologija jedrskih goriv - Smernice za pripravo keramografske preiskave
mikrostrukture za sintrane pelete UO2 (ISO 16793:2018)
Nuclear fuel technology - Guidelines for ceramographic preparation of UO2 sintered
pellets for microstructure examination (ISO 16793:2018)
Technologie du combustible nucléaire - Lignes directrices pour la préparation
céramographique de pastilles UO2 frittées pour l'examen de la microstructure (ISO
16793:2018)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 16793:2021
ICS:
27.120.30 Cepljivi materiali in jedrska Fissile materials and nuclear
gorivna tehnologija fuel technology
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN ISO 16793
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
February 2021
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 27.120.30
English Version
Nuclear fuel technology - Guidelines for ceramographic
preparation of UO2 sintered pellets for microstructure
examination (ISO 16793:2018)
Technologie du combustible nucléaire - Lignes
directrices pour la préparation céramographique de
pastilles UO2 frittées pour l'examen de la
microstructure (ISO 16793:2018)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 18 January 2021.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 16793:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
European foreword
The text of ISO 16793:2018 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85 "Nuclear energy,
nuclear technologies, and radiological protection” of the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 16793:2021 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 430 “Nuclear
energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2021, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by August 2021.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 16793:2018 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16793:2021 without any modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16793
Second edition
2018-08
Nuclear fuel technology — Guidelines
for ceramographic preparation of UO
sintered pellets for microstructure
examination
Technologie du combustible nucléaire — Lignes directrices pour la
préparation céramographique de pastilles UO frittées pour l'examen
de la microstructure
Reference number
ISO 16793:2018(E)
©
ISO 2018
ISO 16793:2018(E)
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
ISO 16793:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 1
5 Procedures . 2
5.1 General . 2
5.2 Sample preparation without mounting . 2
5.3 Sample preparation with mounting, not needing subsequent dismounting . 2
5.4 Sample preparation with mounting, needing subsequent dismounting . 2
6 Apparatus . 2
7 Reagents and consumables . 3
8 Methods . 4
8.1 Sectioning . 4
8.2 Mounting . 4
8.3 Grinding . 4
8.4 Polishing . 5
8.5 Dismounting . 5
9 Etching . 5
9.1 Introduction . 5
9.2 Chemical etching . 5
9.3 Thermal etching . 5
Bibliography . 8
ISO 16793:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specifi
...
기사 제목: EN ISO 16793:2021 - 핵 연료 기술 - UO2 소결 펠렛의 미소구조 조사를 위한 세라모그래픽 준비 지침 (ISO 16793:2018) 기사 내용: 이 문서는 우라늄 디옥사이드(UO2) 소결 펠렛의 질적 및 양적 미소구조 조사를 위한 세라모그래픽 준비에 대해 설명한다. 이 조사는 열적 또는 화학적 새김 이전과 이후에 수행될 수 있다. 이 조사는 균열, 결정 내 또는 결정 간 기공과 사입체를 관찰하고, 기공 및 결정 크기와 기공 및 결정 크기 분포를 측정하는데 사용된다. 평균 결정 크기 측정은 ISO 2624 또는 ASTM E112[3]에서 설명된 대로 고전적인 계수법, 즉 교차절단법, 표준 그리드 또는 참조 사진과의 비교를 통해 수행될 수 있다. 기공 크기 분포의 측정은 일반적으로 자동 이미지 분석기를 사용하여 수행된다. 이미지 분석기로 기공 크기 분포를 측정하는 경우 전체 시료에 대해 결정 구조를 균일하게 나타내기 위해 열적 새김 사용을 권장한다.
The article discusses the guidelines outlined in EN ISO 16793:2021 for the ceramographic preparation of uranium dioxide (UO2) sintered pellets. These guidelines are focused on facilitating qualitative and quantitative microstructure examinations of the pellets. The examinations can be conducted before and after thermal or chemical etching. They allow for the observation of features such as fissures, inter- or intra-granular pores, and inclusions. Additionally, the guidelines provide methods for measuring pore and grain size, as well as pore and grain size distributions. The measurement of average grain size can be accomplished through classical counting methods, while pore-size distributions are typically determined using an automatic image analyzer. For a comprehensive analysis of grain structure throughout the entire sample, thermal etching is recommended when utilizing an image analyzer for measuring grain-size distributions.
記事タイトル：EN ISO 16793:2021 - 核燃料技術 - 微細組織観察のためのUO2焼結ペレットのセラモグラフィック準備のガイドライン（ISO 16793:2018） 記事内容：この文書は、ウランジオキシド（UO2）の焼結ペレットの質的および定量的な微細組織観察のためのセラモグラフィックな準備について説明しています。これらの観察は熱または化学的なエッチングの前後に行うことができます。これにより、ひび割れや粒内外の孔や不純物などが観察でき、また孔と粒のサイズ、および孔と粒のサイズ分布を測定することができます。平均粒子サイズの測定は、ISO 2624やASTM E112[3]に説明されているような古典的なカウンティング法、つまり交差断面法、標準グリッドとの比較、または参照写真との比較を使用して行うことができます。孔のサイズ分布の測定は通常、自動画像分析装置を使用して行われます。画像分析装置を使用して粒子サイズ分布も測定する場合は、全体の試料に均一に粒子構造を表示するために熱エッチングを使用することが推奨されています。
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