EN ISO 16948:2015
(Main)Solid biofuels - Determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen (ISO 16948:2015)
Solid biofuels - Determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen (ISO 16948:2015)
ISO 16948:2015 describes a method for the determination of total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents in solid biofuels.
Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des Gesamtgehaltes an Kohlenstoff, Wasserstoff und Stickstoff (ISO 16948:2015)
Diese Norm legt ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Gesamtgehaltes an Kohlenstoff, Wasserstoff und Stickstoff in festen Biobrennstoffen fest.
Biocombustibles solides - Détermination de la teneur totale en carbone, hydrogène et azote (ISO 16948:2015)
L'ISO 16948:2015 décrit une méthode de détermination des teneurs totales en carbone, hydrogène et azote de biocombustibles solides.
Trdna biogoriva - Določevanje vsebnosti celotnega ogljika, vodika in dušika (ISO 16948:2015)
General Information
Relations
Overview
EN ISO 16948:2015 - titled "Solid biofuels - Determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen (ISO 16948:2015)" - is a CEN-endorsed, instrumental method standard for measuring the total carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and nitrogen (N) contents of solid biofuels. Adopted in 2015 and superseding EN 15104:2011, this standard describes combustion-based analytical procedures used in routine laboratories and research to produce reliable elemental data for quality control and combustion calculations.
Key topics and technical requirements
- Principle: A known mass of sample is combusted in oxygen (or oxygen/carrier gas). Combustion products (CO2, H2O, N2 and possibly NOx, halides, sulfur products) are processed so interfering species are removed or reduced, and the mass fractions of CO2, H2O and N2 are quantified by instrumental gas analysis.
- Instrumental methods: Emphasis on modern instrumental elemental analyzers; preferred over older chemical methods for many applications.
- Reagents and gases: Use of high-purity reagents; carrier gas typically helium (or manufacturer-specified alternative); oxygen supplied per instrument requirements. Warning: many reagents are toxic/corrosive.
- Calibration: Requires high-purity calibration substances (examples provided) and use of certified reference materials (CRMs or SRMs) to validate accuracy and traceability.
- Sample preparation and test portion: References procedures for representative sampling and preparation to ensure reliable results.
- Expression of results and performance: Specifies how to report mass fractions and includes performance characteristics and test reporting requirements.
- Limitations: Notes that the Kjeldahl method can be more reliable for very low nitrogen contents (e.g., < 0.1 %).
Applications and who uses it
- Quality control for biomass producers, pellet manufacturers and solid biofuel suppliers.
- Regulatory and environmental assessment: Data used to estimate CO2 emissions and fuel-related NOx formation.
- Combustion engineering and energy calculations: Hydrogen content informs net calorific value; carbon informs CO2 emission calculations.
- Analytical and research laboratories performing elemental analysis of wood, pellets, agricultural residues, and other solid biofuels.
- Academia and R&D groups developing combustion models or emissions mitigation strategies.
Related standards
- ISO 16559 - Solid biofuels: terminology, definitions and descriptions
- ISO 14780 - Solid biofuels: sample preparation
- ISO 16993 - Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another
Keywords: EN ISO 16948:2015, solid biofuels, carbon hydrogen nitrogen determination, elemental analysis, combustion analysis, certified reference materials, calibration substances, NOx emissions, calorific value.
Frequently Asked Questions
EN ISO 16948:2015 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Solid biofuels - Determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen (ISO 16948:2015)". This standard covers: ISO 16948:2015 describes a method for the determination of total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents in solid biofuels.
ISO 16948:2015 describes a method for the determination of total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents in solid biofuels.
EN ISO 16948:2015 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 75.160.10 - Solid fuels; 75.160.40 - Biofuels. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN ISO 16948:2015 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 15104:2011. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
EN ISO 16948:2015 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 2000/76/EC; Standardization Mandates: M/298. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
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Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2015
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 15104:2011
7UGQDELRJRULYD'RORþHYDQMHYVHEQRVWLFHORWQHJDRJOMLNDYRGLNDLQGXãLND ,62
Solid biofuels - Determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen (ISO
16948:2015)
Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des Gesamtgehaltes an Kohlenstoff, Wasserstoff
und Stickstoff - Instrumentelle Verfahren (ISO 16948:2015)
Biocarburants solides - Détermination de la teneur totale en carbone, hydrogène et azote
(ISO 16948:2015)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 16948:2015
ICS:
27.190 Biološki viri in drugi Biological sources and
alternativni viri energije alternative sources of energy
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 16948
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
May 2015
ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes EN 15104:2011
English Version
Solid biofuels - Determination of total content of carbon,
hydrogen and nitrogen (ISO 16948:2015)
Biocombustibles solides - Détermination de la teneur totale Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Bestimmung des
en carbone, hydrogène et azote (ISO 16948:2015) Gesamtgehaltes an Kohlenstoff, Wasserstoff und Stickstoff
- Instrumentelle Verfahren (ISO 16948:2015)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 31 January 2015.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 16948:2015 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 16948:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238 "Solid biofuels"
in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” the secretariat of which is held by SIS.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2015, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by November 2015.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 15104:2011.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 16948:2015 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16948:2015 without any modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16948
First edition
2015-05-15
Solid biofuels — Determination of
total content of carbon, hydrogen and
nitrogen
Biocombustibles solides — Détermination de la teneur totale en
carbone, hydrogène et azote
Reference number
ISO 16948:2015(E)
©
ISO 2015
ISO 16948:2015(E)
© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO 16948:2015(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Reagents and calibration substances . 2
5.1 General . 2
5.2 Carrier gas . 2
5.3 Oxygen . 2
5.4 Additional reagents . 2
5.5 Calibration substances . 2
5.6 Use of Certified Reference Materials (CRM or SRM) . 3
6 Apparatus . 3
7 Preparation of the test sample . 4
8 Procedure. 4
8.1 Preparation of the test portion . 4
8.2 Calibration of the apparatus . 4
8.3 Analysis of test samples . 4
9 Expression of results . 5
10 Performance characteristics . 5
11 Test report . 5
Annex A (informative) Performance data . 7
Bibliography . 9
ISO 16948:2015(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.
For the purposes of research on instrumental methods for the determination of total carbon, hydrogen
and nitrogen contents in solid biofuels standards, users are encouraged to share their views on
ISO 16948:2015 and their priorities for changes to future editions of the document. Click on the link
below to take part in the online survey:
ISO 16948 online survey
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO 16948:2015(E)
Introduction
Instrumental methods for the analysis of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen are now in widespread and
in regular use, often in preference to formerly developed chemical methods for which International
Standards exist.
The reliable determination of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen is important for quality control and the
results can be used as input parameters for calculations applied to the combustion of solid biofuels. The
environmental importance of the nitrogen content is linked to emissions of NO (formation of fuel NO ).
x x
Hydrogen content is important for calculation of the net calorific value. Carbon content is required for
the determination of CO -emissions.
It is recognized that the Kjeldahl method is most reliable for determining nitrogen contents with a
concentration lower than 0,1 %. Possible suitable methods are summarized in the bibliography.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16948:2015(E)
Solid biofuels — Determination of total content of carbon,
hydrogen and nitrogen
1 Scope
This International Standard describes a method for the determination of total carbon, hydrogen and
nitrogen contents in solid biofuels.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16559, Solid biofuels — Terminology, definitions and descriptions
1)
ISO 14780 , Solid Biofuels — Sample preparation
ISO 16993, Solid biofuels — Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document the terms and definitions given in ISO 16559 and the following apply.
3.1
reference material
RM
material or substance one or more of whose property values are sufficiently homogeneous and well
established to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, the assessment of a measurement method, or
for assigning values to materials
3.2
certified reference material
CRM
reference material, accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose property values are certified by
a procedure which establishes traceability to an accurate realisation of the unit in which the property
values are expressed, and for which each certified value is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated
level of confidence
3.3
NIST standard reference material
SRM
CRM issued by NIST that also meets additional NIST-specific certification criteria and is issued with
a certificate or certificate of analysis that reports the results of its characterisations and provides
information regarding the appropriate use(s) of the material
Note 1 to entry: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), known between 1901 and 1988 as
the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), is
...
The EN ISO 16948:2015 standard presents a comprehensive methodology for the quantification of total carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen contents in solid biofuels, which is critical for assessing their quality and energy content. This standard is particularly significant in the context of renewable energy sources, facilitating the evaluation of solid biofuels' environmental impact and contribution towards sustainability efforts. One of the primary strengths of EN ISO 16948:2015 lies in its clear and systematic approach to sample preparation and analysis. This ensures consistency across different laboratories, which is vital for maintaining reliability in results. The procedures outlined in the document prioritize accuracy and reproducibility, essential factors in real-world applications where biofuel performance is under scrutiny. Moreover, the relevance of this standard extends beyond mere measurement; it plays a pivotal role in regulatory compliance and supports stakeholders in adhering to international quality benchmarks. By providing a universally accepted method for determining elemental composition, EN ISO 16948:2015 enables manufacturers, researchers, and policymakers to align their practices with global sustainability goals. Additionally, the standard is instrumental in fostering innovation within the biofuel industry, as it lays the groundwork for further research into the combustion characteristics and environmental effects of biofuels. By standardizing the determination of total carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen content, EN ISO 16948:2015 not only enhances the scientific understanding of solid biofuels but also propels advancements in technology and application. In summary, EN ISO 16948:2015 serves as an essential benchmark for the analysis of solid biofuels, combining rigor with relevance, fostering consistency in performance evaluation, and advancing the commitment to sustainable energy solutions.
SIST EN ISO 16948:2015は、固体バイオ燃料における炭素、水素、窒素の総含量を測定するための標準化された手法を提供しています。この標準は、固体バイオ燃料の品質評価や特性分析において不可欠な要素であり、その結果は、燃料のエネルギー効率や環境への影響を理解するために重要です。 この標準の強みは、明確な手順と規定を設けているため、異なる実験室や研究機関間での結果の一貫性を確保できる点にあります。また、ISO 16948:2015は、他の国際的な基準との整合性も考慮されており、国際貿易におけるバイオ燃料の取引促進にも寄与します。 さらに、SIST EN ISO 16948:2015は、バイオ燃料の持続可能性や環境負荷の低減に向けた取り組みにおいても非常に関連性があります。炭素と窒素の含有量を正確に測定することは、温室効果ガスの排出量を評価するための基礎情報となり、持続可能なエネルギー利用の推進に寄与することが期待されます。 したがって、SIST EN ISO 16948:2015は、固体バイオ燃料の分析において極めて重要な標準であり、研究者や業界関係者にとって必携のガイドラインとなるでしょう。その適用範囲は広く、バイオ燃料の特性理解やエネルギー政策の策定において欠かせないものです。
SIST EN ISO 16948:2015는 고체 바이오 연료에서 총 탄소, 수소 및 질소 함량을 결정하는 방법을 설명하고 있습니다. 이 표준은 고체 바이오 연료의 화학적 조성을 정확하게 파악하는 데 필수적인 기준을 제공하며, 다양한 바이오 연료의 품질 관리를 위한 중요한 도구로 작용합니다. 주요 강점 중 하나는 실험적 접근 방법이 명확하게 정의되어 있어, 다양한 연구 기관이나 산업 현장에서 신뢰성 있게 적용할 수 있다는 점입니다. 이 표준은 고체 바이오 연료의 환경적 성격을 이해하는 데 기여하며, 지속 가능한 에너지 자원 관리와 관련된 다양한 정책 및 규제와 밀접하게 연관되어 있습니다. 또한, EN ISO 16948:2015는 고체 바이오 연료의 분석 결과가 서로 다른 지역이나 기관에서 일관성을 유지할 수 있도록 돕습니다. 이는 국제적인 표준화의 중요성을 강화하며, 글로벌 시장에서의 경쟁력을 높이는 데 기여합니다. 이러한 표준은 기업이 지속 가능성 목표를 달성하고, 고품질 바이오 연료를 생산하는 데 중요한 역할을 합니다. 따라서 SIST EN ISO 16948:2015는 고체 바이오 연료의 특성을 명확히 하고, 환경 보호와 지속 가능한 개발을 위한 노력을 지원하는 데 매우 관련성이 높습니다.
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