EN 13103:2001
(Main)Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Non-powered axles - Design method
Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Non-powered axles - Design method
This standard:
- defines the forces and moments to be taken into account with reference to masses and braking conditions;
- gives the stress calculation method for axles with outside axle-journals;
- specifies the maximum permissible stresses to be assumed in calculations, for steel grade EA1N defined in prEN 13261:1998;
- describes how to obtain the maximum permissible stresses for other steel grades;
- determines the diameters for the various sections of the axle. The preferred shapes and transitions are identified to ensure adequate service performance.
This standard is applicable to:
- solid and hollow axles of railway rolling stock used for the carriage of passengers and freight;
- axles defined in prEN 13261:1998;
- all gauges ).
This standard is applicable to non powered axles fitted to rolling stock intended to run under normal European conditions. Before the use of this standard, if there is any doubt as to whether the railway operating conditions are normal, it is necessary to determine whether an additional design factor has to be applied to the maximum permissible stresses. The calculation of wheelsets for special applications (e.g.: tamping/lining/levelling ma-chines) may be made according to this standard only for the load cases of free running and running in train formation. This standard does not apply for workload cases. They are calculated separately.
For light rail and tramway applications other standards or documents, agreed between the customer and supplier, may be applied.
Non powered axles of motor bogies and locomotives are analysed according to the requirements of the EN 13104.
Bahnanwendungen - Radsätze und Drehgestelle - Laufradsatzwellen - Konstruktions- und Berechnungsrichtlinie
Diese Europäische Norm: - gibt Kräfte und Momente an, die aufgrund der Massenwirkungen und Bremsbedingungen zu berücksichtigen sind; - gibt das Verfahren zur Spannungsberechnung außengelagerter Radsatzwellen an; - legt die höchstzulässigen Spannungen für den Stahl der Güte EA 1N fest, die in die Berechnung einzusetzen sind nach prEN xxxx "Radsatzwellen - Produktanforderungen"; - beschreibt die Vorgehensweise zur Ermittlung der höchstzulässigen Spannungen für andere Stähle; - bestimmt die Durchmesser der verschiedenen Wellenabschnitte.
Applications ferroviaires - Essieux montés et bogies - Essieux-axes porteurs - Méthode de conception
La présente norme: - définit les forces et moments à prendre en compte en fonction des masses et du freinage; - donne la méthode de calcul des contraintes dans les essieux-axes à fusées extérieures; - prescrit les contraintes maximales admissibles à prendre en compte dans les calculs pour la nuance d'acier EA 1N définie dans la norme prENxxx "Essieux-axes - Prescriptions pour le produit"; - décrit la méthode de détermination des contraintes maximales admissibles pour les autres nuances d'acier;
Železniške naprave - Kolesne dvojice in podstavni vozički – Proste osi – Konstrukcijska metoda
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Bahnanwendungen - Radsätze und Drehgestelle - Laufradsatzwellen - Konstruktions- und BerechnungsrichtlinieApplications ferroviaires - Essieux montés et bogies - Essieux-axes porteurs - Méthode de conceptionRailway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Non-powered axles - Design method45.040Materiali in deli za železniško tehnikoMaterials and components for railway engineeringICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 13103:2001SIST EN 13103:2004en01-junij-2004SIST EN 13103:2004SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 13103:2004
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 13103April 2001ICS 01.075; 45.060.01English versionRailway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Non-poweredaxles - Design methodApplications ferroviaires - Essieux montés et bogies -Essieux-axes porteurs - Méthode de conceptionBahnanwendungen - Radsätze und Drehgestelle -Laufradsatzwellen - KonstruktionsverfahrenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 December 2000.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2001 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 13103:2001 ESIST EN 13103:2004
Page 2EN 13103:2001ContentsForeword.3Introduction.41 Scope.42 Normative references.53 Symbols and abbreviated terms.54 General.65 Forces and moments to be taken into consideration.75.1 Types of forces.75.2 Effects due to masses in motion.75.3 Effects due to braking.115.4 Effects due to curving and wheel geometry.115.5 Calculation of the resultant moment.116 Determination of geometric characteristics for the various parts of the axle.166.1 Stresses in the various sections of the axle.166.2 Determination of the diameter for journals and axle body.186.3 Determination of the diameter for the various seats from the diameter of the axle body orfrom the journals.187 Maximum permissible stresses.207.1 General.207.2 Steel grade EA1N.207.3 Steel grades other than EA1N.21Annex A (informative)
Model of the calculation sheet for an axle.24Annex B
(informative)
Process for calculation of the load coefficient for tilting vehicles.25Bibliography.27SIST EN 13103:2004
Page 3EN 13103:2001ForewordThis European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 "Railway applications",the secretariat of which is held by DIN.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of anidentical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2001, and conflicting national standards shall bewithdrawn at the latest by October 2001.This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commissionand the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directives.According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of thefollowing countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic,Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.SIST EN 13103:2004
Page 4EN 13103:2001IntroductionRailway axles were among the first train components to give rise to fatigue problems.Many years ago, specific methods were developed in order to design these axles. They were based on a feed-back process from the service behaviour of axles combined with the examination of failures and on fatigue-tests conducted in the laboratory, so as to characterise and optimise the design and materials used for axles.A European working party under the aegis of UIC1) started to harmonise these methods at the beginning of the1970’s. This led to an ORE2) document applicable to the design of trailer stock axles, subsequently incorpo-rated into national standards (French, German, Italian) and consequently converted into a UIC leaflet.The bibliography lists the relevant documents used for reference purposes. The method described therein islargely based on conventional loadings and applies the beam theory for the stress calculation. The shape andstress recommendations are derived from laboratory tests and the outcome is validated by many years ofoperations on the various railway systems.This standard is largely based on this method which has been improved and its scope enlarged.1 ScopeThis standard: defines the forces and moments to be taken into account with reference to masses and braking conditions; gives the stress calculation method for axles with outside axle-journals; specifies the maximum permissible stresses to be assumed in calculations, for steel grade EA1N definedin prEN 13261:1998; describes how to obtain the maximum permissible stresses for other steel grades; determines the diameters for the various sections of the axle. The preferred shapes and transitions areidentified to ensure adequate service performance.This standard is applicable to: solid and hollow axles of railway rolling stock used for the carriage of passengers and freight; axles defined in prEN 13261:1998; all gauges3).This standard is applicable to non powered axles fitted to rolling stock intended to run under normal Europeanconditions. Before the use of this standard, if there is any doubt as to whether the railway operating conditionsare normal, it is necessary to determine whether an additional design factor has to be applied to the maximumpermissible stresses. The calculation of wheelsets for special applications (e.g.: tamping/lining/levelling ma-chines) may be made according to this standard only for the load cases of free running and running in trainformation. This standard does not apply for workload cases. They are calculated separately.For light rail and tramway applications other standards or documents, agreed between the customer andsupplier, may be applied.Non powered axles of motor bogies and locomotives are analysed according to the requirements of the EN13104.
1) UIC: Union Internationale des Chemins de fer2) ORE: Office de Recherches et d’Essais de l’UIC3) If the gauge is not standard, some formulae need to be adapted.SIST EN 13103:2004
Page 5EN 13103:20012 Normative referencesThis European Standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed here-after. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to thisEuropean Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latestedition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).prEN 13260:1998Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Wheelsets - Product requirementsprEN 13261:1998Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Axles - Product requirements3 Symbols and abbreviated termsFor the purposes of this European Standard, the symbols and abbreviated terms of table 1 apply:Table 1SymbolUnitDescription1mkgMass on journals per wheelset (bearings and axle boxes masses are included)2mkgWheelset mass and masses on the wheelset between rolling planes (brake disc, etc.)21mmkgFor the wheelset considered, mass applied on the railsgm/s2Acceleration due to gravityPNHalf the vertical force per wheelset applied on the rail 2)(21gmm0PNVertical static force per journal when the wheelset is loaded symmetrically 21gm1PNVertical force on the more heavily loaded journal2PNVertical force on the less loaded journal'PNPart of P braked by any mechanical braking system1YNWheel/rail horizontal force perpendicular to the rail on the side of the more heavilyloaded journal2YNWheel/rail horizontal force perpendicular to the rail on the side of the less loaded journalHNForce balancing the forces 1Y and 2Y1QNVertical reaction on the wheel situated on the side of the more heavily loaded journal2QNVertical reaction on the wheel situated on the side of the less loaded journaliFNForces exerted by the masses of the unsprung elements situated between the twowheels (brake disc(s) etc.)fFNMaximum force input of the brake-shoes of the same shoeholder on one wheel or inter-face force of the pads on one disc(continued)SIST EN 13103:2004
Page 6EN 13103:2001Table 1 (concluded)SymbolUnitDescriptionxMNmmBending moment due to the masses in motion'xM , 'zMNmmBending moments due to braking'yMNmmTorsional moment due to brakingMX, MZNmmSum of bending momentsMYNmmSum of torsional momentsMRNmmResultant momentb2mmDistance between vertical force input points on axle journalss2mmDistance between wheel rolling circles1hmmHeight above the axle centreline of vehicle centre of gravity of masses carried by thewheelsetiymmDistance between the rolling circle of one wheel and force iFymmAbscissa for any section of the axle calculated from the section subject to force 1PAverage friction coefficient between the wheel and the brake shoe or between the brakepads and the discN/mm2Stress calculated on one sectionKFatigue stress concentration factorRmmNominal radius of the rolling circle of a wheelbRmmBrake radiusdmmDiameter for one section of the axle'dmmBore diameter of a hollow axleDmmDiameter used for determining KrmmRadius of transition fillet or groove used to determine KSSecurity coefficientGCentre of gravityfLRN/mm2Fatigue limit under rotating bending up to 107 cycles for smooth specimensfERN/mm2Fatigue limit under rotating bending up to 107 cycles for notched specimensqam/s2Unbalanced transverse accelerationqfThrust factor4 GeneralThe major phases for the design of an axle are the following:a) identification of the forces to be taken into account and calculation of the moments on the various sectionsof the axle;b) selection of the diameters for axle-body and journals - on the basis of such diameters, calculation of thediameters for the other sections;SIST EN 13103:2004
Page 7EN 13103:2001c) the options taken are verified in the following manner: stress calculation for each section; comparison of such stresses with the maximum permissible stresses.The maximum permissible stresses are mainly defined by: the steel grade; whether the axle is solid or hollow.An example data sheet is given in annex A (informative).5 Forces and moments to be taken into consideration5.1 Types of forcesTwo types of forces are to be addressed: masses in motion; braking.5.2 Effects due to masses in motionThe forces generated by masses in motion are concentrated along the vertical symmetry plane (y, z) (seefigure 1) intersecting the axle centreline.yzxMxFigure 1Unless otherwise defined by the customer, the masses )(21mm to be taken into account for the main railwayapplications are defined in table 2. For particular applications, e.g. suburban vehicles, other definitions formasses are necessary, in accordance with the specific operating requirements.SIST EN 13103:2004
Page 8EN 13103:2001Table 2Type of rolling stock unitsMass )(21mmFreight wagonsFor the axle considered, the proportion of the wagonmass under maximum permissible loading in serviceTrailer including passenger accommodation, luggageareas and vans1 – Main line vehicles1)Mass in service + 1,2
payload,"mass in service" is defined as: the vehicle mass withoutpassengers, tanks full with water, sand, fuel, etc.;"payload" is defined as:the mass of a passenger, which is estimated at 80 kgincluding hand luggage; 1 passenger per seating place; 2 passengers per m² in corridors and vestibules; 2 passengers per attendant's compartment; 300 kg per m² in luggage compartments.2 – Suburban vehicles1) 2)Mass in service + 1,2
payload,"mass in service" is defined as:the vehicle mass without passengers, tanks full with wa-ter, sand, fuel, etc.;"payload" is defined as:the mass of a passenger, which is estimated at 70 kg(little or no luggage); 1 passenger per seating place; 3 passengers per m² in corridor areas; 4 or 5 passengers per m² in vestibule areas 2); 300 kg per m² in luggage compartments.1) The payloads to be taken into account to determine the mainline and suburban vehicles broadly reflect the normaloperating conditions of the member railways of the International Union of Railways (UIC). If and when operatingconditions significantly differ from the above framework, masses may be modified, for example, by increasing ordecreasing the number of passengers per m² in corridors and vestibules.2) These vehicles are sometimes associated with classes of passenger travel, i.e. 1st or 2nd class.The bending moment xM in any section is calculated from forces 1P, 2P, 1Q, 2Q, 1Y, 2Y and iF as shown infigure 2. It represents the most adverse condition for the axle, i.e.: asymmetric distribution of forces; the direction of the forces iF due to the masses of the unsprung components selected in such a mannerthat their effect on bending is added to that due to the vertical forces.SIST EN 13103:2004
Page 9EN 13103:2001yzP1P2Y2Y1Q1Q2HFibbRyissh1G : centre of gravity of vehicleFigure 2Table 3 shows the values for the forces calculated from 1m.The formulae coefficient values are applicable to standard gauge axles and classical suspension. For very dif-ferent gauges, metre gauge for example, or a new system of suspension, pendular system for example, othervalues shall be considered (see informative annex B).Table 3All axles except guiding axle 1)gmbhP111)/075,0625,0(gmbhP112)/075,0625,0(gmY1130,0gmY1215,0gmYYH12115,0Guiding axle 1)gmbhP111)/0875,0625,0(gmbhP112)/0875,0625,0(gmY1135,0gmY12175,0gmYYH121175,0For all axles1) The guiding axle is the axle of the first (i.e. leading) bogie of a coach used at the head of a reversibletrainset. If an axle can be used in both positions (guiding or non guiding), it is to be considered as a guidingaxle.)]2()()()([21ii21211ysFRYYsbPsbPsQ])()()([21ii21122yFRYYsbPsbPsQSIST EN 13103:2004
Page 10EN 13103:2001Table 4 shows the formulae to calculate xM for each zone of the axle and the general outline of xM variationsalong the axle.Table 4Zone of the axlexM 1)Between loading plane androlling planeyPMx1Between rolling planes)()(111iixysbyFRYsbyQyPMiF: Force(s) situated on the left of the section consideredGeneral outline of xM varia-tions1) For a non-symmetric axle the calculations shall be carried out after alternately applying the loadto the two journals to determine the worst case.P1y2b2sP1FiY1yQ1yi2b2sRP1P2SIST EN 13103:2004
Page 11EN 13103:20015.3 Effects due to brakingBraking generates cross sectional moments whic
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