EN 14255-2:2005

Measurement and assessment of personal exposures to incoherent optical radiation - Part 2: Visible and infrared radiation emitted by artificial sources in the workplace

This European Standard specifies procedures for the measurement and assessment of personal exposures to visible (VIS) and infrared (IR) radiation emitted by artificial sources, where adverse effects cannot be readily excluded.
NOTE 1   Adverse effects will normally not occur in exposures caused by normal lighting or room heating.
This European Standard applies to VIS- and IR- exposures in indoor and outdoor workplaces. It does not apply to VIS- and IR-exposures in leisure time.
This European Standard does not apply to VIS- and IR- exposures caused by the sun.
NOTE 2   Part 3 of this standard will deal with UV-exposures caused by the sun.
This European Standard does not specify VIS- and IR-exposure limit values. It supports the application of limit values set by national regulations or international recommendations.
This European Standard applies to VIS- and IR- exposures by artificial incoherent sources, which emit spectral lines as well as continuous spectra. This European Standard does not apply to coherent radiation sources.
NOTE 3   Coherent optical radiation sources are covered by standards for lasers, like EN 60825-1 etc.
This European Standard applies to visible (VIS) and infrared (IR) radiation exposures in the wavelength band 380 nm to 3 µm. It also applies to radiation exposures that may present a blue-light hazard in the wavelength band 300 nm to 700 nm.
This European Standard does not apply to other effects of which the action spectra lie solely within the
UV-region 180 nm to 400 nm.
NOTE 4   Part 1 of EN 14255 addresses these effects.
This European Standard does not apply to radiation emissions of products.
NOTE 5   For radiation emissions of products other standards apply, such as EN 12198 for radiation emissions of machinery, EN 60335-2-27 for household appliances for skin exposures to ultraviolet and infrared radiation and CIE S009 for the safety of lamps and lamp systems.
This European Standard does not apply to heat stress, i.e. long term heat

Messung und Beurteilung von personenbezogenen Expositionen gegenüber inkohärenter optischer Strahlung - Teil 2: Sichtbare und infrarote Strahlung künstlicher Quellen am Arbeitsplatz

Diese Europäische Norm legt Verfahren zur Messung und Beurteilung der Exposition von Menschen durch sichtbare (VIS) und Infrarot-(IR-)Strahlung künstlicher Quellen fest, bei der nachteilige Wirkungen nicht ohne weiteres ausgeschlossen werden können.
ANMERKUNG 1   Schädliche Wirkungen treten üblicherweise bei Expositionen durch normale Beleuchtung oder Raumheizung nicht auf.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt für VIS- und IR-Exposition an Arbeitsplätzen in Gebäuden und im Freien. Sie gilt nicht für VIS- und IR-Expositionen während der Freizeit.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt nicht für die von der Sonne verursachten VIS- und IR-Expositionen.
ANMERKUNG 2   Teil 3 dieser Norm behandelt die von der Sonne verursachten UV-Expositionen.
Diese Europäische Norm legt keine Grenzwerte für VIS- und IR-Exposition fest. Sie unterstützt die Anwendung der in nationalen Bestimmungen oder internationalen Empfehlungen festgesetzten Grenzwerte.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt für VIS- und IR-Expositionen durch künstliche inkohärente Strahlungsquellen, die einzelne Spektrallinien und/oder kontinuierliche Spektren aussenden. Diese Europäische Norm gilt nicht für kohärente Strahlungsquellen.
ANMERKUNG 3   Kohärente optische Strahlungsquellen werden in Normen für Laser, wie EN 60825-1 usw., behandelt.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt für sichtbare (VIS) und Infrarot-(IR)-Strahlungsexpositionen im Wellenlängen-bereich 380 nm bis 3 µm. Sie gilt auch für Strahlungsexpositionen, die zu einer Blaulichtgefährdung im Wellenlängenbereich 300 nm bis 700 nm führen können.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt nicht für weitere Auswirkungen, für die die Wirkungsspektren ausschließlich im UV-Bereich 180 nm bis 400 nm liegen.
ANMERKUNG 4   Mit diesen Auswirkungen befasst sich Teil 1 von EN 14255.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt nicht für die von Produkten abgegebene Strahlung.

Mesurage et évaluation de l'exposition des personnes aux rayonnements optiques incohérents - Partie 2 : Rayonnements visibles et infrarouges émis par des sources artificielles sur les lieux de travail

La présente Norme européenne spécifie le mode opératoire du mesurage et de l’évaluation de l’exposition des personnes aux rayonnements visibles (VIS) et infrarouges (IR) émis par des sources artificielles, lorsque les effets négatifs de cette exposition ne peuvent pas être facilement exclus.
NOTE 1   Les effets négatifs ne surviendront généralement pas lors d’expositions à la lumière normale l’éclairage normal ou au chauffage d’une pièce.
La présente Norme européenne s’applique à l’exposition aux rayonnements VIS et IR sur des lieux de travail intérieurs et extérieurs. Elle ne s’applique pas à l’exposition aux rayonnements VIS et IR pendant les loisirs.
La présente Norme européenne ne s’applique pas à l’exposition aux rayonnements VIS et IR émis par le soleil.
NOTE 2   La Partie 3 de la présente norme traitera de l’exposition au rayonnement UV solaire.
La présente Norme européenne ne spécifie pas de valeurs limites d’exposition aux rayonnements VIS et IR. Elle préconise d’appliquer les valeurs limites définies par les réglementations nationales ou par les recommandations internationales.
La présente Norme européenne s’applique à l’exposition aux rayonnements VIS et IR émis par des sources artificielles incohérentes émettant soit un spectre de raie soit un spectre continu. Elle ne s’applique pas aux sources de rayonnements cohérents.
NOTE 3   Les sources de rayonnements optiques cohérents sont traités dans les normes relatives aux lasers, comme l’EN 60825-1, etc.
La présente Norme européenne s’applique à l’exposition aux rayonnements visibles (VIS) et infrarouges (IR) dans la gamme de longueur d’onde de 380 nm à 3 mm. Elle s’applique également à l’exposition aux rayonnements pouvant présenter une lumière bleue dangereuse dans la gamme de longueur d’onde de 300 nm à 700 nm.
La présente Norme européenne ne s’applique pas à d’autres effets que ceux dont les spectres d’action se situent uniquement dans le domaine ultraviolet de 180 nm à 400 nm.

Merjenje in ocenjevanje izpostavljenosti oseb inkoherentnemu optičnemu sevanju - 2. del: Vidno in infrardeče sevanje svetlobnih virov na delovnem mestu

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 06-Dec-2005
• ICS: 13.280 - Radiation protection
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 169 - Lighting applications
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 169/WG 8 - Photobiology
• Current Stage: 9093 - Decision to confirm - Review Enquiry
• Start Date: 19-Sep-2022
• Completion Date: 14-Apr-2025
• Ref Project: SIST EN 14255-2:2006 - Measurement and assessment of personal exposures to incoherent optical radiation - Part 2: Visible and infrared radiation emitted by artificial sources in the workplace

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2006
0HUMHQMHLQRFHQMHYDQMHL]SRVWDYOMHQRVWLRVHELQNRKHUHQWQHPXRSWLþQHPXVHYDQMX
GHO9LGQRLQLQIUDUGHþHVHYDQMHVYHWOREQLKYLURYQDGHORYQHPPHVWX
Measurement and assessment of personal exposures to incoherent optical radiation -
Part 2: Visible and infrared radiation emitted by artificial sources in the workplace
Messung und Beurteilung von personenbezogenen Expositionen gegenüber
inkohärenter optischer Strahlung - Teil 2: Sichtbare und infrarote Strahlung künstlicher
Quellen am Arbeitsplatz
Mesurage et évaluation de l'exposition des personnes aux rayonnements optiques
incohérents - Partie 2 : Rayonnements visibles et infrarouges émis par des sources
artificielles sur les lieux de travail
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 14255-2:2005
ICS:
13.280 Varstvo pred sevanjem Radiation protection
17.180.20 Barve in merjenje svetlobe Colours and measurement of
light
17.240 Merjenje sevanja Radiation measurements
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 14255-2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
December 2005
ICS 13.280
English Version
Measurement and assessment of personal exposures to
incoherent optical radiation - Part 2: Visible and infrared
radiation emitted by artificial sources in the workplace
Mesure et évaluation de l'exposition des personnes aux Messung und Beurteilung von personenbezogenen
rayonnements optiques incohérents - Partie 2 : Expositionen gegenüber inkohärenter optischer Strahlung -
Rayonnements visibles et infrarouges émis par des Teil 2: Sichtbare und infrarote Strahlung künstlicher
sources artificielles sur les lieux de travail Quellen am Arbeitsplatz
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 4 November 2005.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 14255-2:2005: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword . 4
Introduction. 5
1 Scope. 7
2 Normative references. 7
3 Terms and definitions. 8
3.1 Quantities, symbols and units . 8
3.2 Definitions and relationships between quantities . 9
4 General procedure.11
5 Preliminary review.12
6 Work task analysis.12
7 Measurement of the exposure .13
7.1 Planning.13
7.2 Quantities to be determined.14
7.3 Selection of method.14
7.4 Requirements for the measurement methods .17
7.5 Implementation.19
7.6 Expression of results.20
8 Assessment of the exposure .20
8.1 Comparison.20
8.2 Statement.20
8.3 Additional information.20
9 Decision about protective measures.21
10 Repetition of measurement and assessment .21
11 Report.21
11.1 Short Report.21
11.2 Full Report.22
Annex A (informative) Flow chart of procedure .23
Annex B (informative) Tables (examples) for work task analysis.24
Annex C (informative) Commonly used radiation measurement devices.26
Annex D (informative) Examples of protective measures .28
Annex E (informative) Examples of methods for the determination of the quantities L , L , G , H ,
r b b b
E , E, H and the assessment of associated hazards .29
b
Table 1 – Quantities, symbols and units. 8
Table 2 – Suitable methods for the measurement of the quantities L , G H E , E and H in
r b, b, b
dependence of the measurement aim and the exposure conditions (see Annex E).16
Table B.1 – Basic information.24
Table B.2 – Detailed information concerning activities at a single location .25
Table E.1 – Survey of suitable measurement methods.30
Table E.2 – Advantages and disadvantages of method A .31
Table E.3 – Advantages and disadvantages of method B .32
Table E.4 – Advantages and disadvantages of method C .33
Table E.5 – Advantages and disadvantages of method D .34
Table E.6 – Advantages and disadvantages of method E .35
Table E.7 – Advantages and disadvantages of method F.36
Table E.8 – Advantages and disadvantages of method G .37
Table E.9 – Advantages and disadvantages of method H .38
Table E.10 – Advantages and disadvantages of method I.40
Table E.11 – Advantages and disadvantages of method J.41
Table E.12 – Advantages and disadvantages of method K .42
Table E.13 – Advantages and disadvantages of method L.42
Table E.14 – Advantages and disadvantages of method M.43
Table E.15 – Advantages and disadvantages of method N .44
Table E.16 – Advantages and disadvantages of method O .45
Table E.17 – Advantages and disadvantages of method P.46
Table E.18 – Advantages and disadvantages of method Q .46
Table E.19 – Advantages and disadvantages of method R .47
Table E.20 – Advantages and disadvantages of method S.48
Table E.21 – Advantages and disadvantages of method T.48
Table E.22 – Advantages and disadvantages of method U .49
Table E.23 – Advantages and disadvantages of method V.50
Table E.24 – Advantages and disadvantages of method W.51
Table E.25 – Advantages and disadvantages of method X.51
Table E.26 – Advantages and disadvantages of method Y.52
Bibliography.53

Foreword
This European Standard (EN 14255-2:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 169 “Light
and lighting”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2006, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by June 2006.
EN 14255 Measurement and assessment of personal exposures to incoherent optical radiation is published in
four parts:
Part 1: Ultraviolet radiation emitted by artificial sources in the workplace.
Part 2 (this part): Visible and infrared radiation emitted by artificial sources in the workplace.
Part 3: UV-Radiation emitted by the sun (in preparation).
Part 4: Terminology and quantities used in UV-, visible and IR-exposure measurements.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
and United Kingdom.
Introduction
People may be exposed to adversely high levels of visible (VIS) and/or infrared (IR) radiation in the workplace.
The most important natural source for such VIS/IR-radiation is the sun. There are also artificial VIS/IR-
radiation sources, where VIS- and/or IR-radiation is either intentionally emitted to achieve the purpose of the
source’s application or is unintentionally emitted.
Visible optical radiation (VIS-radiation): Common applications for sources intentionally emitting visible
optical radiation are: general lighting, signalling devices, initiation of industrial-, medical- or agricultural-
photochemical processes and phototherapy of patients (e.g. hyperbilirubinemia- and bright light therapy,
physiotherapy and photodynamic therapy). Some examples of sources where visible radiation is
unintentionally emitted are: welding arcs, industrial furnaces and some types of UV-sources. When people are
irradiated by intense VIS-radiation, injuries may occur. VIS-radiation can cause damage to the retina through
thermal or photochemical mechanisms. Photosensitization of the skin to visible light, usually due to the action
of certain drugs, plants, or other substances, may occur shortly after administration of the drug (phototoxic
sensitivity), or may occur only after a latent period which can vary from days to months (photoallergic
sensitivity, or photoallergy). VIS-radiation may also induce or aggravate some diseases like porphyria.
Infrared optical radiation (IR-radiation): Common applications for sources intentionally emitting infrared
optical radiation are: radiative heaters, military nightsight devices, phototherapy of patients (e.g. physiotherapy
and photodynamic therapy), industrial photochemical or photothermal processes. Some examples of sources,
where infrared radiation is unintentionally emitted, are: welding arcs, some types of visible light sources (e.g.
high power tungsten lamps) and industrial furnaces. When people are irradiated by intense IR-radiation,
injuries may occur. The anterior structures of the eyes (cornea) and the skin may be damaged by short term
IR-irradiation of high irradiance. Depending on the wavelength a certain fraction of IR radiation can also cause
damage to the retina through thermal or photochemical mechanisms. But additionally, long term less intense
IR-irradiation may also result in cumulative damage to the eyes and skin, such as cataracts and skin aging.
In order to avoid short term injuries and reduce additional risks from long term overexposure to VIS- and/or IR-
radiation, national regulations and international recommendations require restriction of VIS/IR-exposure levels
in the workplace. To achieve this, it is necessary to determine the level of VIS/IR-exposure and assess its
gravity.
The determination of the level of VIS/IR-exposure can be done by measurement of the VIS/IR-exposure of the
people likely to be exposed. Determination of the severity of a VIS/IR-exposure is normally done by
comparison of the determined exposure level with the required or recommended limit value. When the
exposure level complies with the limit value no further action is necessary. When the limit value is exceeded
protective measures have to be applied in order to decrease the VIS/IR-exposure. As the exposure situation at
the workplace may change, it may be necessary to repeat the determination and assessment of VIS/IR-
exposure at a later time.
VIS/IR radiation exposure measurements are often costly and time consuming. So it is reasonable to avoid
measurements if possible, i. e. if the personal VIS/IR radiation exposure can be estimated and either exceeds
the limit values by far or is far below the limit values. In some cases, the manufacturer may have classified a
device according to European and International Standards such as EN 12198 and CIE S009. Knowledge of
the classification of all potential sources of VIS/IR may allow a sufficiently precise assessment of hazard to be
made without further measurement. Another approach could be to use known spectral data of sources in
combination with calculation software in order to estimate exposure level [5]. VIS/IR-exposure measurements
are only necessary if it cannot be estimated in advance whether the limit values will be exceeded or not. So as
a first step of the assessment procedure it is useful to carry out a preliminary review including an exposure
estimation.
This European Standard does not specify VIS/IR-exposure limit values. VIS/IR-exposure limit values are set in
national regulations or provided by international organizations, such as the International Commission for Non-
ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) [1]. This European Standard specifies the procedures for measurement
and assessment of VIS/IR-exposures in the workplace. As the results of measurement and assessment of
VIS/IR-exposure depend on the method of implementation, it is important to carry out measurements and
assessments in a standardised way.
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies procedures for the measurement and assessment of personal exposures to
visible (VIS) and infrared (IR) radiation emitted by artificial sources, where adverse effects cannot be readily
excluded.
NOTE 1 Adverse effects will normally not occur in exposures caused by normal lighting or room heating.
This European Standard applies to VIS- and IR- exposures in indoor and outdoor workplaces. It does not
apply to VIS- and IR-exposures in leisure time.
This European Standard does not apply to VIS- and IR- exposures caused by the sun.
NOTE 2 Part 3 of this standard will deal with UV-exposures caused by the sun.
This European Standard does not specify VIS- and IR-exposure limit values. It supports the application of limit
values set by national regulations or international recommendations.
This European Standard applies to VIS- and IR- exposures by artificial incoherent sources, which emit
spectral lines as well as continuous spectra. This European Standard does not apply to coherent radiation
sources.
NOTE 3 Coherent optical radiation sources are covered by standards for lasers, like EN 60825-1 etc.
This European Standard applies to visible (VIS) and infrared (IR) radiation exposures in the wavelength band
380 nm to 3 µm. It also applies to radiation exposures that may present a blue-light hazard in the wavelength
band 300 nm to 700 nm.
This European Standard does not apply to other effects of which the action spectra lie solely within the
UV-region 180 nm to 400 nm.
NOTE 4 Part 1 of EN 14255 addresses these effects.
This European Standard does not apply to radiation emissions of products.
NOTE 5 For radiation emissions of products other standards apply, such as EN 12198 for radiation emissions of
machinery, EN 60335-2-27 for household appliances for skin exposures to ultraviolet and infrared radiation and CIE S009
for the safety of lamps and lamp systems.
This European Standard does not apply to heat stress, i.e. long term heating of the humans body with strain of
the cardiac/circular system caused by climatic environmental conditions including VIS/IR radiation.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this European Standard. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ENV 13005, Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement
EN 14255-1, Measurement and assessment of incoherent optical radiation — Part 1: Ultraviolet radiation by
artificial UV-sources in the workplace
CIE 17.4:1987, International electrotechnical vocabulary, Chapter 845: lighting
3 Terms and definitions
3.1 Quantities, symbols and units
Table 1 – Quantities, symbols and units
Symbol Quantity Unit
λ wavelength nm
E (λ) spectral irradiance W/(m²⋅nm)
λ
E irradiance W/m²
E
blue-light irradiance W/m²
b
H (λ)  spectral radiant exposure J/(m²⋅nm)
λ
H
radiant exposure J/m²
H blue-light radiant exposure J/m²
b
L (λ) spectral radiance
W/(m²⋅nm⋅sr)
λ
L radiance W/(m²⋅sr)
L retinal thermal radiance
W/(m²⋅sr)
r
L blue-light radiance
b W/(m²⋅sr)
G radiance dose J/(m²⋅sr)
G
blue-light radiance dose J/(m²⋅sr)
b
exposure duration s
∆ t
exp
b(λ) blue-light hazard weighting function -
r(λ) retinal thermal hazard weighting function -
D
actual source diameter m
D viewing source diameter m
L
r viewing distance m
angular subtense mrad
α
φ viewing angle ° / mrad
γ angle of acceptance mrad
NOTE Values for the spectral weighting function like b(λ) and b(λ) can be taken from the set of limit values applied.
E.g. if b(λ) is chosen to correspond to the ICNIRP relative spectral effectiveness B(λ) [1,3], the blue-light irradiance E will
b
correspond to the ICNIRP blue-light hazard weighted irradiance E and the blue-light radiant exposure H will correspond
B b
to the ICNIRP blue-light hazard weighted radiant exposure H (see 7.2).
B
3.2 Definitions and relationships between quantities
For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in CIE 17.4:1987 and the
following apply.
3.2.1
irradiance
E
is calculated from the spectral irradiance E (λ) by:
λ
λ
E = E (λ)dλ (1)
λ
∫
λ
3.2.2
blue-light irradiance
E
b
integral of the product of the spectral irradiance E (λ) and the blue-light hazard weighting function b(λ):
λ
λ
E = E (λ)b(λ)dλ (2)
b λ
∫
λ
3.2.3
spectral radiant exposure
H  (λλλλ)
λλ
λλ
integral of the spectral irradiance E (λ) with respect to the exposure duration ∆ t :
λ exp
(3)
H (λ) = E (λ,t)dt
λ λ
∫
∆t
exp
3.2.4
radiant exposure
H
integral of the irradiance E with respect to the exposure duration ∆ t :
exp
(4)
H = E(t)dt
∫
∆t
exp
The radiant exposure H is calculated from the integral of the spectral radiant exposure H (λ):
λ
λ
H = H (λ)dλ (5)
λ
∫
λ
3.2.5
blue-light radiant exposure
H
b
integral of the blue-light irradiance E with respect to the exposure duration ∆ t :
b exp
H = E dt (6)
b b
∫
∆t
exp
The blue-light radiant exposure H can also be calculated from the spectral radiant exposure H (λ) and the
b λ
blue-light hazard weighting function b(λ):
λ
H = H (λ)b(λ)dλ (7)
b λ
∫
λ
3.2.6
radiance
L
is calculated from the spectral radiance L (λ) by:
λ
λ
L = L ( λ)d λ (8)
λ
∫
λ
3.2.7
retinal thermal radiance
L
r
integral of the product of the spectral radiance L (λ) and the retinal thermal hazard weighting function r(λ):
λ
λ
L = L (λ)r( λ)d λ (9)
r λ
∫
λ
3.2.8
blue-light radiance
L
b
integral of the product of the spectral radiance L (λ) and the blue-light hazard weighting function b(λ):
λ
λ
L = L (λ)b(λ)d λ (10)
b λ
∫
λ
3.2.9
radiance dose
G
integral of the radiance L with respect to the exposure duration ∆ t :
exp
G = Ldt (11)
∫
∆t
exp
3.2.10
blue-light radiance dose
G
b
integral of the blue-light radiance L with respect to the exposure duration ∆ t :
b exp
G = L dt (12)
b b
∫
∆t
exp
3.2.11
actual source diameter
D
 the circle diameter, if the source is circular;
 the arithmetic mean of the longest and shortest dimension, if the source is oblong
3.2.12
viewing source diameter
D
L
given by:
D = Dcosφ (13)
L
3.2.13
viewing distance
distance between the centre of the source and the eye respective the detector
3.2.14
angular subtense
αα
αα
given by:
α = D / r (14)
L
3.2.15
viewing angle
φφ
φφ
angle between the normal of the source and the line of sight
3.2.16
angle of acceptance
γγγγ
largest angle between all directions in which a radiation detector is sensitive
4 General procedure
In order to measure and assess the VIS- and IR- exposure in the workplace the following steps shall be
carried out:
a) Preliminary review
b) Work task analysis
c) Measurement of the exposure
d) Assessment of the exposure
e) Decision about protective measures
f) Decision about a repetition of the exposure measurement and assessment
g) Preparation of a report
Details of these procedures are specified in Clauses 5 to 11.
NOTE 1 A flow chart showing the procedural steps is given in Annex A (informative).
NOTE 2 In some cases it is not necessary to carry out all of these steps, see Clause 5.
5 Preliminary review
The preliminary review is required to determine whether or not a detailed hazard assessment based on
measurements is necessary. All available information about the radiation source and the possible personal
VIS/IR-exposure shall be gathered. It shall then be decided if an exposure measurement is necessary or if a
statement can be made without a measurement that the exposure limit values are met or are exceeded.
NOTE If VIS/IR irradiances are known to be either insignificant or extreme, a precise assessment may be
unnecessary. Where all sources have emission characteristics which can be described as trivial, or where occupancy is
minimal, it may be impossible for a person to exceed the chosen exposure limits. Conversely, where emissions are
significant and/or occupancy is high, it may be obvious that the limits will be exceeded and that some form of protective
measures (see Clause 9) will be required. Useful information towards the preliminary review might be found from several
origins:
• A device may have been classified according to standards such as EN 12198 [10], [11], [12] and CIE S009 [3].
Knowledge of the classification of all potential sources of VIS/IR-radiation may allow a sufficiently precise assessment
of hazard to be made without further measurement.
• If sufficient VIS/IR-radiation emission data are available for a device it may be possible to estimate the personal
VIS/IR-exposure.
• If data like spectrum (e.g. derived from the source temperature), geometry and exposure time are available calculation
of the personal exposure may be performed (e.g. by computer software [5]).
If a clear statement can be made that the personal VIS/IR-exposure is insignificant and that the exposure limit
values will be met, no further action is necessary and Clauses 6 to 9 need not be applied.
If a clear statement can be made that the VIS/IR-exposure limit value(s) will be exceeded, Clause 9 shall be
applied. After the application of protective measures the assessment procedure shall be repeated starting with
the preliminary review in Clause 5.
If it cannot clearly be estimated in advance whether the limit value(s) will be met or exceeded the procedures
specified in Clauses 6 to 11 shall be carried out.
If the gathered data show a potential exposure in the UV- range, the corresponding hazard shall be assessed
according to EN 14255-1.
A short report according to 11.1 shall be prepared. If measurements are carried out the short report may be
presented as part of the full report according to 11.2.
6 Work task analysis
For the determination of visible and infrared radiation exposures in the workplace a detailed work task analysis
shall be carried out. All activities during which persons may be exposed to VIS- and IR- radiation shall be
considered. For each of these activities the exposure situation shall be carefully analysed. This analysis
includes determining:
• the number, position(s) and types (e.g. wavelength, geometry) of radiation sources to be considered;
• radiation which is reflected or scattered on walls, equipment, materials etc.;
• the spectrum of the radiation to which persons are exposed;
• the spectrum can be determined:
a) by measuring the spectrum in the position where persons are exposed,
b) by calculation of the spectrum for a known temperature and emission coefficient of the source (black
body radiation calculation),
NOTE 1 The spectrum may be altered by scattering, reflection and absorption between the radiation source and the
exposed persons.
c) by information on the emission spectrum of the radiation source provided by the source’s
manufacturer or directly measured close to the source, if the spectrum at the position where persons
are exposed is identical to the spectrum emitted by the radiation source.
NOTE 2 The spectrum may be altered by scattering, reflection and absorption between the radiation source and the
exposed persons.
• the constancy or the variation of the spectrum and/or the radiation flux density with time;
• the distance between the exposed person and the radiation source(s);
• the changes in the location of the exposed person during the work shift (respective during the entire time
of exposure);
• the time(s) spent by persons at different locations in relation to the radiation source(s) and the time(s) of
exposure at these locations;
• which potential health effects are to be taken into account (damage to the eyes, skin, short- and long-term
effects, wavelength ranges);
• which limit values are to be considered;
• whether personal protective equipment is used or not and, if so, which type and technical specifications;
• number of working shifts with VIS- and/or IR-exposures per year.
For each of these activities information shall be complete enough to allow the exposure during a shift length to
be determined. It is useful to record all the information about the exposure in tables as shown in Annex B
(informative).
7 Measurement of the exposure
7.1 Planning
The measurement shall be planned taking into account the measurement aim (survey measurement or
measurement for comparison with limit values) and the exposure conditions. It is important to define which
measuring methods will be used and how the measurement will be conducted. The following points shall be
taken into account:
• quantities which are to be determined (see 7.2);
• radiation spectrum:
 UV, VIS, IR,
 continuous or line-spectrum;
• variation of the spectrum with time: constant or varying;
• variation of radiation flux density with time: constant or varying;
• level of exposure;
• the measuring range of the measurement device shall be adapted to the level of the exposure;
• places of staying and movement of the persons who’s exposures are to be measured (see Clause 6);
• selection of a suitable measurement method (see 7.3);
• check if the necessary requirements for the measurement methods are met (see 7.4);
• personal radiation protection (see 7.5).
7.2 Quantities to be determined
The radiometric quantities to be measured shall be selected with reference to the quantities in which the limit
values are specified. For the spectral region λ = 300 nm to 3 000 nm exposure limit values are recommended
by international organizations, such as ICNIRP [1], or set by national authorities.
NOTE E.g. ICNIRP recommends to determine the quantities:
• retinal thermal radiance L for λ = (380 to 1 400) nm;
r
• blue-light radiance L for λ = (300 to 700) nm;
b
• blue-light radiance dose G for λ = (300 to 700) nm;
b
• blue-light exposure H for λ = (300 to 700) nm;
b
• blue-light irradiance E for λ = (300 to 700) nm;
b
• irradiance E for λ = (780 to 3 000) nm;
• retinal thermal radiance L for λ = (780 to 1 400) nm (infrared radiation hazards to retina);
r
• radiant exposure H for λ = (380 to 3 000) nm.
For the selection of the applicable limit value it is often necessary to determine also the quantities:
• exposure duration ∆ t ;
exp
• the source's angular subtense α .
7.3 Selection of method
A complete method for the measurement of VIS- or IR-exposure consists of the measurement device or
devices used, the implementation and the evaluation of the results. In Annex C commonly used radiation
measurement devices are described. In some methods not only radiation measurement devices but also
clocks or stop watches are used.
When selecting a measurement method account shall be taken of the measurement aim, the exposure
conditions and the radiation characteristics.
NOTE 1 Depending on the quantity to be determined various measurement methods are available. These methods and
their advantages and disadvantages are described in Annex E. In some situations it will be necessary to apply more than
one method.
NOTE 2 In Table 2 methods are presented which are suitable for the measurement of VIS- and IR-exposures
depending on the measurement aim and the exposure conditions.
Table 2 – Suitable methods for the measurement of the quantities L , G H E , E and H in dependence of the measurement aim and the exposure
r b, b, b
conditions (see Annex E)
Measurement aim Methods for measuring
and/or exposure
L L G H E E L H
r b b b b r
condition
(380 nm to (300 nm to (300 nm to 700 nm) (300 nm to 700 nm) (300 nm to (780 nm to (780 nm to (380 nm
1 400 nm) 700 nm) 700 nm) 3 000 nm) 1400 nm) to
3 000 nm)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y
Constant radiation
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
exposure
Radiation exposure X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X
varying in time
Direct measurement of    X  X       X
G , H or H
b b
Direct measurement of X  X  X       X
L or L
b r
Direct measurement of      X  X  X   X
E or E
b
Measurement with X X X X  X X  X X X X X X X X
highly accurate
spectral weighting
1) Suitable if time resolution is sufficient (down to 10 µs)
7.4 Requirements for the measurement methods
7.4.1 General
When having selected a measurement method it shall be checked if the method meets the necessary requirements.
The basic check can usually be done by using the information provided together with the radiation measurement device.
When the performance of the method depends on the way of implementation the check shall be done when the method
is implemented.
The measurement methods (consisting of the device(s) used, the implementation and the evaluation) shall fulfil the
requirements specified in 7.4.2 to 7.4.11.
7.4.2 Uncertainty
• The uncertainty shall not exceed 30 % for measurements where the results are to be compared with exposure limit
values.
• The uncertainty shall not exceed 50 % for survey measurements.
• The uncertainty of a measurement method shall be determined in accordance with ENV 13005.
• If exposure time measurements are part of the selected method, the resulting combined uncertainty shall fulfil these
requirements.
7.4.3 Measurement sensitivity range
The measurement sensitivity ranges shall cover the range between 1/10 to 2 times the applied limit values.
NOTE 1 If ICNIRP recommendations are applied the corresponding measurement sensitivity ranges are:
6 -2 -1
- L (380 to 1 400) nm: (0,028 to 1046)⋅10 W m sr ;
r
-2 -1
- L (300 to 700) nm: (10 to 200) W m sr ;
b
6 -2 -1
- G (300 to 700) nm: (0,1 to 2) × 10 J m sr ;
b
-2
- H (300 to 700) nm: (10 to 200) J m ;
b
-3 -2
- E (300 to 700) nm: (1 to 20) × 10 W m ;
b
9 -2
- E (780 to 3 000) nm: (10 to 10 ) W m ;
6 -2 -1
- Lr (780 - 1400) nm: (600 to 810) × 10 W m sr ;
-2
- H (380 - 3000) nm: (112 to 72 000) J m ;
- α: (0,2 to 200) mrad;
-5
- ∆ t : (1 ⋅ 10 to 30 000) s;
exp
- dpectral irradiance or radiance: Spectroradiometer to measure the irradiance, radiant exposure, radiance or radiance dose. The
devices should be able to measure the wavelength-integrated values as listed above.
NOTE 2 In order to cover the whole range more than one measurement device can be used.
7.4.4 Spectral sensitivity of the detector system
The spectral sensitivity of the measurement system shall be known.
NOTE For broadband radiometers of which the spectral sensitivity is declared to fit the weighting function b(λ) or r(λ) this
information can be used to calculate the degree of matching b(λ) or r(λ).
7.4.5 Active detector area, aperture and field of view
7.4.5.1 Measurement of irradiance and radiant exposure
Requirements stated in the applied set of limit values shall be met. If no specific requirements are stated the following
requirements shall be applied.
The detector area shall be sufficiently large so that the radiation flux density incident on the input optics exceeds the
lower detection limit. If the radiation field is inhomogeneous the active detector area shall be sufficiently small so that
any geometric variation in the flux density of radiation incident to the detector system is small.
NOTE If the detector area is too large, the active area can be limited by using an aperture and the measurement results
corrected accordingly. The active detector area is small enough if repeated measurements with a smaller active area do not change
the result.
7.4.5.2 Measurement of radiance and radiance dose
The detectors field of view (angle of acceptance γ ) shall meet the requirements in the set of limit values applied.
7.4.6 Cosine angular response
For irradiance and radiance exposure measurements the angular response within ± 60° viewing angle shall be within
± 5 % of cosine function.
NOTE The angular response should be determined including any optical elements located in the front of the detector.
7.4.7 Averaging time
Response time of the detector: For time-varying radiation flux densities the detector response time shall be sufficient to
allow the variation in time to be resolved according to the set of limit values applied.
Measurement time: According to the set of limit values applied measurements shall either include the complete
exposure duration, or, if the radiation flux density is constant or varies in a regular fashion, a measurement time shall be
selected which is representative of the complete exposure duration.
7.4.8 Environmental conditions
All environmental conditions which might affect the measurement shall be considered, like temperature, humidity, dust,
electromagnetic fields. Under the environmental conditions present at the place of measurement the uncertainty
requirements shall be met.
7.4.9 Calibration
Calibration shall be traceable to a national standards laboratory. Calibration intervals shall be selected with regard to
the uncertainty requirements.
7.4.10 Wavelengths range
Integral measurement systems shall be sensitive across the whole wavelengths range as specified in 7.2 for the
quantity to be measured but shall not be sensitive outside this range.
7.4.11 Scanning steps, bandwidth and stray light
When a spectroradiometer is used the scanning steps shall match the spectral emission characteristics of the source(s).
NOTE 1 For sources having pronounced emission lines smaller scanning steps may be necessary. For sources having a
continuous emission spectrum larger scanning steps may be sufficient.
NOTE 2 For survey measurements scanning steps of ≤ 5 nm may be sufficient, for more accurate measurements scanning steps
of ≤ 1 nm may be necessary.
The bandwidth shall be an integer multiple of the scanning steps.
When carrying out spectrometer measurements care shall be taken to avoid influence of stray light.
7.5 Implementation
7.5.1 Precautions
Before a VIS- or IR-exposure measurement is carried out care of personal radiation protection shall be taken. The level
of the VIS- or IR -radiation irradiance shall roughly be determined either by a survey measurement or by information
provided with the radiation source. If necessary protective measures shall be applied in order to protect the people who
are carrying out the following exposure measurement.
NOTE Other potential hazards in the workplace may also have to be taken into account.
7.5.2 Measurement geometry
The work task analysis shows all activities, were persons are exposed to VIS- or IR-radiation. For all these activities the
quantity(ies) to be determined shall be measured at typical positions and in typical orientations toward the source(s) of
the eyes, hands and other exposed parts of the body. The measurements shall be carried out in a way that guarantees
that the results are representative for the personal exposure.
NOTE It may be sufficient to position a static detector at a typical exposure position and aim it into the direction of the highest
radiation flux density. However it may be that the radiation level depends on work activities. In this case the detector of a
measurement system can be kept near the exposed part of the body during the work.
7.5.3 Duration of measurement
The duration of measurements shall be according to the set of limit values applied. If no specific requirements are given,
the following requirements shall apply.
In case of a constant radiation flux density the duration of measurement is not specified, but it shall be long enough to
make an accurate measurement.
In case of a regularly varying radiation flux density the duration of measurement shall cover a sufficient number of
periods in order to obtain a representative average result (e.g. 10 periods).
In case of randomly varying radiation flux density the duration of measurement shall be long enough to obtain a
representative average result.
In case of varying flux density the time and the duration of the measurement shall be so selected that the maximum
radiation intensity is included, if the maximum exposure value is required for the assessment.
NOTE If e.g. a thermal radiation hazard is to be assessed not the average value but the maximum value of the exposure is
essential.
7.5.4 Exposure duration measurement
If radiant exposure levels are to be determined from irradiance data or if radiance dose levels are to be determined from
radiance data the duration of the person's exposure shall also to be determined.
NOTE 1 The work task analysis may provide sufficient data for t
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