Safety of machinery - General principles for design - Risk assessment and risk reduction (ISO 12100:2010)

ISO 12100:2010 specifies basic terminology, principles and a methodology for achieving safety in the design of machinery. It specifies principles of risk assessment and risk reduction to help designers in achieving this objective. These principles are based on knowledge and experience of the design, use, incidents, accidents and risks associated with machinery. Procedures are described for identifying hazards and estimating and evaluating risks during relevant phases of the machine life cycle, and for the elimination of hazards or sufficient risk reduction. Guidance is given on the documentation and verification of the risk assessment and risk reduction process.
ISO 12100:2010 is also intended to be used as a basis for the preparation of type-B or type-C safety standards.
It does not deal with risk and/or damage to domestic animals, property or the environment.

Sicherheit von Maschinen - Allgemeine Gestaltungsleitsätze - Risikobeurteilung und Risikominderung (ISO 12100:2010)

Diese Internationale Norm legt die grundsätzliche Terminologie, Leitsätze sowie eine Methodologie fest, um sichere Maschinen zu konstruieren. Dieses Dokument stellt Leitsätze zur Risikobeurteilung und Risikominderung auf, um Konstrukteure dabei zu unterstützen, dieses Ziel zu erreichen. Diese Leitsätze basieren auf Kenntnissen und Erfahrungen über die Konstruktion, den Einsatz, das Zwischenfall- und Unfallgeschehen sowie über Risiken im Zusammenhang mit Maschinen. Es werden Verfahren zur Identifizierung von Gefährdungen und zur Risikoeinschätzung und Risikobewertung in den relevanten Phasen der Lebensdauer einer Maschine sowie zur Beseitigung von Gefährdungen oder Erbringung einer hinreichenden Risikominderung beschrieben. Dieses Dokument liefert außerdem einen Leitfaden für die Dokumentation und den Nachweis der Risikobeurteilung und des Risikominderungsprozesses.
Diese Internationale Norm ist gleichermaßen vorgesehen, um als Grundlage für die Erarbeitung von Typ-B- oder Typ-C-Normen verwendet zu werden.
Diese Internationale Norm behandelt keine Risiken und/oder Schäden in Bezug auf Haustiere, Eigentum oder die Umwelt.
ANMERKUNG 1 Anhang B gibt in separaten Tabellen Beispiele für Gefährdungen, Gefährdungssituationen und Gefährdungsereignisse an, um diese Begrifflichkeiten zu erläutern und den Konstrukteur beim Prozess der Identifizierung von Gefährdungen zu unterstützen.
ANMERKUNG 2 Die praktische Anwendung einer Reihe von Verfahren für jede Stufe der Risikobeurteilung wird in ISO/TR 14121-2 beschrieben.

Sécurité des machines - Principes généraux de conception - Appréciation du risque et réduction du risque (ISO 12100:2010)

L'ISO 12100:2010 spécifie la terminologie de base, les principes et une méthodologie en vue d'assurer la sécurité dans la conception des machines. Elle spécifie les principes de l'appréciation du risque et de la réduction du risque pour aider les concepteurs à atteindre cet objectif. Ces principes sont fondés sur la connaissance et l'expérience de la conception, de l'utilisation, des incidents, des accidents et des risques associés aux machines. Des procédures sont décrites pour identifier les phénomènes dangereux, et estimer et évaluer les risques au cours des phases pertinentes du cycle de vie des machines, ainsi que pour supprimer les phénomènes dangereux ou ariiver à réduire suffisamment les risques. Des lignes directrices sont fournies sur la documentation et la vérification du processus d'appréciation du risque et de réduction du risque.
L'ISO 12100:2010 est également destinée à servir de document de base pour l'élaboration des normes de sécurité de type B ou de type C.
Elle ne traite pas des risques et/ou des dommages causés aux animaux domestiques, aux biens ou à l'environnement.

Varnost strojev - Splošna načela načrtovanja - Ocena tveganja in zmanjšanje tveganja (ISO 12100:2010)

Ta mednarodni standard določa osnovno terminologijo, načela in metodologijo za doseganje varnosti strojev že med njihovim načrtovanjem. V pomoč načrtovalcem pri doseganju tega cilja določa načela ocenjevanja in zmanjševanja tveganja. Ta načela temeljijo na znanju in izkušnjah pri načrtovanju, uporabi, incidentih, nezgodah in tveganjih, povezanih s stroji. Podani so postopki za prepoznavanje nevarnosti ter ugotavljanje in vrednotenje tveganja med posameznimi obdobji življenjske dobe stroja ter za odstranitev nevarnosti ali zadovoljivo zmanjšanje tveganja. Podana so tudi navodila glede dokumentacije in preverjanja procesov ocenjevanja in zmanjševanja tveganja.
Ta mednarodni standard je namenjen tudi uporabi kot podlaga za pripravo varnostnih standardov tipov B ali C. Ta mednarodni standard ne obravnava tveganja in/ali škode, povzročene domačim živalim, premoženju ali okolju. OPOMBA 1: V ločenih preglednicah v dodatku B so navedeni primeri nevarnosti, nevarnih stanj in nevarnih dogodkov, ki naj bi razjasnili te pojme ter bili v pomoč načrtovalcem pri prepoznavanju nevarnosti. OPOMBA 2: Točen način uporabe številnih metod za vsako fazo ocenjevanja tveganja je opisan v ISO/TR 14121-2.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Oct-2010
Withdrawal Date
29-Nov-2013
Current Stage
6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
Start Date
01-Nov-2010
Completion Date
01-Nov-2010

Relations

Overview

EN ISO 12100:2010 (identical to EN ISO 12100:2010 / ISO 12100:2010) defines general principles for the design of machinery with the aim of achieving safety through a structured process of risk assessment and risk reduction. It provides basic terminology, a risk assessment strategy and a methodology to identify hazards, estimate and evaluate risks across relevant phases of the machine life cycle, and then eliminate hazards or reduce risks to acceptable levels. The standard also covers documentation and verification of the risk assessment and reduction process. It is intended as the foundational document for preparing type-B and type-C machinery safety standards.

Key topics and requirements

  • Fundamental terminology and definitions used in machinery safety and risk management.
  • Strategy for risk assessment and risk reduction, including scope and limits (use, space, time) for machinery.
  • Hazard identification and methods for identifying hazardous situations and hazardous events during design, operation, maintenance and disposal.
  • Risk estimation and evaluation - procedures to assess severity and probability and determine whether risks are adequately reduced.
  • Risk reduction hierarchy emphasizing inherently safe design measures first, then safeguarding and complementary protective measures.
  • Design considerations such as geometry, stability, maintainability, ergonomics, electrical and fluid-power hazards, and safe control-system design.
  • Safeguarding: selection, implementation and requirements for guards, protective devices, signals, markings and warnings.
  • Information for use: requirements for instruction handbooks, labels, pictograms and other user information.
  • Documentation and verification of the entire risk assessment and risk reduction process for traceability and compliance.

Practical applications and users

Who uses ISO 12100?

  • Machine designers and OEMs applying safe-by-design principles.
  • Safety engineers conducting formal risk assessments and developing risk reduction measures.
  • Compliance and regulatory teams demonstrating conformity with the EU Machinery Directive (2006/42/EC).
  • Standards developers producing type-B and type-C machine-specific safety standards.
  • Test laboratories, certification bodies and notified bodies assessing machine safety.
  • Maintenance planners, procurement specialists and end-users seeking documented safety information.

Typical uses:

  • Embedding safety early in the design lifecycle.
  • Preparing technical documentation and declarations of conformity.
  • Selecting guards, interlocks and safety-related control measures.
  • Producing instruction manuals and safety markings.

Related standards

  • Consolidates and replaces earlier parts (ISO 12100-1/-2 and ISO 14121-1).
  • Serves as the basis for type-B and type-C machinery safety standards.
  • Harmonizes with EN adoption (EN ISO 12100:2010) and national implementations (e.g., EN ISO 12100:2010).

Note: ISO 12100 addresses human safety risks associated with machinery - it does not cover risks to domestic animals, property or the environment.

Standard
EN ISO 12100:2011
English language
87 pages
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Standard – translation
EN ISO 12100:2011
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Frequently Asked Questions

EN ISO 12100:2010 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Safety of machinery - General principles for design - Risk assessment and risk reduction (ISO 12100:2010)". This standard covers: ISO 12100:2010 specifies basic terminology, principles and a methodology for achieving safety in the design of machinery. It specifies principles of risk assessment and risk reduction to help designers in achieving this objective. These principles are based on knowledge and experience of the design, use, incidents, accidents and risks associated with machinery. Procedures are described for identifying hazards and estimating and evaluating risks during relevant phases of the machine life cycle, and for the elimination of hazards or sufficient risk reduction. Guidance is given on the documentation and verification of the risk assessment and risk reduction process. ISO 12100:2010 is also intended to be used as a basis for the preparation of type-B or type-C safety standards. It does not deal with risk and/or damage to domestic animals, property or the environment.

ISO 12100:2010 specifies basic terminology, principles and a methodology for achieving safety in the design of machinery. It specifies principles of risk assessment and risk reduction to help designers in achieving this objective. These principles are based on knowledge and experience of the design, use, incidents, accidents and risks associated with machinery. Procedures are described for identifying hazards and estimating and evaluating risks during relevant phases of the machine life cycle, and for the elimination of hazards or sufficient risk reduction. Guidance is given on the documentation and verification of the risk assessment and risk reduction process. ISO 12100:2010 is also intended to be used as a basis for the preparation of type-B or type-C safety standards. It does not deal with risk and/or damage to domestic animals, property or the environment.

EN ISO 12100:2010 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 01.040.13 - Environment. Health protection. Safety (Vocabularies); 13.110 - Safety of machinery. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.

EN ISO 12100:2010 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN ISO 14121-1:2007, EN ISO 12100-2:2003, EN ISO 12100-2:2003/A1:2009, EN ISO 12100-1:2003/A1:2009, EN ISO 12100-1:2003, prEN ISO 12100. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.

EN ISO 12100:2010 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 2006/42/EC; Standardization Mandates: M/396. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.

You can purchase EN ISO 12100:2010 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CEN standards.

Standards Content (Sample)


SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2011
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 12100-1:2004
SIST EN ISO 12100-1:2004/A1:2010
SIST EN ISO 12100-2:2004
SIST EN ISO 12100-2:2004/A1:2010
SIST EN ISO 14121-1:2007
9DUQRVWVWURMHY6SORãQDQDþHODQDþUWRYDQMD2FHQDWYHJDQMDLQ]PDQMãDQMH
WYHJDQMD ,62
Safety of machinery - General principles for design - Risk assessment and risk reduction
(ISO 12100:2010)
Sicherheit von Maschinen - Allgemeine Gestaltungsleitsätze - Risikobewertung und
Risikominderung (ISO 12100:2010)
Sécurité des machines - Principes généraux de conception - Appréciation du risque et
réduction du risque (ISO 12100:2010)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 12100:2010
ICS:
13.110 Varnost strojev Safety of machinery
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 12100
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2010
ICS 13.110 Supersedes EN ISO 12100-1:2003, EN ISO 12100-
2:2003, EN ISO 14121-1:2007
English Version
Safety of machinery - General principles for design - Risk
assessment and risk reduction (ISO 12100:2010)
Sécurité des machines - Principes généraux de conception Sicherheit von Maschinen - Allgemeine
- Appréciation du risque et réduction du risque (ISO Gestaltungsleitsätze - Risikobewertung und
12100:2010) Risikominderung (ISO 12100:2010)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 October 2010.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 12100:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword .3
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EC Directive 2006/42/EC .4

Foreword
This document (EN ISO 12100:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 199 "Safety of
machinery" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 114 “Safety of machinery” the secretariat of
which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by November 2013.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 12100-1:2003, EN ISO 12100-2:2003, EN ISO 14121-1:2007.
This second edition cancels and replaces ISO 12100-1:2003, ISO 12100-1:2003/Amd. 1: 2009, ISO 12100-
2:2003, ISO 12100-2:2003/Amd. 1: 2009 and ISO 14121-1:2007 of which it constitutes a consolidation without
technical changes. Documentation (e.g. risk assessment, type-C standards) based on these replaced
documents need not be updated or revised.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 12100:2010 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 12100:2010 without any modification.
Annex ZA
(informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EC Directive 2006/42/EC
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
[and the European Free Trade Association] to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of
the New Approach Directive Machinery, 2006/42/EC.
Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive and has been
implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the normative clauses of
this standard confers, within the limits of the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the
relevant Essential Requirements of that Directive and associated EFTA regulations.
WARNING — Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling
within the scope of this standard.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12100
First edition
2010-11-01
Safety of machinery — General principles
for design — Risk assessment and risk
reduction
Sécurité des machines — Principes généraux de conception —
Appréciation du risque et réduction du risque

Reference number
ISO 12100:2010(E)
©
ISO 2010
ISO 12100:2010(E)
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ii © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

ISO 12100:2010(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction.vi
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Strategy for risk assessment and risk reduction.9
5 Risk assessment .12
5.1 General .12
5.2 Information for risk assessment.12
5.3 Determination of limits of machinery.13
5.3.1 General .13
5.3.2 Use limits.13
5.3.3 Space limits.14
5.3.4 Time limits.14
5.3.5 Other limits.14
5.4 Hazard identification .14
5.5 Risk estimation.16
5.5.1 General .16
5.5.2 Elements of risk.17
5.5.3 Aspects to be considered during risk estimation.19
5.6 Risk evaluation .21
5.6.1 General .21
5.6.2 Adequate risk reduction .21
5.6.3 Comparison of risks.21
6 Risk reduction.22
6.1 General .22
6.2 Inherently safe design measures.23
6.2.1 General .23
6.2.2 Consideration of geometrical factors and physical aspects .23
6.2.3 Taking into account general technical knowledge of machine design .24
6.2.4 Choice of appropriate technology.25
6.2.5 Applying principle of positive mechanical action.25
6.2.6 Provisions for stability.25
6.2.7 Provisions for maintainability .26
6.2.8 Observing ergonomic principles .26
6.2.9 Electrical hazards.27
6.2.10 Pneumatic and hydraulic hazards .27
6.2.11 Applying inherently safe design measures to control systems.28
6.2.12 Minimizing probability of failure of safety functions .33
6.2.13 Limiting exposure to hazards through reliability of equipment .33
6.2.14 Limiting exposure to hazards through mechanization or automation of loading (feeding)/
unloading (removal) operations.34
6.2.15 Limiting exposure to hazards through location of setting and maintenance points outside
danger zones .34
6.3 Safeguarding and complementary protective measures .34
6.3.1 General .34
6.3.2 Selection and implementation of guards and protective devices.35
6.3.3 Requirements for design of guards and protective devices.40
6.3.4 Safeguarding to reduce emissions.43
ISO 12100:2010(E)
6.3.5 Complementary protective measures.44
6.4 Information for use . 46
6.4.1 General requirements. 46
6.4.2 Location and nature of information for use . 46
6.4.3 Signals and warning devices. 46
6.4.4 Markings, signs (pictograms) and written warnings. 47
6.4.5 Accompanying documents (in particular — instruction handbook). 48
7 Documentation of risk assessment and risk reduction. 51
Annex A (informative) Schematic representation of a machine. 52
Annex B (informative) Examples of hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events. 53
Annex C (informative) Trilingual lookup and index of specific terms and expressions used in
ISO 12100. 63
Bibliography. 75

iv © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

ISO 12100:2010(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 12100 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 199, Safety of machinery.
This first edition of ISO 12100 cancels and replaces ISO 12100-1:2003, ISO 12100-2:2003 and
ISO 14121-1:2007, of which it constitutes a consolidation without technical change. It also incorporates the
Amendments ISO 12100-1:2003/Amd.1:2009 and ISO 12100-2:2003/Amd.1:2009. Documentation (e.g. risk
assessment, type-C standards) based on these replaced documents need not be updated or revised.

ISO 12100:2010(E)
Introduction
The primary purpose of this International Standard is to provide designers with an overall framework and
guidance for decisions during the development of machinery to enable them to design machines that are safe
for their intended use. It also provides a strategy for standards developers and will assist in the preparation of
consistent and appropriate type-B and type-C standards.
The concept of safety of machinery considers the ability of a machine to perform its intended function(s)
during its life cycle where risk has been adequately reduced.
This International Standard is the basis for a set of standards which has the following structure:
⎯ type-A standards (basic safety standards) giving basic concepts, principles for design and general
aspects that can be applied to machinery;
⎯ type-B standards (generic safety standards) dealing with one safety aspect or one type of safeguard that
can be used across a wide range of machinery:
⎯ type-B1 standards on particular safety aspects (for example, safety distances, surface temperature,
noise);
⎯ type-B2 standards on safeguards (for example, two-hand controls, interlocking devices, pressure-
sensitive devices, guards);
⎯ type-C standards (machine safety standards) dealing with detailed safety requirements for a particular
machine or group of machines.
This International Standard is a type-A standard.
When a type-C standard deviates from one or more technical provisions dealt with by this International
Standard or by a type-B standard, the type-C standard takes precedence.
It is desirable that this International Standard be referred to in training courses and manuals to convey basic
terminology and general design methods to designers.
ISO/IEC Guide 51 has been taken into account as far as practicable at the time of drafting of this International
Standard.
vi © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12100:2010(E)

Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk
assessment and risk reduction
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies basic terminology, principles and a methodology for achieving safety in
the design of machinery. It specifies principles of risk assessment and risk reduction to help designers in
achieving this objective. These principles are based on knowledge and experience of the design, use,
incidents, accidents and risks associated with machinery. Procedures are described for identifying hazards
and estimating and evaluating risks during relevant phases of the machine life cycle, and for the elimination of
hazards or the provision of sufficient risk reduction. Guidance is given on the documentation and verification of
the risk assessment and risk reduction process.
This International Standard is also intended to be used as a basis for the preparation of type-B or type-C
safety standards.
It does not deal with risk and/or damage to domestic animals, property or the environment.
NOTE 1 Annex B gives, in separate tables, examples of hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events, in order
to clarify these concepts and assist the designer in the process of hazard identification.
NOTE 2 The practical use of a number of methods for each stage of risk assessment is described in ISO/TR 14121-2.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60204-1:2005, Safety of machinery — Electrical equipment of machines — Part 1: General requirements
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
machinery
machine
assembly, fitted with or intended to be fitted with a drive system consisting of linked parts or components, at
least one of which moves, and which are joined together for a specific application
NOTE 1 The term “machinery” also covers an assembly of machines which, in order to achieve the same end, are
arranged and controlled so that they function as an integral whole.
NOTE 2 Annex A provides a general schematic representation of a machine.
ISO 12100:2010(E)
3.2
reliability
ability of a machine or its components or equipment to perform a required function under specified conditions
and for a given period of time without failing
3.3
maintainability
ability of a machine to be maintained in a state which enables it to fulfil its function under conditions of
intended use, or to be restored to such a state, with the necessary actions (maintenance) being carried out
according to specified practices and using specified means
3.4
usability
ability of a machine to be easily used owing to, among others, properties or characteristics that enable its
function(s) to be easily understood
3.5
harm
physical injury or damage to health
3.6
hazard
potential source of harm
NOTE 1 The term “hazard” can be qualified in order to define its origin (for example, mechanical hazard, electrical
hazard) or the nature of the potential harm (for example, electric shock hazard, cutting hazard, toxic hazard, fire hazard).
NOTE 2 The hazard envisaged by this definition either
⎯ is permanently present during the intended use of the machine (for example, motion of hazardous moving elements,
electric arc during a welding phase, unhealthy posture, noise emission, high temperature), or
⎯ can appear unexpectedly (for example, explosion, crushing hazard as a consequence of an unintended/unexpected
start-up, ejection as a consequence of a breakage, fall as a consequence of acceleration/deceleration).
NOTE 3 The French term “phénomène dangereux” should not be confused with the term “risque”, which was
sometimes used instead in the past.
3.7
relevant hazard
hazard which is identified as being present at, or associated with, the machine
NOTE 1 A relevant hazard is identified as the result of one step of the process described in Clause 5.
NOTE 2 This term is included as basic terminology for type-B and type-C standards.
3.8
significant hazard
hazard which has been identified as relevant and which requires specific action by the designer to eliminate or
to reduce the risk according to the risk assessment
NOTE This term is included as basic terminology for type-B and type-C standards.
3.9
hazardous event
event that can cause harm
NOTE A hazardous event can occur over a short period of time or over an extended period of time.
2 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

ISO 12100:2010(E)
3.10
hazardous situation
circumstance in which a person is exposed to at least one hazard
NOTE The exposure can result in harm immediately or over a period of time.
3.11
hazard zone
danger zone
any space within and/or around machinery in which a person can be exposed to a hazard
3.12
risk
combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm
3.13
residual risk
risk remaining after protective measures have been implemented
NOTE 1 This International Standard distinguishes
⎯ the residual risk after protective measures have been implemented by the designer,
⎯ the residual risk remaining after all protective measures have been implemented.
NOTE 2 See also Figure 2.
3.14
risk estimation
defining likely severity of harm and probability of its occurrence
3.15
risk analysis
combination of the specification of the limits of the machine, hazard identification and risk estimation
3.16
risk evaluation
judgment, on the basis of risk analysis, of whether the risk reduction objectives have been achieved
3.17
risk assessment
overall process comprising a risk analysis and a risk evaluation
3.18
adequate risk reduction
risk reduction that is at least in accordance with legal requirements, taking into consideration the current state
of the art
NOTE Criteria for determining when adequate risk reduction is achieved are given in 5.6.2.
3.19
protective measure
measure intended to achieve risk reduction, implemented
⎯ by the designer (inherently safe design, safeguarding and complementary protective measures,
information for use) and/or
⎯ by the user (organization: safe working procedures, supervision, permit-to-work systems; provision and
use of additional safeguards; use of personal protective equipment; training)
NOTE See Figure 2.
ISO 12100:2010(E)
3.20
inherently safe design measure
protective measure which either eliminates hazards or reduces the risks associated with hazards by changing
the design or operating characteristics of the machine without the use of guards or protective devices
NOTE See 6.2.
3.21
safeguarding
protective measure using safeguards to protect persons from the hazards which cannot reasonably be
eliminated or risks which cannot be sufficiently reduced by inherently safe design measures
NOTE See 6.3.
3.22
information for use
protective measure consisting of communication links (for example, text, words, signs, signals, symbols,
diagrams) used separately or in combination, to convey information to the user
NOTE See 6.4.
3.23
intended use
use of a machine in accordance with the information for use provided in the instructions
3.24
reasonably foreseeable misuse
use of a machine in a way not intended by the designer, but which can result from readily predictable human
behaviour
3.25
task
specific activity performed by one or more persons on, or in the vicinity of, the machine during its life cycle
3.26
safeguard
guard or protective device
3.27
guard
physical barrier, designed as part of the machine to provide protection
NOTE 1 A guard may act either
⎯ alone, in which case it is only effective when “closed” (for a movable guard) or “securely held in place” (for a fixed
guard), or
⎯ in conjunction with an interlocking device with or without guard locking, in which case protection is ensured whatever
the position of the guard.
NOTE 2 Depending on its construction, a guard may be described as, for example, casing, shield, cover, screen, door,
enclosing guard.
NOTE 3 The terms for types of guards are defined in 3.27.1 to 3.27.6. See also 6.3.3.2 and ISO 14120 for types of
guards and their requirements.
3.27.1
fixed guard
guard affixed in such a manner (for example, by screws, nuts, welding) that it can only be opened or removed
by the use of tools or by destruction of the affixing means
4 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

ISO 12100:2010(E)
3.27.2
movable guard
guard which can be opened without the use of tools
3.27.3
adjustable guard
fixed or movable guard which is adjustable as a whole or which incorporates adjustable part(s)
3.27.4
interlocking guard
guard associated with an interlocking device so that, together with the control system of the machine, the
following functions are performed:
⎯ the hazardous machine functions “covered” by the guard cannot operate until the guard is closed,
⎯ if the guard is opened while hazardous machine functions are operating, a stop command is given, and
⎯ when the guard is closed, the hazardous machine functions “covered” by the guard can operate (the
closure of the guard does not by itself start the hazardous machine functions)
NOTE ISO 14119 gives detailed provisions.
3.27.5
interlocking guard with guard locking
guard associated with an interlocking device and a guard locking device so that, together with the control
system of the machine, the following functions are performed:
⎯ the hazardous machine functions “covered” by the guard cannot operate until the guard is closed and
locked,
⎯ the guard remains closed and locked until the risk due to the hazardous machine functions “covered” by
the guard has disappeared, and
⎯ when the guard is closed and locked, the hazardous machine functions “covered” by the guard can
operate (the closure and locking of the guard do not by themselves start the hazardous machine
functions)
NOTE ISO 14119 gives detailed provisions.
3.27.6
interlocking guard with a start function
control guard
special form of interlocking guard which, once it has reached its closed position, gives a command to initiate
the hazardous machine function(s) without the use of a separate start control
NOTE See 6.3.3.2.5 for detailed provisions on the conditions of use.
3.28
protective device
safeguard other than a guard
NOTE Examples of types of protective devices are 3.28.1 to 3.28.9.
3.28.1
interlocking device
interlock
mechanical, electrical or other type of device, the purpose of which is to prevent the operation of hazardous
machine functions under specified conditions (generally as long as a guard is not closed)
ISO 12100:2010(E)
3.28.2
enabling device
additional manually operated device used in conjunction with a start control and which, when continuously
actuated, allows a machine to function
3.28.3
hold-to-run control device
control device which initiates and maintains machine functions only as long as the manual control (actuator) is
actuated
3.28.4
two-hand control device
control device which requires at least simultaneous actuation by both hands in order to initiate and to maintain
hazardous machine functions, thus providing a protective measure only for the person who actuates it
NOTE ISO 13851 gives detailed provisions.
3.28.5
sensitive protective equipment
SPE
equipment for detecting persons or parts of persons which generates an appropriate signal to the control
system to reduce risk to the persons detected
NOTE The signal can be generated when a person or part of a person goes beyond a predetermined limit — for
example, enters a hazard zone — (tripping) or when a person is detected in a predetermined zone (presence sensing), or
in both cases.
3.28.6
active optoelectronic protective device
AOPD
device whose sensing function is performed by optoelectronic emitting and receiving elements detecting the
interruption of optical radiation, generated within the device, by an opaque object present in the specified
detection zone
NOTE IEC 61496 gives detailed provisions.
3.28.7
mechanical restraint device
device which introduces into a mechanism a mechanical obstacle (for example, wedge, spindle, strut, scotch)
which, by virtue of its own strength, can prevent any hazardous movement
3.28.8
limiting device
device which prevents a machine or hazardous machine condition(s) from exceeding a designed limit (space
limit, pressure limit, load moment limit, etc.)
3.28.9
limited movement control device
control device, a single actuation of which, together with the control system of the machine, permits only a
limited amount of travel of a machine element
3.29
impeding device
any physical obstacle (low barrier, rail, etc.) which, without totally preventing access to a hazard zone,
reduces the probability of access to this zone by offering an obstruction to free access
3.30
safety function
function of a machine whose failure can result in an immediate increase of the risk(s)
6 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

ISO 12100:2010(E)
3.31
unexpected start-up
unintended start-up
any start-up which, because of its unexpected nature, generates a risk to persons
NOTE 1 This can be caused by, for example:
⎯ a start command which is the result of a failure in, or an external influence on, the control system;
⎯ a start command generated by inopportune action on a start control or other parts of the machine such as a sensor or
a power control element;
⎯ restoration of the power supply after an interruption;
⎯ external/internal influences (gravity, wind, self-ignition in internal combustion engines, etc.) on parts of the machine.
NOTE 2 Machine start-up during normal sequence of an automatic cycle is not unintended, but can be considered as
being unexpected from the point of view of the operator. Prevention of accidents in this case involves the use of
safeguarding measures (see 6.3).
NOTE 3 Adapted from ISO 14118:2000, definition 3.2.
3.32
failure to danger
any malfunction in the machinery, or in its power supply, that increases the risk
3.33
fault
state of an item characterized by inability to perform a required function, excluding the inability during
preventive maintenance or other planned actions, or due to lack of external resources
[IEV 191-05-01]
NOTE 1 A fault is often the result of a failure of the item itself, but can exist without prior failure.
NOTE 2 In the field of machinery, the English term “fault” is commonly used in accordance with the definition in
IEV 191-05-01, whereas the French term “défaut” and the German term “Fehler” are used rather than the terms “panne”
and “Fehlzustand” that appear in the IEV with this definition.
NOTE 3 In practice, the terms “fault” and “failure” are often used synonymously.
3.34
failure
termination of the ability of an item to perform a required function
NOTE 1 After failure, the item has a fault.
NOTE 2 “Failure” is an event, as distinguished from “fault”, which is a state.
NOTE 3 The concept as defined does not apply to items consisting of software only.
[IEV 191-04-01]
3.35
common cause failures
failures of different items, resulting from a single event, where these failures are not consequences of each
other
NOTE Common cause failures should not be confused with common mode failures.
[IEV 191-04-23]
ISO 12100:2010(E)
3.36
common mode failures
failures of items characterized by the same fault mode
NOTE Common mode failures should not be confused with common cause failures, as the common mode failures
can result from different causes.
[IEV 191-04-24]
3.37
malfunction
failure of a machine to perform an intended function
NOTE See 5.4, item b) 2) for examples.
3.38
emergency situation
hazardous situation needing to be urgently ended or averted
NOTE An emergency situation can arise
⎯ during normal operation of the machine (for example, due to human interaction, or as a result of external influences),
or
⎯ as a consequence of a malfunction or failure of any part of the machine.
3.39
emergency operation
all actions and functions intended to end or avert an emergency situation
3.40
emergency stop
emergency stop function
function which is intended to
⎯ avert arising or reduce existing hazards to persons, damage to machinery or to work in progress, and
⎯ be initiated by a single human action
NOTE ISO 13850 gives detailed provisions.
3.41
emission value
numerical value quantifying an emission generated by a machine (for example, noise, vibration, hazardous
substances, radiation)
NOTE 1 Emission values are part of the information on the properties of a machine and are used as a basis for risk
assessment.
NOTE 2 The term “emission value” ought not to be confused with “exposure value”, which quantifies the exposure of
persons to emissions when the machine is in use. Exposure values can be estimated using the emission values.
NOTE 3 Emission values are preferably measured and their associated uncertainties determined by means of
standardized methods (for example, to allow comparison between similar machines).
3.42
comparative emission data
set of emission values of similar machines collected for the purpose of comparison
NOTE For noise comparison, see ISO 11689.
8 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

ISO 12100:2010(E)
4 Strategy for risk assessment and risk reduction
To implement risk assessment and risk reduction the designer shall take the following actions, in the order
given (see Figure 1):
a) determine the limits of the machinery, which include the intended use and any reasonably foreseeable
misuse thereof;
b) identify the hazards and associated hazardous situations;
c) estimate the risk for each identified hazard and hazardous situation;
d) evaluate the risk and take decisions about the need for risk reduction;
e) eliminate the hazard or reduce the risk associated with the hazard by means of protective measures.
Actions a) to d) are related to risk assessment and e) to risk reduction.
Risk assessment is a series of logical steps to enable, in a systematic way, the analysis and evaluation of the
risks associated with machinery.
Risk assessment is followed, whenever necessary, by risk reduction. Iteration of this process can be
necessary to eliminate hazards as far as practicable and to adequately reduce risks by the implementation of
protective measures.
It is assumed that, when present on machinery, a hazard will sooner or later lead to harm if no protective
measure or measures have been implemented. Examples of hazards are given in Annex B.
Protective measures are the combination of the measures implemented by the designer and the user in
accordance with Figure 2. Measures which can be incorporated at the design stage are preferable to those
implemented by the user and usually prove more effective.
The objective to be met is the greatest practicable risk reduction, taking into account the four below factors.
The strategy defined in this clause is represented by the flowchart in Figure 1. The process itself is iterative
and several successive applications can be necessary to reduce the risk, making the best use of available
technology. In carrying out this process, it is necessary to take into account these four factors, in the following
order of preference:
⎯ the safety of the machine during all the phases of its life cycle;
⎯ the ability of the machine to perform its function;
⎯ the usability of the machine;
⎯ the manufacturing, operational and dismantling costs of the machine.
NOTE 1 The ideal application of these principles requires knowledge of the use of the machine, the accident history
and health records, available risk reduction techniques, and the legal framework in which the machine is to be used.
NOTE 2 A machine design which is acceptable at a particular time could be no longer justifiable when technological
development allows the design of an equivalent machine with lower risk.
ISO 12100:2010(E)
START
RISK ASSESSMENT according to Clause 5
Determination of the limits
of the machinery (see 5.3)
Hazard identification
This iterative risk reduction process shall be carried
(see 5.4 and Annex B)
out separately for each hazard, hazardous situation,
under each condition of use.
YES
Risk estimation (see 5.5)
Risk analysis
Risk evaluation (see 5.6)
Are
NO
other hazards
generated?
Has
the risk been
YES
Documentation
a
adequately reduced?
END
(see Clause 7)
(adequate risk reduction:
see Clause 6)
NO
At each step of the iterative process: risk estimation, risk
Can
evaluation and, if applicable, risk comparison.
YES
the hazard
be removed?
Step 1
Risk reduction by
Is the
NO inherently safe
intended YES
design measures
risk reduction
achieved?
Can
(see 6.2)
the risk
YES
be reduced
by inherently safe
design NO
measures?
NO
Step 2
Risk reduction by
Can
Is the
safeguarding
YES
the risk
YES
intended
be reduced by guards, Implementation of
risk reduction
complementary
protective
achieved?
devices? protective measures
(see 6.3)
NO NO
Step 3
Can Is the
Risk reduction by
YES NO YES
the limits
intended
information for use
be specified risk reduction
again? achieved?
(see 6.4)
NO
a
The first time the question is asked, it is answered by the result of the initial risk assessment.
Figure 1 — Schematic representation of risk reduction process including iterative three-step method
10 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

ISO 12100:2010(E)
Risk assessment
(based on defined limits and intended use of the machine)
RISK
Protective measures implemented by the
designer (see Figure 1)
Step 1 : Inherently safe design measures
Step 2 : Safeguarding and
complementary
protective measures
Residual risk
a
Step 3 : Information for use
after
protectiveat the machine
measures
– warning signs, signals
implemented
– warning devices
by the
in the instruction handbook
designer
b
...


SLOVENSKI SIST EN ISO 12100
STANDARD
februar 2011
Varnost strojev – Splošna načela načrtovanja – Ocena tveganja in
zmanjšanje tveganja (ISO 12100:2010)

Safety of machinery – General principles for design – Risk assessment and risk
reduction (ISO 12100:2010)
Sécurité des machines – Principes généraux de conception – Appréciation du
risque et réduction du risque (ISO 12100:2010)

Sicherheit von Maschinen – Allgemeine Gestaltungsleitsätze – Risikobewertung
und Risikominderung (ISO 12100:2010)

Referenčna oznaka
ICS 13.110 SIST EN ISO 12100:2011 (sl)

Nadaljevanje na straneh II in od 1 do 84

© 2012-11 Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

SIST EN ISO 12100 : 2011
NACIONALNI UVOD
Standard SIST EN ISO 12100 (sl), Varnost strojev – Splošna načela načrtovanja – Ocena tveganja in
zmanjšanje tveganja (ISO 12100:2010), 2011, ima status slovenskega standarda in je istoveten
evropskemu standardu EN ISO 12100 (en), Safety of machinery – General principles for design – Risk
assessment and risk reduction (ISO 12100:2010), 2010.

NACIONALNI PREDGOVOR
Evropski standard EN ISO 12100:2010 je pripravil tehnični odbor Evropskega komiteja za
standardizacijo CEN/TC 114 Varnost strojev, katerega sekretariat vodi DIN.

Slovenski standard SIST EN ISO 12100:2011 je prevod evropskega standarda EN ISO 12100:2010. V
primeru spora glede besedila slovenskega prevoda v tem standardu je odločilen izvirni evropski
standard v angleškem jeziku. Slovensko izdajo standarda je pripravil tehnični odbor SIST/TC VSN
Varnost strojev in naprav.
Odločitev za privzem tega standarda je dne 23. novembra 2010 sprejel tehnični odbor SIST/TC VSN
Varnost strojev in naprav.
ZVEZA S STANDARDI
S privzemom tega evropskega standarda veljajo za omejeni namen referenčnih standardov vsi
standardi, navedeni v izvirniku, razen standardov, ki so že sprejeti v nacionalno standardizacijo:

SIST EN 60204-1:2006 Varnost strojev – Električna oprema strojev – 1. del: Splošne zahteve (IEC
60204-1:2005, spremenjen)
OSNOVA ZA IZDAJO STANDARDA
– privzem evropskega standarda EN ISO 12100:2010
PREDHODNE IZDAJE
– SIST EN ISO 12100-1:2004, Varnost strojev – Osnovni pojmi, splošna načela načrtovanja –
1. del: Osnovna terminologija, metodologija (ISO 12100-1:2003)
– SIST EN ISO 12100-1:2004/A1:2010, Varnost strojev – Osnovni pojmi, splošna načela načrtovanja –
1. del: Osnovna terminologija, metodologija – Dopolnilo 1 (ISO 12100-1:2003/Amd 1:2009)
– SIST EN ISO 12100-2:2004, Varnost strojev – Osnovni pojmi, splošna načela načrtovanja – 2. del:
Tehnična načela (ISO 12100-2:2003)
– SIST EN ISO 12100-2:2004/A1:2010, Varnost strojev – Osnovni pojmi, splošna načela
načrtovanja – 2. del: Tehnična načela – Dopolnilo 1 (ISO 12100-2:2003/Amd 1:2009)

OPOMBI
– Povsod, kjer se v besedilu standarda uporabljata izraza "evropski standard" in "mednarodni standard",
v SIST EN ISO 12100:2011 to pomeni “slovenski standard”.

– Nacionalni uvod in nacionalni predgovor nista sestavni del evropskega standarda.

II
SIST EN ISO 12100 : 2011
– Ta nacionalni dokument je istoveten EN ISO 12100:2010 in je objavljen z dovoljenjem

CEN
Management Centre
Avenue Marnix 17
B-1000 Bruselj
This national document is identical with EN ISO 12100:2010 and is published with the permission of

CEN
Management Centre
Avenue Marnix 17
B-1000 Brussels
III
EVROPSKI STANDARD EN ISO 12100
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
NORME EUROPÉENNE november 2010

ICS: 13.110 Nadomešča EN ISO 12100-1:2003, EN ISO 12100-2:2003,
EN ISO 14121-1:2007
Slovenska izdaja
Varnost strojev – Splošna načela načrtovanja – Ocena tveganja in zmanjšanje
tveganja (ISO 12100:2010)
Safety of machinery – General Sécurité des machines – Principes Sicherheit von Maschinen –
principles for design – Risk généraux de conception – Appréciation Allgemeine Gestaltungsleitsätze –
assessment and risk reduction du risque et réduction du risque Risikobewertung und Risikominderung
(ISO 12100:2010) (ISO 12100:2010) (ISO 12100:2010)

Ta evropski standard je 9. oktobra 2010 odobril CEN.

Člani CEN morajo izpolnjevati notranje predpise CEN/CENELEC, ki določajo pogoje, pod katerimi
dobi ta evropski standard status nacionalnega standarda brez kakršnihkoli sprememb. Sezname
najnovejših izdaj teh nacionalnih standardov in njihove bibliografske podatke je mogoče na zahtevo
dobiti pri Upravnem centru CEN-CENELEC ali pri članih CEN.

Ta evropski standard obstaja v treh uradnih izdajah (angleški, francoski in nemški). Izdaje v drugih
jezikih, ki jih člani CEN na lastno odgovornost prevedejo in izdajo ter priglasijo pri Upravnem centru
CEN-CENELEC, veljajo kot uradne izdaje.

Člani CEN so nacionalni organi za standarde Avstrije, Belgije, Bolgarije, Cipra, Češke republike,
Danske, Estonije, Finske, Francije, Grčije, Hrvaške, Irske, Islandije, Italije, Latvije, Litve,
Luksemburga, Madžarske, Malte, Nemčije, Nizozemske, Norveške, Poljske, Portugalske, Romunije,
Slovaške, Slovenije, Španije, Švedske, Švice in Združenega kraljestva.

CEN
Evropski komite za standardizacijo
European Committee for Standardization
Europäisches Komitee für Normung
Comité Européen de Normalisation

Upravni center: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Bruselj

© 2010. Lastnice avtorskih pravic so vse države članice CEN Ref. oznaka: EN ISO 12100:2010: E

SIST EN ISO 12100 : 2011
VSEBINA Stran
Predgovor k evropskemu standardu .3
Predgovor k mednarodnemu standardu.4
Uvod .5
1 Področje uporabe .6
2 Zveze s standardi .6
3 Izrazi in definicije .6
4 Postopki ocenjevanja in zmanjševanja tveganja.13
5 Ocena tveganja .17
5.1 Splošno.17
5.2 Podatki za oceno tveganja .17
5.3 Ugotavljanje omejitev stroja .18
5.4 Prepoznavanje nevarnosti.19
5.5 Ugotavljanje tveganja .20
5.6 Vrednotenje tveganja.24
6 Zmanjševanje tveganja.25
6.1 Splošno.25
6.2 Vgrajena varnost .26
6.3 Varovanje in dopolnilni varovalni ukrepi.37
6.4 Navodila za uporabo.47
7 Dokumentacija ocene tveganja in zmanjševanja tveganja.51
Dodatek A (informativni): Shematska predstavitev stroja .53
Dodatek B (informativni): Primeri nevarnosti, nevarnih stanj in nevarnih dogodkov.54
Dodatek C (informativni): Štirijezični pregled in abecedni seznam strokovnih izrazov,
uporabljenih v ISO 12100.64
Dodatek ZA (informativni): Razmerje med tem evropskim standardom in bistvenimi zahtevami
Direktive 2006/42/ES .82
Literatura.83
SIST EN ISO 12100 : 2011
Predgovor k evropskemu standardu
Ta dokument (EN ISO 12100:2010) je pripravil tehnični odbor ISO/TC 199 Varnost strojev v
sodelovanju s tehničnim odborom CEN/TC 114 Varnost strojev, katerega sekretariat vodi DIN.

Ta evropski standard mora dobiti status nacionalnega standarda bodisi z objavo istovetnega besedila
ali z razglasitvijo najpozneje maja 2011, nasprotujoče nacionalne standarde pa je treba razveljaviti
najpozneje novembra 2013.
Opozoriti velja, da so nekateri elementi tega dokumenta lahko predmet patentnih pravic. CEN (in/ali
CENELEC) ni odgovoren za ugotavljanje katere koli ali vseh takšnih patentnih pravic.

Ta dokument nadomešča EN ISO 12100-1:2003, EN ISO 12100-2:2003, EN ISO 14121-1:2007.

Ta druga izdaja razveljavlja in nadomešča ISO 12100-1:2003, ISO 12100-1:2003/Amd 1:2009, ISO
12100-2:2003, ISO 12100-2:2003/Amd 1:2009 in ISO 14121-1:2007, ki jih združuje brez tehničnih
sprememb. Dokumentacije (npr. ocene tveganja, standardov tipa C), ki temelji na teh nadomeščenih
dokumentih, ni treba posodabljati ali popravljati.

Pripravo tega dokumenta sta Evropska komisija in Evropsko združenje za prosto trgovino poverila
CEN. Ta evropski dokument ustreza bistvenim zahtevam direktiv EU.

Povezave z direktivo(-ami) EU so razvidne iz informativnega dodatka ZA, ki je sestavni del tega
standarda.
V skladu z notranjimi predpisi CEN/CENELEC so dolžne ta evropski standard privzeti nacionalne
organizacije za standarde naslednjih držav: Avstrije, Belgije, Bolgarije, Cipra, Češke republike,
Danske, Estonije, Finske, Francije, Grčije, Hrvaške, Irske, Islandije, Italije, Latvije, Litve,
Luksemburga, Madžarske, Malte, Nemčije, Nizozemske, Norveške, Poljske, Portugalske, Romunije,
Slovaške, Slovenije, Španije, Švedske, Švice in Združenega kraljestva.

Razglasitvena objava
Besedilo standarda ISO 12100:2010 je CEN odobril kot evropski standard EN ISO 12100:2010 brez
sprememb.
SIST EN ISO 12100 : 2011
Predgovor k mednarodnemu standardu

ISO (Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo) je svetovna zveza nacionalnih organov za
standarde (članov ISO). Mednarodne standarde ponavadi pripravljajo tehnični odbori ISO. Vsak član,
ki želi delovati na določenem področju, za katero je bil ustanovljen tehnični odbor, ima pravico biti
zastopan v tem odboru. Pri delu sodelujejo mednarodne vladne in nevladne organizacije, povezane z
ISO. V vseh zadevah, ki so povezane s standardizacijo na področju elektrotehnike, ISO tesno
sodeluje z Mednarodno elektrotehniško komisijo (IEC).

Mednarodni standardi so pripravljeni v skladu s pravili, podanimi v 2. delu Direktiv ISO/IEC.

Glavna naloga tehničnih odborov je priprava mednarodnih standardov. Osnutki mednarodnih
standardov, ki jih sprejmejo tehnični odbori, se pošljejo vsem članom v glasovanje. Za objavo
mednarodnega standarda je treba pridobiti soglasje najmanj 75 odstotkov članov, ki se udeležijo
glasovanja.
Opozoriti je treba na možnost, da je lahko nekaj elementov tega mednarodnega standarda predmet
patentnih pravic. ISO ne prevzema odgovornosti za ugotavljanje katerih koli ali vseh takih patentnih
pravic.
ISO 12100 je pripravil tehnični odbor ISO/TC 199 Varnost strojev.

Ta prva izdaja ISO 12100 razveljavlja in nadomešča ISO 12100-1:2003, ISO 12100-2:2003 in ISO
14121-1:2007, ki jih združuje brez tehničnih sprememb. Prav tako vsebuje dopolnili ISO 12100-
1:2003/Amd 1:2009 in ISO 12100-2:2003/Amd 1:2009. Dokumentacije (npr. ocene tveganja,
standardov tipa C), ki temelji teh nadomeščenih dokumentih, ni treba posodabljati ali popravljati.
SIST EN ISO 12100 : 2011
Uvod
Glavni namen tega mednarodnega standarda je načrtovalcem zagotoviti splošni okvir in navodila za
sprejemanje odločitev v času razvoja strojev ter jim tako omogočiti načrtovanje strojev, ki bodo med
predvideno uporabo varni. Prav tako vsebuje strategijo za pripravljavce standardov in bo v pomoč pri
pripravi doslednih in ustreznih standardov tipov B in C.

Pojem varnosti strojev obravnava zmožnost stroja, da v času življenjske dobe opravlja predvidena
opravila ob ustrezno zmanjšanem tveganju.

Ta mednarodni standard je podlaga nizu standardov, ki ima naslednjo zgradbo:

− standardi tipa A (osnovni varnostni standardi) podajajo osnovne pojme, načela načrtovanja in
splošne vidike, ki se lahko uporabijo za stroje;
− standardi tipa B (generični varnostni standardi) obravnavajo en varnostni vidik ali eno vrsto
varovalne opreme, ki se lahko uporablja pri številnih vrstah strojev:
– standardi tipa B1 obravnavajo posamezne varnostne vidike (npr. varnostne razdalje,
temperaturo površin, hrup),
– standardi tipa B2 obravnavajo varovalno opremo (npr. dvoročna krmilja, zaporne naprave, na
tlak občutljive naprave, varovala);
− standardi tipa C (varnostni standardi za stroje) podajajo podrobne varnostne zahteve za
posamezen stroj ali skupino strojev.

Ta mednarodni standard je standard tipa A.

Kadar standard tipa C odstopa od enega ali več tehničnih določil iz tega standarda ali iz standarda
tipa B, imajo prednost določila iz standarda tipa C.

Da se zagotovi prenos osnovnega izrazja in splošnih načel načrtovanja do načrtovalcev, je
priporočljivo vsebino tega standarda vključiti v njihovo izobraževanje in v priročnike.

Pri pripravi tega mednarodnega standarda je bilo v obsegu, ki je bil tedaj smiseln, upoštevano tudi
ISO/IEC Vodilo 51.
SIST EN ISO 12100 : 2011
Varnost strojev – Splošna načela načrtovanja – Ocena tveganja in zmanjšanje
tveganja
1 Področje uporabe
Ta mednarodni standard določa osnovno terminologijo, načela in metodologijo za doseganje varnosti
strojev že med njihovim načrtovanjem. V pomoč načrtovalcem pri doseganju tega cilja določa načela
ocenjevanja in zmanjševanja tveganja. Ta načela temeljijo na znanju in izkušnjah pri načrtovanju,
uporabi, incidentih, nezgodah in tveganjih, povezanih s stroji. Podani so postopki za prepoznavanje
nevarnosti ter ugotavljanje in vrednotenje tveganja med posameznimi obdobji življenjske dobe stroja
ter za odstranitev nevarnosti ali zadovoljivo zmanjšanje tveganja. Podana so tudi navodila glede
dokumentacije in preverjanja procesov ocenjevanja in zmanjševanja tveganja.

Ta mednarodni standard je namenjen tudi uporabi kot podlaga za pripravo varnostnih standardov tipov
B ali C.
Ta mednarodni standard ne obravnava tveganja in/ali škode, povzročene domačim živalim,
premoženju ali okolju.
OPOMBA 1: V ločenih preglednicah v dodatku B so navedeni primeri nevarnosti, nevarnih stanj in nevarnih dogodkov, ki naj
bi razjasnili te pojme ter bili v pomoč načrtovalcem pri prepoznavanju nevarnosti.

OPOMBA 2: Točen način uporabe številnih metod za vsako fazo ocenjevanja tveganja je opisan v ISO/TR 14121-2.

2 Zveze s standardi
Za uporabo tega standarda so nujno potrebni naslednji navedeni dokumenti. Pri datiranih sklicevanjih se
uporablja zgolj navedena izdaja. Pri nedatiranih sklicevanjih se uporablja zadnja izdaja navedenega
dokumenta (vključno z dopolnili).

IEC 60204-1:2005 Varnost strojev – Električna oprema strojev – 1. del: Splošne zahteve

3 Izrazi in definicije
V tem dokumentu so uporabljeni naslednji izrazi in definicije.

3.1
stroj (ang.: machinery, machine, nem.: Maschine)
sklop za določeno uporabo povezanih delov ali komponent, od katerih se vsaj eden giblje, opremljen
ali namenjen za opremljanje s pogonskim sistemom

OPOMBA 1: Izraz stroj zajema tudi sestav strojev, nameščenih in krmiljenih tako, da delujejo kot celota za doseganje
skupnega cilja.
OPOMBA 2: Splošen shematičen prikaz stroja je v dodatku A.

3.2
zanesljivost (ang.: reliability, nem.: Zuverlässigkeit)
lastnost stroja, njegovih komponent ali opreme, da v določenih razmerah opravlja predvideno funkcijo
določeno časovno obdobje brez odpovedi

3.3
vzdrževalnost (ang.: maintainability, nem.: Wartungsfreundlichkeit)
lastnost stroja, da ga je mogoče ohranjati v stanju, ki mu omogoča opravljanje predvidene funkcije pri
pogojih predvidene uporabe, ali da ga je mogoče povrniti v tako stanje s potrebnimi ukrepi
(vzdrževanjem) skladno z določenimi postopki in z uporabo določenih sredstev

SIST EN ISO 12100 : 2011
3.4
uporabnost (ang.: usability, nem.: Benutzerfreundlichkeit)
lastnost stroja, da ga je mogoče enostavno uporabljati, med drugim tudi zaradi lastnosti ali značilnosti,
zaradi katerih je njegovo delovanje zlahka razumljivo

3.5
škoda (ang.: harm, nem.: Schaden)
telesna poškodba ali zdravstvena okvara

3.6
nevarnost (ang.: hazard, nem.: Gefährdung)
možen vir škode
OPOMBA 1: Izraz "nevarnost" se lahko opredeli glede na njen vir (npr. mehanska nevarnost, električna nevarnost) ali glede na naravo
možne škode (npr. nevarnost električnega udara, nevarnost ureznin, nevarnost zastrupitve, požarna nevarnost).

OPOMBA 2: Nevarnost, obravnavana v tej definiciji:
– je lahko med predvideno uporabo stroja stalno prisotna (npr. nevarno gibanje delov stroja, električni oblok
med varjenjem, nezdrava drža, emisija hrupa, visoka temperatura);
– ali pa se pojavi nepričakovano (npr. eksplozija, nevarnost zmečkanin zaradi nenamernega/nepričakovanega
zagona, izmet zaradi loma, padec zaradi pospeševanja ali zaviranja).

OPOMBA 3: Francoski izraz "phénomène dangereux" naj se ne zamenjuje z izrazom "risque", ki je bil v rabi v preteklosti.

3.7
prisotna nevarnost (ang.: relevant hazard, nem.: relevante Gefährdung)
nevarnost, za katero je znano, da je na stroju prisotna ali z njim povezana

OPOMBA 1: Prisotna nevarnost je določena kot rezultat enega od korakov postopka, opisanega v točki 5.

OPOMBA 2: Ta izraz je vključen v osnovno izrazje standardov tipov B in C.

3.8
pomembna nevarnost (ang.: significant hazard, nem.: signifikante Gefährdung)
prepoznana prisotna nevarnost, ki od načrtovalca zahteva izvedbo ukrepov za odstranitev ali
zmanjšanje tveganja v skladu z oceno tveganja

OPOMBA: Ta izraz je vključen v osnovno izrazje standardov tipov B in C.

3.9
nevaren dogodek (ang.: hazardous event, nem.: Gefährdungsereignis)
dogodek, ki lahko povzroči škodo

OPOMBA: Nevaren dogodek se lahko pojavi za kratek čas ali za daljše časovno obdobje.

3.10
nevarno stanje (ang.: hazardous situation, nem.: Gefährdungssituation)
okoliščina, v kateri je oseba izpostavljena vsaj eni nevarnosti

OPOMBA: Izpostavljenost lahko povzroči škodo takoj ali po daljšem časovnem obdobju.

3.11
nevarno območje (ang.: hazard zone, danger zone, nem.: Gefährdungsbereich)
kateri koli prostor v stroju ali v njegovi okolici, v katerem je oseba lahko izpostavljena nevarnosti

3.12
tveganje (ang.: risk, nem.: Risiko)
kombinacija verjetnosti nastanka škode in resnosti te škode

SIST EN ISO 12100 : 2011
3.13
preostalo tveganje (ang.: residual risk, nem.: Restrisiko)
tveganje, ki ostane potem, ko so izvedeni varovalni ukrepi

OPOMBA 1: Ta mednarodni standard razlikuje:
– preostalo tveganje po izvedbi varovalnih ukrepov načrtovalca,
– preostalo tveganje po izvedbi vseh varovalnih ukrepov.

OPOMBA 2: Glej tudi sliko 2.
3.14
ugotavljanje tveganja (ang.: risk estimation, nem.: Risikoeinschätzung)
določa možno resnost škode in verjetnost njenega nastanka

3.15
analiza tveganja (ang.: risk analysis, nem.: Risikoanalyse)
kombinacija ugotavljanja omejitev stroja, prepoznavanja nevarnosti in ugotavljanja tveganja

3.16
vrednotenje tveganja (ang.: risk evaluation, nem.: Risikobewertung)
presoja, izvedena na podlagi analize tveganja, ali so bili doseženi cilji zmanjševanja tveganja

3.17
ocena tveganja, ocenjevanje tveganja (ang.: risk assessment, nem.: Risikobeurteilung)
celovit postopek, ki vsebuje analizo tveganja in vrednotenje tveganja

3.18
ustrezno zmanjšanje tveganja (ang.: adequate risk reduction, nem.: hinreichende Risikominderung)
zmanjšanje tveganja vsaj do ravni, predpisane z zakonom, ob hkratnem upoštevanju trenutnega
stanja tehnike
OPOMBA: Merila za odločanje, kdaj je doseženo ustrezno zmanjšanje tveganja, so podana v 5.6.2.

3.19
varovalni ukrep (ang.: protective measure, nem.: Schutzmaßnahme)
ukrep za zmanjševanje tveganja, ki ga izvede:
– načrtovalec (vgrajena varnost, varovanje in dopolnilni varovalni ukrepi, navodila za uporabo) in/ali
– uporabnik (organizacija: varni delovni postopki, nadzor, sistemi dovoljenj za delo; zagotovitev in
uporaba dodatne varovalne opreme; uporaba osebne varovalne opreme; usposabljanje)

OPOMBA: Glej sliko 2.
3.20
vgrajena varnost (ang.: inherently safe design measures, nem.: inhärent sichere Konstruktion)
varovalni ukrep, ki s spremembo konstrukcije ali obratovalnih parametrov stroja odstrani nevarnost ali
zmanjša z njo povezana tveganja brez uporabe varoval ali varovalnih naprav

OPOMBA: Glej 6.2.
3.21
varovanje (ang.: safeguarding, nem.: technische Schutzmaßnahmen)
varovalni ukrep z uporabo varovalne opreme za varovanje oseb pred nevarnostmi, ki jih ni mogoče
odstraniti na razumen način, ali pred tveganji, ki jih z vgrajeno varnostjo ni mogoče zadostno
zmanjšati
OPOMBA: Glej 6.3.
SIST EN ISO 12100 : 2011
3.22
navodila za uporabo (ang.: information for use, nem.: Benutzerinformation)
varovalni ukrep, ki z ločeno ali kombinirano uporabo različnih načinov sporočanja (npr. besedila,
besede, znaki, signali, simboli, diagrami) ustrezno informira uporabnika

OPOMBA: Glej 6.4.
3.23
predvidena uporaba (ang.: intended use, nem.: bestimmungsgemäße Verwendung)
uporaba stroja v skladu z navodili za uporabo

3.24
razumno predvidljiva napačna uporaba (ang.: reasonably forseeable misuse, nem.: vernünfti-
gerweise vorhersehbare Fehlanwendung)
uporaba stroja na nenačrtovan način, ki pa lahko izvira iz zlahka predvidljivega človeškega
vedenja
3.25
naloga (ang.: task, nem.: Aufgabe)
določena dejavnost, ki jo izvajajo ena ali več oseb na stroju ali v njegovi bližini v času njegove
življenjske dobe
3.26
varovalna oprema (ang.: safeguard, nem.: Schutzeinrichtung)
varovalo ali varovalna naprava

3.27
varovalo (ang.: guard, nem.: trennende Schutzeinrichtung)
fizična ovira, načrtovana kot del stroja za zagotavljanje varovanja

OPOMBA 1: Varovalo lahko deluje:
– samostojno. V tem primeru je učinkovito le, ko je zaprto (velja za pomična varovala) ali varno pritrjeno na
predvideno mesto (velja za pritrjena varovala);
– v povezavi z zaporno napravo z zaklepom ali brez njega. V tem primeru je varovanje zagotovljeno ne glede
na položaj varovala.
OPOMBA 2: Glede na konstrukcijo je varovalo lahko npr. ohišje, ščitnik, pokrov, zaslon, vrata, oklep.

OPOMBA 3: Izrazi za posamezne vrste varoval so določeni v 3.27.1 do 3.27.6. Za vrste varoval in zahteve zanje glej tudi
6.3.3.2 in ISO 14120.
3.27.1
nepomično varovalo (ang.: fixed guard, nem.: feststehende trennende Schutzeinrichtung)
varovalo, pritrjeno tako (npr. z vijaki, maticami, zvari), da ga je mogoče odpreti ali odstraniti le z
uporabo orodja ali s porušitvijo pritrdilnih elementov

3.27.2
pomično varovalo (ang.: movable guard, nem.: bewegliche trennende Schutzeinrichtung)
varovalo, ki ga je mogoče odpreti brez uporabe orodja

3.27.3
nastavljivo varovalo (ang.: adjustable guard, nem.: einstellbare trennende Schutzeinrichtung)
nepomično ali pomično varovalo, ki se nastavlja kot celota ali pa vsebuje enega ali več nastavljivih
delov
3.27.4
zaporno varovalo (ang.: interlocking guard, nem.: verriegelte trennende Schutzeinrichtung)
varovalo, povezano z zaporno napravo tako, da skupaj s krmiljem stroja zagotavlja:
– da nevarne funkcije stroja, ki jih "pokriva" varovalo, ne delujejo, dokler varovalo ni zaprto,
SIST EN ISO 12100 : 2011
– da se sproži ukaz za zaustavitev, če se varovalo med delovanjem nevarnih funkcij odpre,
– da lahko nevarne funkcije stroja, ki jih varovalo "pokriva", delujejo le, ko je varovalo zaprto
(zapiranje varovala samo po sebi ne sproži delovanja teh funkcij)

OPOMBA: Podrobne zahteve so v ISO 14119.

3.27.5
zaporno varovalo z zaklepom (ang.: interlocking guard with guard locking, nem.: verriegelte
trennende Schutzeinrichtung mit Zuhaltung)
varovalo, povezano z zaporno napravo in z zaklepom (napravo za zaklepanje varovala) tako, da
skupaj s krmiljem stroja zagotavlja:
– da nevarne funkcije stroja, ki jih "pokriva" varovalo, ne delujejo, dokler varovalo ni zaprto in
zaklenjeno,
– da varovalo ostane zaprto in zaklenjeno, vse dokler obstaja tveganje zaradi delovanja nevarnih
funkcij, ki jih "pokriva" varovalo,
– da lahko nevarne funkcije stroja, ki jih to varovalo "pokriva", delujejo, ko je varovalo zaprto in
zaklenjeno (zapiranje in zaklepanje varovala sami po sebi ne sprožita delovanja teh funkcij)

OPOMBA: Podrobne zahteve so v ISO 14119.

3.27.6
zaporno varovalo z zagonsko funkcijo, krmilno varovalo (ang.: interlocking guard with start
function, control guard, nem.: trennende Schutzeinrichtung mit Startfunktion)
posebna oblika zapornega varovala, ki v trenutku, ko doseže svoj varovalni položaj (je popolnoma
zaprto), sproži ukaz za zagon nevarnih funkcij stroja brez uporabe ločene zagonske krmilne naprave

OPOMBA: Za podrobne zahteve glede pogojev uporabe glej 6.3.3.2.5.

3.28
varovalna naprava (ang.: protective device, nem.: nichttrennende Schutzeinrichtung)
vsaka varovalna oprema, ki ni varovalo

OPOMBA: Primeri varovalnih naprav so v 3.28.1 do 3.28.9.

3.28.1
zaporna naprava (ang.: interlocking device, nem.: Verriegelungseinrichtung)
mehanska ali električna naprava ali naprava drugačne vrste, katere namen je v določenih razmerah
preprečiti nevarno delovanje stroja (v splošnem, dokler varovalo ni zaprto)

3.28.2
potrditvena krmilna naprava (ang.: enabeling device, nem.: Zustimmungseinrichtung)
dodatna ročno vodena krmilna naprava, povezana z zagonskim krmiljem tako, da je delovanje stroja
omogočeno le, če se neprestano vklaplja/proži

3.28.3
zadrževalna krmilna naprava (ang.: hold-to-run control device, nem.: Steuerungseinrichtung
mit selbsttätiger Rückstellung)
krmilna naprava, ki zažene in ohranja delovanje stroja samo, dokler je njena ročna krmilna naprava
vklopljena/sprožena
3.28.4
dvoročna krmilna naprava (ang.: two-hand control device, nem.: Zweihandschaltung)
krmilna naprava, ki zahteva sočasno delovanje z obema rokama, da zažene in ohranja nevarno delovanje
stroja. Tako je zagotovljeno varovanje le tiste osebe, ki dvoročno krmilno napravo vklopi/sproži

OPOMBA: Podrobne zahteve so v ISO 13851.

SIST EN ISO 12100 : 2011
3.28.5
zaznavalna varovalna oprema, SPE (ang.: sensitive protective equipment, nem.: sensitive
Schutzeinrichtung)
oprema za zaznavanje oseb oziroma delov oseb, ki pošlje ustrezen signal krmilju stroja, da zmanjša
tveganje za osebe, ki so bile zaznane

OPOMBA: Ustrezen signal krmilju je lahko poslan, ko gre oseba ali del osebe preko vnaprej določene meje, npr. ob vstopu
v nevarno območje (proženje), ali ko je oseba zaznana znotraj vnaprej določenega območja (zaznavanje
prisotnosti) ali v obeh primerih
3.28.6
aktivna optoelektronska varovalna naprava, AOPD (ang.: active optoelectronic protective
device, nem.: aktive optoelektronische Schutzeinrichtung)
naprava, katere zaznavna funkcija je zagotovljena z optično-elektronskimi oddajnimi in sprejemnimi
elementi. Naprava zazna prekinitev generiranega svetlobnega sevanja zaradi neprepustnega
predmeta, ki se nahaja znotraj vnaprej določenega območja zaznavanja

OPOMBA: Podrobne zahteve so v IEC 61496.

3.28.7
mehanska aretirna naprava (ang.: mechanical restraint dvice, nem.: durch Formschluss
wirkende Schutzeinrichtung)
naprava, ki v mehanizem vstavi mehansko oviro (npr. zagozdo, vreteno, prečnik, zaviralni klin (coklo)),
ki lahko s svojo trdnostjo prepreči kakršen koli nevaren gib

3.28.8
omejevalna naprava (ang.: limiting device, nem.: Begrenzungseinrichtung)
naprava, ki stroju ali njegovim nevarnim stanjem preprečuje prekoračiti načrtovane vrednosti
(prostorske omejitve, mejni tlak, mejni moment itd.)

3.28.9
krmilna naprava za koračni gib (ang.: limited movement control device, nem.: Schrittschaltung)
krmilna naprava, povezana s krmiljem stroja tako, da njen enkraten vklop/proženje dovoljuje le omejen
hod strojnega elementa
3.29
oviralna naprava (ang.: impeding device, nem.: abweisende Schutzeinrichtung)
vsaka fizična ovira (npr. nizka ograda, prečka), ki zmanjšuje verjetnost dostopa v nevarno območje s
tem, da ovira prosti dostop, čeprav dostopa ne prepreči v celoti

3.30
varnostna funkcija (ang.: safety function, nem.: Sicherheitsfunktion)
funkcija stroja, katere odpoved lahko povzroči takojšnje povečanje tveganja

3.31
nepričakovan zagon, nenameren zagon (ang.: unexpected start-up, unintended start-up, nem.:
unerwarteter Anlauf)
vsak zagon, ki zaradi svoje nepričakovane narave povzroči tveganje za osebe

OPOMBA 1: Vzroki zanj so npr.:
– ukaz za zagon, ki je posledica napake v krmilju stroja ali posledica zunanjega vpliva na krmilje stroja,
– ukaz za zagon, ki ga povzroči neprimerno delovanje na krmilno napravo za zagon ali na druge dele stroja, kot
so zaznavala ali elementi za nadzor energije,
– povrnitev oskrbe z energijo po prekinitvi,
– zunanji/notranji vplivi na dele stroja (gravitacija, veter, samovžig pri motorjih z notranjim zgorevanjem itd.).

OPOMBA 2: Zagon stroja znotraj običajnega niza avtomatiziranega delovnega cikla ni nenameren, lahko pa se šteje za
nepričakovanega s stališča upravljavca. Preprečevanje nezgode v tem primeru vključuje uporabo varovalnih
ukrepov (glej točko 6.3).
OPOMBA 3: Privzeto iz ISO 14118:2000, definicija 3.2.
SIST EN ISO 12100 : 2011
3.32
nevarna odpoved (ang.: failure to danger, nem.: Gefahr bringender Ausfall)
vsaka motnja v delovanju stroja ali v njegovi oskrbi z energijo, ki povečuje tveganje

3.33
okvara (ang.: fault, nem.: Fehler)
stanje enote, določeno z nezmožnostjo opravljanja zahtevane funkcije, razen nezmožnosti med
preventivnim vzdrževanjem, med drugimi načrtovanimi opravili ali zaradi pomanjkanja zunanjih virov

[IEV 191-05-01]
OPOMBA 1: Okvara je pogosto posledica odpovedi same enote, vendar lahko nastane tudi brez predhodne odpovedi.

OPOMBA 2: Na področju strojev se angleški izraz "fault" ponavadi uporablja v skladu z definicijo iz IEV 191-05-01, medtem
ko se namesto francoskega izraza "panne" in nemškega izraza "Fehlzustand" iz IEV 191-05-01 pri tej definiciji raje
uporabljata izraza "défaut" in "Fehler".

OPOMBA 3: V praksi se izraza "okvara" in "odpoved" pogosto uporabljata kot sopomenki.

3.34
odpoved (ang.: failure, nem.: Ausfall)
prenehanje zmožnosti enote, da opravlja zahtevano funkcijo

OPOMBA 1: Po odpovedi je enota v okvari.

OPOMBA 2: "Odpoved" je dogodek, za razliko od "okvare", ki predstavlja stanje.

OPOMBA 3: Na ta način opredeljen pojem ne velja za enote, ki so sestavljene samo iz programske opreme.

[IEV 191-04-01]
3.35
odpovedi zaradi skupnega vzroka (ang.: common cause failures, nem.: Ausfälle aufgrund
gemeinsamer Ursache)
odpovedi različnih enot kot posledica enega samega dogodka, pri čemer posamezne odpovedi niso
odvisne druga od druge
OPOMBA: Odpovedi zaradi skupnega vzroka se ne smejo zamenjevati z odpovedmi na enak način.

[IEV 191-04-23]
3.36
odpovedi na enak način (ang.: common mode failures, nem.: gleichartige Ausfälle)
odpovedi različnih enot, ki so odpovedale na enak način

OPOMBA: Odpovedi na enak način se ne smejo zamenjevati z odpovedmi zaradi skupnega vzroka, saj so odpovedi na
enak način lahko posledica različnih vzrokov.

[IEV 191-04-24]
3.37
motnja (ang.: malfunction, nem.: Fehlfunktion)
nezmožnost stroja, da opravlja predvideno funkcijo

OPOMBA: Za primere glej točko 5.4, alineja b) 2).

3.38
izredno stanje (ang.: emergency situation, nem.: Notfall)
nevarno stanje, ki ga je nujno treba prekiniti ali preprečiti

SIST EN ISO 12100 : 2011
OPOMBA: Izredno stanje se lahko pojavi:
– med običajnim delovanjem stroja (npr. zaradi človeškega posredovanja ali zaradi zunanjih vplivov),
– kot posledica motenj ali odpovedi katerega koli dela stroja.

3.39
ravnanje v sili (ang.: emergency operation, nem.: Handlungen im Notfall)
ukrepi in opravila, katerih cilj je prekiniti ali preprečiti izredno stanje

3.40
zaustavitev v sili (ang.: emergency stop, emergency stop function, nem.: Stillsetzen im Notfall)
funkcija, namenjena, da:
– prepreči nastajajoče ali omeji obstoječe nevarnosti za osebe ter škodo na strojih ali
proizvodih v izdelavi,
– se vklopi/sproži z enim samim človekovim dejanjem

OPOMBA: Podrobne zahteve so podane v ISO 13850.

3.41
emisijska vrednost (ang.: emission value, nem.: Emissionswert)
številčna vrednost, ki opredeljuje količino izpustov stroja v okolico (npr. hrup, vibracije, nevarne snovi,
sevanje)
OPOMBA 1: Emisijske vrednosti so sestavni del podatkov o stroju in se uporabljajo kot podlaga za oceno tveganja.

OPOMBA 2: Izraz "emisijska vrednost" se ne sme zamenjevati z izrazom "raven izpostavljenosti", ki količinsko opredeljuje
izpostavljenost oseb izpustom v času, ko je stroj v uporabi. Raven izpostavljenosti se lahko oceni z uporabo
emisijskih vrednosti.
OPOMBA 3: Zaželeno je, da se emisijske vrednosti merijo in njihove merilne negotovosti določajo z uporabo standardiziranih
metod (da se npr. omogoči primerjava podobnih strojev).

3.42
primerjalni emisijski podatki (ang.: comparative emission data, nem.: vergleichende
Emissionsdaten)
niz emisijskih vrednosti podobnih strojev, zbranih za medsebojno primerjavo

OPOMBA: Za primerjavo hrupa glej ISO 11689.

4 Postopki ocenjevanja in zmanjševanja tveganja

Načrtovalec mora za izvedbo ocenjevanja in zmanjšanja tveganja izvesti ukrepe v spodaj navedenem
zaporedju (glej sliko 1):
a) določiti omejitve stroja, vključno s predvideno uporabo in vsako razumno predvidljivo napačno
uporabo,
b) prepoznati nevarnosti in z njimi povezana nevarna stanja,
c) za vsako prepoznano nevarnost in nevarno stanje določiti oba elementa tveganja,
d) ovrednotiti tveganje in se odločiti, ali je treba tveganje zmanjšati,
e) odstraniti nevarnost ali z uporabo varovalnih ukrepov zmanjšati tveganje, povezano s to
nevarnostjo.
Ukrepi a) do d) se nanašajo na ocenjevanje tveganja in ukrep e) na zmanjševanje tveganja.

Ocenjevanje tveganja je serija logičnih korakov, ki omogoča sistematično izvedbo analize in
vrednotenja tveganj, povezanih s stroji.

Kadar je potrebno, oceni tveganja sledi zmanjševanje tveganja. Za odpravo nevarnosti v največji
SIST EN ISO 12100 : 2011
možni meri in za ustrezno zmanjšanje tveganja z izvedbo varovalnih ukrepov je ta proces morda treba
večkrat ponoviti.
Predpostavlja se, da bo na stroju prisotna nevarnost slej ko prej privedla do škode, če ne bo
uporabljen noben varnostni ukrep. Primeri nevarnosti so navedeni v dodatku B.

Varovalni ukrepi so kombinacija ukrepov načrtovalca in uporabnika v skladu s sliko 2. Ukrepi, ki jih je
mogoče vključiti v fazi načrtovanja, imajo prednost pred tistimi, ki jih izvaja uporabnik, in so na splošno
tudi učinkovitejši.
Cilj, ki ga je treba izpolniti, je največje mogoče zmanjšanje tveganja ob upoštevanju štirih dejavnikov,
navedenih v nadaljevanju. Postopki, opredeljeni v tem odstavku, so prikazani v diagramu na sliki 1.
Ker je postopek iterativen, bo za zmanjšanje tveganja morda potrebnih več zaporednih ponovitev ob
čim boljši uporabi razpoložljive tehnologije. Pri izvajanju tega postopka je treba upoštevati naslednje
štiri dejavnike v naslednjem prednostnem vrstnem redu:
– varnost stroja v vseh obdobjih življenjske dobe,
– sposobnost stroja za predvideno delovanje,
– uporabnost stroja,
– proizvodni stroški, operativni stroški in stroški odstranitve stroja.
OPOMBA 1: Ta načela se lahko uporabijo v celoti le ob poznavanju uporabe stroja, zgodovine nezgod in zdravstvene
dokumentacije, razpoložljivih tehnik zmanjševanja tveganja in pravnega okvira, v katerem se bo stroj uporabljal.

OPOMBA 2: Zasnova stroja, ki je v določenem obdobju sprejemljiva, morda ne bo več upravičena, ko bo tehnološki razvoj
omogočil načrtovanje enakovrednega stroja z manjšim tveganjem.
SIST EN ISO 12100 : 2011
ZAČETEK
OCENA TVEGANJA v skladu s točko 5

Določitev omejitev stroja (gl. 5.3)

Prepoznavanje nevarnosti
Ta iterativni postopek zmanjševanja tveganja je treba
(gl. 5.4 in dodatek A)
izvesti ločeno za vsako nevarnost oz. nevarno stanje
ter ločeno za različne pogoje uporabe

D
Analiza tveganja
Ugotavljanje tveganja (gl. 5.5)

Vrednotenje tveganja (gl. 5.6)
So
nastala
N
druga
tveganja?
Je
zmanjšanje
a
tveganja ustrezno?
D
Dokumentacija
(ustrezno zmanjšanje
Konec
(gl. točko 7)
tveganja:
glej točko 6)
N
Pri vsakem koraku iterativnega postopka: ugotavljanje tveganja,

vrednotenje tveganja, in če je primerno, primerjava tveganja
Ali se
D
nevarnost lahko
odstrani?
1. korak
Ali je
nameravano
Zmanjšanje tveganja s
D
N
zmanjšanje
pomočjo vgrajene
A
tveganja
varnosti (glej 6.2)
doseženo?
Ali se
tveganje lahko
D
zmanjša s pomočjo
A
vgrajene
N
varnosti?
N
2. korak
Ali
Ali je
Zmanjšanje tveganja s
se tveganje
nameravano
pomočjo varovanja D
D
lahko zmanjša
zmanjšanje
Uporaba dopolnilnih
A A
s pomočjo varoval in
tveganja
varovalnih ukrepov
varovalnih
doseženo?
(glej 6.3)
naprav?
N
N
3. korak
Ali je
Ali se
nameravano
N Zmanjšanje tveganja s
D D
omejitve stroja
zmanjšanje
pomočjo navodil za
A A
lahko ponovno
tveganja
uporabo (glej 6.4)
določijo?
doseženo?
N
a
Ko je vprašanje zastavljeno prvič, se za odgovor uporabi izhodiščna ocena tveganja.

Slika 1: Shematski prikaz procesa zmanjševanja tveganja – iterativni postopek v treh korakih
SIST EN ISO 12100 : 2011
Ocena tveganja
(podlaga: določene omejitve in predvidena uporaba stroja)
TVEGANJE
Varovalni ukrepi načrtovalca
(glej sl. 1)
1. korak: Vgrajena varnost
2. korak: Varovanje in dodatni varovalni
ukrepi
Preostalo
tveganje po
izvedbi
a
varovalnih
3. korak: Navodila za uporabo
ukrepov
• na stroju
načrtovalca
– opozorilni znaki
– opozorilne naprave
• v priročniku z navodili
Prispevek
Prispevek
b
uporabnika
načrtovalca
c
Varovalni ukrepi uporabnika
vključno z ukrepi, ki jih je v navodilih za uporabo
predpisal načrtovalec
● Organizacija dela:
Preostalo
– varni delovni postopki tveganje
– nadzor po izvedbi
vseh
– sistem delovnih dovoljenj
varovalnih
ukrepov
● Zagotovitev in uporaba
d
dodatne varovalne opreme
● Uporaba osebne varovalne
opreme
● Usposabljanje itd.
a
Zagotovitev ustreznih navodil za uporabo je del načrtovalčevega prispevka k zmanjšanju tveganja, vendar so ti varovalni
ukrepi učinkoviti le, če jih uporabnik izvaja.
b
Prispevek uporabnika so informacije, ki jih prejme načrtovalec od združenja uporabnikov v zvezi s predvideno uporabo stroja
na splošno ali ki jih prejme od posameznega uporabnika.
c
Med različnimi ukrepi, ki jih izvaja uporabnik, ni hierarhije. Ta standard teh ukrepov ne obravnava.
d
Ti varovalni ukrepi so potrebni zaradi posebnih postopkov, ki niso vključeni v predvideno uporabo stroja, oziroma zaradi
posebnih pogojev postavitve, na katere načrtovalec stroja nima vpliva.

Slika 2: Proces zmanjševanja tveganja z vidika načrtovalca
SIST EN ISO 12100 : 2011
5 Ocena tveganja
5.1 Splošno
Ocena tveganja vključuje (glej sliko 1):
• analizo tveganja, ki vsebuje:
1) ugotavljanje omejitev stroja (glej 5.3),
2) prepoznavanje nevarnosti (glej 5.4 in dodatek B),
3) ugotavljanje tveganja (glej 5.5),
• vrednotenje tveganja (glej 5.6).

Analiza tveganja poda informacije, potrebne za vrednotenje tveganja, kar nadalje omogoča presojo, ali
je zmanjševanje tveganja potrebno ali ne.

To presojo je treba podpreti s kvalitativnim, ali kadar je mogoče, s kvantitativnim ugotavljanjem
tveganja, povezanega z nevarnostmi na stroju.

OPOMBA: Kvantitativni pristop je lahko ustrezen, kadar so na voljo uporabni podatki. Vedno je omejen z razpoložljivimi
uporabnimi podatki in/ali z omejenimi viri ljudi, ki tveganje ocenjujejo. Zato bo v mnogih primerih mogoče le
kvalitativno ugotavljanje tveganja.

Ocena tveganja mora biti dokumentirana v skladu s točko 7.

5.2 Podatki za oceno tveganja
Podatki za oceno tveganja naj vsebujejo:
a) v zvezi z opisom stroja:
1) podatke o uporabnikih;
2) pričakovane lastnosti stroja, vključno z:
i) opisom različnih obdobij celotne življenjske dobe stroja,
ii) tehničnimi risbami in/ali drugimi sredstvi za opredelitev narave stroja,
iii) potrebnimi viri energije in načini njihovega zagotavljanja;
3) dokumentacijo o prejšnjih izvedbah podobnih strojev, če je to mogoče;
4) navodila za uporabo stroja, kakršna so na voljo;
b) v zvezi s predpisi, standardi in drugimi ustreznimi dokumenti:
1) ustrezne predpise,
2) ustrezne standarde,
3) ustrezne tehnične specifikacije,
4) ustrezne varnostne liste;
c) v zvezi z izkušnjami z uporabo:
1) kakršno koli zgodovino nezgod, incidentov ali motenj dejanskega ali podobnih strojev,
2) zgodovino zdravstvenih okvar zaradi npr. emisij (hrup, vibracije, prah, dim itd.), uporabljenih
kemikalij ali materialov, ki se obdelujejo s strojem,
3) izkušnje uporabnikov podobnih strojev, in kadar je to mogoče, izmenjavo informacij s
potencialnimi uporabniki;
OPOMBA: Incident, ki se je dejansko zgodil in povzročil škodo, se lahko imenuje "nezgoda", medtem ko se incident,
ki se je zgodil in ni povzročil škode, lahko imenuje le "nevarni pojav".

d) ustrezna ergonomska načela.
SIST EN ISO 12100 : 2011
Podatke je treba posodabljati skladno s spreminjanjem zasnove med načrtovanjem ali kadar so
potrebne spremembe na obstoječem stroju.

Pogosto je primerjava med podobnimi nevarnimi stanji pri različnih vrstah strojev mogoča, če je na
voljo dovolj informacij o nevarnostih in okoliščinah nezgod v nevarnih stanjih.

OPOMBA: Na podlagi odsotnosti zgodovine nezgod, majhnega števila nezgod ali majhne resnosti nastale škode se ne sme
neposredno sklepati na majhno tveganje.

Za kvantitativno analizo se lahko uporabljajo podatki iz podatkovnih baz, priročnik
...

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記事のタイトル:EN ISO 12100:2010-機械の安全-設計のための一般原則-リスク評価とリスク低減(ISO 12100:2010) 記事内容:ISO 12100:2010は、機械の設計における安全性を確保するための基本的な用語、原則、方法論を規定しています。この規格は、設計者がこの目的を達成するためのリスク評価とリスク低減の原則を明示しています。これらの原則は、機械に関連する設計、使用、インシデント、事故、およびリスクに関する知識と経験に基づいています。機械のライフサイクルの関連する段階で、危険を特定し、リスクを評価し、危険を排除するか十分なリスク低減を行う手順が記載されています。リスク評価とリスク低減プロセスの文書化と検証についてのガイダンスも提供されています。 ISO 12100:2010は、タイプBまたはタイプCの安全基準の作成の基礎としても使用することが意図されています。 ただし、この規格は、家畜、財産、または環境へのリスクや損害には対応していません。

The article discusses the EN ISO 12100:2010 standard, which provides guidelines for ensuring safety in machinery design. The standard outlines terminology, principles, and a methodology for risk assessment and risk reduction in order to help designers achieve safety objectives. The guidelines are based on knowledge and experience of the design, use, incidents, accidents, and risks associated with machinery. The standard includes procedures for identifying hazards, evaluating risks throughout the machine's lifecycle, and reducing or eliminating hazards. It also provides guidance on documentation and verification of the risk assessment and risk reduction process. The standard can be used as a basis for creating type-B or type-C safety standards. However, it does not address risks or damage to domestic animals, property, or the environment.

EN ISO 12100:2010 - Safety of machinery - General principles for design - Risk assessment and risk reduction (ISO 12100:2010)은 기계 설계에 있어 안전을 달성하기 위한 기본 용어, 원칙 및 방법론을 명시한 국제 표준입니다. 이 표준은 위험 평가 및 위험 감소에 대한 원칙을 명시하여 설계자들이 이 목표를 달성하는 데 도움을 줍니다. 이러한 원칙은 기계와 관련된 설계, 사용, 사건, 사고 및 위험에 대한 지식과 경험에 기초합니다. 기계 수명 주기의 관련 단계에서 위험을 식별하고 평가하며 폐기하거나 충분히 위험을 감소시키기 위한 절차가 설명되어 있습니다. 위험 평가 및 위험 감소 과정의 문서화 및 검증에 대한 지침도 제공됩니다. EN ISO 12100:2010은 B 형 또는 C 형 안전 표준 준비를 위한 기초로 사용될 수도 있습니다. 그러나 이 표준은 가정 동물, 재산 또는 환경에 대한 위험 또는 피해를 다루지 않습니다.

기사 제목: EN ISO 12100:2010 - 기계의 안전 - 설계를 위한 일반 원칙 - 위험 평가 및 위험 감소 (ISO 12100:2010) 기사 내용: ISO 12100:2010은 기계 설계에서 안전을 달성하기 위한 기본 용어, 원칙 및 방법론을 명시합니다. 이 표준은 설계자들이 이 목표를 달성하기 위한 위험 평가 및 위험 감소의 원칙을 명시합니다. 이러한 원칙은 기계와 관련된 설계, 사용, 사고, 사고 및 위험에 대한 지식과 경험에 기반합니다. 기계 수명 주기의 적절한 단계에서 위험을 식별하고 평가하며 폐지하거나 충분한 위험 감소를 위한 절차가 기술되어 있습니다. 위험 평가 및 위험 감소 프로세스의 문서화와 확인에 대한 안내도 제공됩니다. ISO 12100:2010은 B 혹은 C 유형의 안전 표준 작성을 위한 기반으로 사용될 수도 있습니다. 하지만, 이 표준은 가정 동물, 재산 또는 환경에 대한 위험 및/또는 손해에 대해 다루지 않습니다.

기사 제목: EN ISO 12100:2010 - 기계의 안전 - 설계를 위한 일반 원칙 - 위험 평가 및 위험 감소 (ISO 12100:2010) 기사 내용: ISO 12100:2010은 기계 설계에서 안전을 달성하기 위한 기본 용어, 원칙 및 방법론을 규정합니다. 이 기준은 설계자들이 이 목표를 달성하기 위한 위험 평가 및 위험 감소의 원칙을 명시합니다. 이러한 원칙은 기계와 관련된 설계, 사용, 사건, 사고 및 위험에 대한 지식과 경험을 기반으로 합니다. 기계 생애주기의 관련 단계에서 위험을 식별하고 평가하며 감소시키기 위한 절차와 위험을 제거하거나 충분한 위험 감소를 위한 절차가 설명되어 있습니다. 또한 위험 평가 및 위험 감소 과정의 문서화와 검증에 대한 안내도 제공됩니다. ISO 12100:2010은 B형 또는 C형 안전 기준 작성을 위한 기초로 사용될 수 있습니다. 하지만 이 기준은 가정 동물, 재산 또는 환경에 대한 위험 또는 피해에 대해서는 다루지 않습니다.

The article discusses EN ISO 12100:2010, which is a standard that outlines principles and methods for ensuring safety in machinery design. It provides terminology, guidelines, and a risk assessment framework for designers. The standard includes procedures for identifying hazards, evaluating risks, and reducing them throughout the life cycle of the machinery. It also offers guidance on documenting and verifying the risk assessment and reduction process. EN ISO 12100:2010 serves as a foundation for the creation of other safety standards. However, it does not address risks or harm to domestic animals, property, or the environment.

記事タイトル:EN ISO 12100:2010 - 機械の安全性 - 設計のための一般的な原則 - リスク評価とリスク削減(ISO 12100:2010) 記事内容:ISO 12100:2010は、機械の設計における安全性を実現するための基本的な用語、原則、および手法を規定しています。この規格は、設計者が安全目標を達成するためのリスク評価とリスク削減の原則を具体化しています。これらの原則は、機械に関連する設計、使用、事故、災害、およびリスクに関する知識と経験に基づいています。機械のライフサイクルの適切な段階でハザードを特定し、リスクを評価し、削減する手順が記載されており、ハザードの除去または十分なリスク削減についても説明されています。リスク評価とリスク削減プロセスの文書化と検証に関するガイダンスも提供されています。 ISO 12100:2010は、B型またはC型の安全基準作成の基礎として使用することも意図されています。 ただし、この規格は家畜、財産、環境へのリスクまたは損害には対応していません。

The article discusses ISO 12100:2010, which provides guidelines for ensuring safety in machinery design. The standard outlines principles for conducting risk assessments and reducing risks associated with machinery. It includes procedures for identifying hazards and evaluating risks throughout the lifespan of the machine. The standard also provides guidance on documenting and verifying the risk assessment and reduction process. ISO 12100:2010 serves as a foundation for developing other safety standards. However, it does not address risks and damages to animals, property, or the environment.

EN ISO 12100:2010 - Safety of machinery - General principles for design - Risk assessment and risk reduction (ISO 12100: 2010)は、機械の設計における安全性を確保するための基本的な用語、原則、方法論を規定した国際規格です。この規格は、設計者がこの目標を達成するためにリスク評価とリスク低減の原則を具体化しています。これらの原則は、機械に関連する設計、使用、事故、事故およびリスクに関する知識と経験に基づいています。機械のライフサイクルの関連フェーズにおいてハザードを識別し、リスクを評価し、排除または十分なリスク低減を行う手順が記載されています。リスク評価とリスク低減プロセスの文書化と検証に関するガイダンスも提供されています。 EN ISO 12100:2010は、B型またはC型の安全基準の準備のための基盤として使用することも意図されています。 ただし、この規格は家畜、財産、環境へのリスクや損害には取り扱っていません。