FprEN 17800

Life cycle cost (LCC) and Life cycle assessment (LCA) for CO2 emissions in ductile iron pipe systems

This document specifies the evaluation method of life cycle cost (LCC) and Life cycle assessment (LCA) of ductile iron pipes and fittings used for water applications
Informative annexes are included in this document as a compilation of references, consensual factors, and scenarios with different DI pipelines.

Lebenszykluskosten (LCC) und Lebenszyklusanalyse (LCA) der CO2-Emissionen von Rohrsystemen für Rohrsysteme aus duktilem Eisen

Dieses Dokument legt das Evaluierungsverfahren für die Lebenszykluskosten (LCC) und die Ökobilanz (ÖB) von Rohren und Formstücken aus duktilem Gusseisen für die Wassernutzung fest.
Dieses Dokument enthält informative Anhänge mit einer Zusammenstellung von Referenzangaben, Konsensfaktoren und Szenarien mit verschiedenen Rohrleitungen aus duktilem Gusseisen.

Coût du cycle de vie (CCV) et analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) pour les émissions de CO2 dans les systèmes de canalisations en fonte ductile

Le présent document spécifie la méthode d'évaluation du coût du cycle de vie (CCV) et de l’analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) des tuyaux et raccords en fonte ductile utilisés pour la distribution d’eau.
Le présent document comprend des annexes informatives qui proposent une compilation de données consensuelles, des références et des scénarios utilisant différentes canalisations en fonte ductile.

Stroški življenjskega cikla (LCC) in ocena življenjskega cikla (LCA) cevnih sistemov iz duktilne železove litine

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• ICS: 77.140.75 - Steel pipes and tubes for specific use
• ICS: 91.140.60 - Water supply systems
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 203 - Cast iron pipes, fittings and their joints
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 203/WG 10 - Environmental aspects
• Ref Project: kSIST FprEN 17800:2022 - Life cycle cost (LCC) and Life cycle assessment (LCA) for ductile iron pipe systems

Standards Content (sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 17800:2022
01-januar-2022
Stroški življenjskega cikla (LCC) in ocena življenjskega cikla (LCA) cevnih
sistemov iz duktilne železove litine

Life cycle cost (LCC) and Life cycle assessment (LCA) for ductile iron pipe systems

Lebenszykluskosten (LCK) und Ökobilanz (ÖB) für Rohrsysteme aus duktilem
Gusseisen
Coût du cycle de vie (CCV) et analyse du cycle de vie (ACV) pour les systèmes de
canalisations en fonte ductile
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 17800
ICS:
13.020.60 Življenjski ciklusi izdelkov Product life-cycles
23.040.10 Železne in jeklene cevi Iron and steel pipes
91.140.60 Sistemi za oskrbo z vodo Water supply systems
oSIST prEN 17800:2022 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN 17800:2022
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 17800
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
December 2021
ICS 77.140.75; 91.140.60
English Version
Life cycle cost (LCC) and Life cycle assessment (LCA) for
ductile iron pipe systems

Coût du cycle de vie (CCV) et analyse du cycle de vie Lebenszykluskosten (LCK) und Ökobilanz (ÖB) für

(ACV) pour les systèmes de canalisations en fonte Rohrsysteme aus duktilem Gusseisen

ductile

This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee

CEN/TC 203.

If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations

which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other

language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC

Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,

Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and

United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are

aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without

notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 17800:2021 E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page

European foreword ............................................................................................................................................ 4

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 5

1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................................... 6

2 Normative references .......................................................................................................................... 6

3 Terms and definitions ......................................................................................................................... 6

4 Basic concept of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) for ductile iron pipe systems.................................. 7

4.1 Definition of life cycle cost ................................................................................................................. 7

4.2 Calculation method .............................................................................................................................. 8

5 Breakdown of life Cycle Cost ........................................................................................................... 10

5.1 Acquisition cost ................................................................................................................................... 10

5.2 Operation cost ...................................................................................................................................... 11

5.3 Maintenance cost ................................................................................................................................ 11

5.4 End of life cost or revenue ............................................................................................................... 11

6 Basic concept of life cycle assessment (LCA) for ductile iron pipe systems .................. 12

6.1 Definition of environmental life cycle assessment ................................................................. 12

6.2 Calculation method of CO emissions ......................................................................................... 12

6.3 Other impacts ....................................................................................................................................... 13

7 Breakdown of CO emissions ......................................................................................................... 14

7.1 CO emissions at the acquisition stage ....................................................................................... 14

7.2 CO emissions at the operation stage.......................................................................................... 14

7.3 CO emissions at the maintenance stage ................................................................................... 14

7.4 CO emissions at end of life stage ................................................................................................. 15

8 Key drivers for LCC and LCA evaluation ..................................................................................... 15

8.1 Reference Service Life (RSL) ........................................................................................................... 15

8.1.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 15

8.1.2 RSL of DI pipeline ................................................................................................................................ 15

8.1.3 In-use conditions ................................................................................................................................. 16

8.2 Functional Unit (FU) .......................................................................................................................... 16

8.2.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 16

8.2.2 FU for DI pipeline: ............................................................................................................................... 16

8.2.3 Service Safety conditions ................................................................................................................. 16

8.3 Leakage incident ................................................................................................................................. 17

9 LCC and LCA reduction in Circular economy ............................................................................. 17

9.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 17

9.2 Conservation of mechanical characteristics in time .............................................................. 17

9.3 Recyclability ......................................................................................................................................... 18

9.4 Conveyance capacity .......................................................................................................................... 18

9.5 Preservation of soil ............................................................................................................................ 18

9.6 Ferule collecting and Rate of reuse .............................................................................................. 18

9.7 Optimum pipe wall thickness ......................................................................................................... 18

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10 Quality of data ...................................................................................................................................... 18

Annex A (informative) Pumping cost and CO emissions with pump operation ...................... 20

A.1 Pumping cost ........................................................................................................................................ 20

A.2 Daily pumping energy ....................................................................................................................... 20

A.3 Total head (H) ...................................................................................................................................... 20

A.4 CO emissions with pump operation ........................................................................................... 22

Annex B (informative) Scenarios of LCC and LCA with different DI pipelines ........................... 23

B.1 Scenario of LCC with different DI pipelines ............................................................................... 23

B.2 Scenario of LCA with different DI pipelines .............................................................................. 24

Annex C (informative) Leakage incident rate of ductile iron pipes ............................................... 26

C.1 Water leakage evaluation ................................................................................................................ 26

C.2 Example of leakage incident rate of a ductile iron pipe network ..................................... 26

C.2.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 26

C.2.2 Example in France .............................................................................................................................. 27

C.2.3 Example in Germany.......................................................................................................................... 27

C.2.4 Example in Spain ................................................................................................................................. 27

Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................... 29

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European foreword

This document (prEN 17800:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 203 “Cast iron

pipes, fittings, and their joints”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
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Introduction

Studies on economic and environmental impacts are important for utility decision-makers as they seek

to balance budget concerns over immediate and long-term needs across acquisition, operations, and

maintenance, and planned end of life. For authorities and engineers designing pipeline systems, the life

cycle cost (LCC) and live cycle assessment(LCA) serve as a tool to study various scenarios to determine

the right solution for site-specific conditions and community values, as well as to provide the necessary

data to support those decisions. Impacts on the circular economy should be taken into consideration too.

The intention of this document, dedicated to DI pipe systems, is to state the concepts of Life Cycle

Cost(LCC), Live Cycle assessment(LCA), reference service life (RSL), the functional unit (FU), to define

objective methodologies for LCC and LCA, respectively, in order to support customers and users to

optimize DI pipe solutions with global cost evaluation, safety requirements and environmental criteria.

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1 Scope

This document specifies the evaluation method of life cycle cost (LCC) and Life cycle assessment (LCA) of

ductile iron pipes and fittings used for water applications

Informative annexes are included in this document as a compilation of references, consensual factors,

and scenarios with different DI pipelines.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purpose of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
life cycle cost
LCC

cost of an asset throughout its life cycle, while fulfilling the performance requirements

3.2
acquisition cost

all costs included in acquiring an asset by purchase/lease or construction procurement route, excluding

costs during the occupation and use or end-of-life phases of the life cycle of the constructed asset

3.3
operation cost
total running costs for water conveyance, including the pumping cost

Note 1 to entry: Operation costs could include rent, rates, insurances, energy, and other environmental/regulatory

inspection.
3.4
maintenance cost
total labor, material, and other related costs incurred to maintain pipelines
3.5
end of life cost or revenue

total of costs or fee for disposing of an asset at the end of its service life (3.8) or interest period, including

costs resulting from pipeline dismantling, waste disposal, and revenue from material recovery

3.6
period of analysis

period of time over which life cycle costs (3.1) or whole-life costs are analyzed

Note 1 to entry: The period of analysis is determined by the client.
3.7
functional unit

the way in which the identified functions or performance characteristics of the product are quantified

[SOURCE: EN 15804]
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3.8
reference service life
RSL

service life of a construction product which is known to be expected under a particular set, i.e., a reference

set, of in-use conditions and which can form the basis for estimating the service life under other in-use

conditions
[SOURCE: EN 15804]
3.9
residual value
the value assigned to an asset at the end of the period of analysis (3.6)
3.10
discount rate

factor or rate reflecting the time value of money that is used to convert cash flows occurring at different

times to a common time

Note 1 to entry: This can be used to convert future values to present-day values and vice versa.

3.11
leakage incident rate
number of pipe bodies’ damages or water leak per unit length of the pipeline
3.12
nominal size

alphanumerical designation of size for components of a pipework system, to be used for reference

purposes, which comprises the letters DN followed by a dimensionless whole number which is indirectly

related to the physical size, in millimeters, of the bore or outside diameter of the end connections

[SOURCE: EN 545]
4 Basic concept of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) for ductile iron pipe systems
4.1 Definition of life cycle cost

The life cycle cost is calculated using Formula (1) as a sum of the acquisition cost, the operation cost such

as the electric power usage cost of the pump operation, the maintenance cost such as the leakage cost,

and the end of life cost or revenue. B.1 shows scenarios of LCC with two different pipelines.

C= C++CC+ C (1)
L A OM E
C is the life cycle cost;

is the acquisition cost; it includes the pipe and fittings material cost, construction cost, and

designing/survey cost;
C is the operation cost; it includes the pumping cost;
C is the maintenance cost; it includes the leakage cost, repair cost, etc.;

C is the end of life cost or revenue; it includes the disposal cost and benefit of recycling.

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4.2 Calculation method

The life cycle cost is calculated using Formula (2) to (4) by totalizing all the costs in a period of analysis.

Cost in the future is converted into a current value using a discount rate. In a case where the evaluation

period is not just the same as multiples of the service life, the residual value is deducted from the life cycle

cost.
Case 1 t < t
n m
CC+ C × tt− / t
( )
OM,,tt A mn m
CC=+− (2)
()1+ r
()1+ r
t=1
Case 2 t = t
n m
CC+
OM,,tt
CC=++ (3)
()1+ r
()1+ r
t=1
Case 3 t < t < 2 × t
m n m
CC+ C ××2 tt− / t
( )
OM,,tt A mn m
CC=++ +− (4)
t tt t
m mn
()1+ r
()1+ r ()11++rr()
t=1
where
C is the life cycle cost;
t is the time in year;
t is the period of analysis;
t is the service life;
C is the acquisition cost;
is the operation cost in the t year;
O,t
is the maintenance cost in the t year;
M,t
is the end of life cost or revenue;
r is the discount rate.
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Key
1 acquisition cost
2 operation cost
3 maintenance cost
4 end of life cost or revenue
X time in year
Y cost
LCC
Figure 1 — Costs per year
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Key
1 acquisition cost
2 operation cost
3 maintenance cost
4 end of life cost or revenue
X time in year
Y cost
Y LCC
Figure 2 — Accumulated costs during the service life
5 Breakdown of life Cycle Cost
5.1 Acquisition cost

The acquisition cost is calculated using Formula (5) as a total of the pipe material cost, construction cost,

and designing/survey cost.
C= A++A A (5)
A PC D
where
C is the acquisition cost;
A is the pipe and fittings material cost;

A is the construction cost (pipe laying cost, trenching cost, backfilling cost etc.);

A is the designing/survey cost (all the studies useful for the project).
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5.2 Operation cost

The yearly operation cost is calculated using Formula (6) as the pumping cost such as the electric power

usage cost of the pump operation. Details of the computation about the pumping cost are shown in

Annex A.
C = O (6)
OP,,tt
where
is the operation cost in the t year;
O,t
is the pumping cost in the t year.
P,t
5.3 Maintenance cost

The yearly maintenance cost is calculated using Formula (7) as a total of the leakage cost, leak detection

cost, repair cost, and others maintenance cost.
(7)
C= MM++ M+ M
M,t L,t DR,t ,,ttO
where
is the maintenance cost in the t year;
M,t
is the leakage cost (cost of water losses) in the t year;
L,t
is the leak detection cost in the t year;
D,t
is the repair cost in the t year;
R,t
is another maintenance cost in the t year.
O,t

The yearly leakage cost is calculated using Formula (8) as a total of water loss costs due to leakage and

pipeline cleaning during damage.
M = DP×× L+ V× U (8)
( )
L,t RL V C P
where
D is the damage ratio, in incident numbers per kilometer per year;
P is the total pipeline length, in km;
L is the water leakage volume, in cubic meters per incident;
V is the water volume for cleaning, in cubic meters per incident;
U is the unit price of water supply, in currency per cubic meter.
5.4 End of life cost or revenue

The end of life cost or revenue is calculated using Formula (9) as a total of the pipeline dismantling cost

and the waste disposal cost, deducting the revenue from material recovery.
C=EE+− E (9)
E PW R
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where
C is the end of life cost or revenue;
E is the pipeline dismantling cost;
E is the waste disposal cost;
is the revenue from material recovery.
Material recovery is considered to be applicable only to ductile iron pipes.
6 Basic concept of life cycle assessment (LCA) for ductile iron pipe systems
6.1 Definition of environmental life cycle assessment

Environmental life cycle assessment is a technique to assess environmental impacts through all the stages

of product and service life. Environmental impact associated with the consumption of natural resources

or energy and waste disposal can be quantitatively estimated as the amount of CO emissions.

Total CO emissions are calculated using Formula (10) as a total amount of CO emissions through all life

2 2

cycle stages such as acquisition stage, operation stage, maintenance stage, and end of life stage.

E= E++EE+ E (10)
T A OM E
where
E is the total CO emissions through all life cycle stages;
T 2
E are the CO emissions at the acquisition stage;
A 2
E are the CO emissions at the operation stage;
O 2
E are the CO emissions at the maintenance stage;
M 2
E are CO emissions at end of life stage
E 2
6.2 Calculation method of CO emissions

The total amount of CO emissions is calculated using Formulae (11) to (13) by totalizing all the CO

2 2
emissions in a period of analysis.
Case1 t < t
n m
E=E++(E E ) (11)
T A O,,ttM
t=1
Case2 t = t
n m
E=E+ (E ++E ) E (12)
T A ∑ O,,ttM E
t=1
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Case3 t < t < 2 × t
m n m
E =2×+E (EE+ )+ E (13)
T A OM,,tt E
t=1
where
E is the total CO emissions;
T 2
t is the time in year;
t is the period of analysis;
is the service life;
E are the CO emissions at the acquisition stage;
A 2
-th
are the CO emissions at operation stage in the t year;
O,t
-th
are the CO emissions at the maintenance stage in the t year;
M,t
E are the CO emissions at end of life stage;
E 2
6.3 Other impacts

Environmental impact can also be evaluated in other categories which are listed below. These categories

are not in the scope of this standard.
Impact on the environment:
— climate change
— air, water, and soil pollution
— ozone depletion
— eutrophication
— acidification
— reduction of biological diversity
Impact on human health:
— hazardous substance emissions
— smog formation
Impact on natural resource consumption:
— depletion of resources
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7 Breakdown of CO emissions
7.1 CO emissions at the acquisition stage

CO emissions at the acquisition stage are calculated using Formula (14) as a total of CO emissions with

2 2

pipe manufacture, construction material production, construction machine operation, transportation,

and regeneration treatment of excavated soil.
E= E++E E+ E+ E (14)
A AP AC AO AT AR
where
E are the CO emissions at the acquisition stage;
A 2

E is the CO emissions with pipe manufacture (raw material procurement, transportation to the

AP 2

factory, manufacturing, etc.). The calculation methodology for CO emissions shall take into

account the provision for scrap recycling in ductile iron pipe production. Data are available

from manufacturers or from recognized public or private data’s bases.

E is the CO emissions with construction material production (asphalt pavement materials, road

AC 2
bedding materials, sand, etc.);

E is the CO emissions with construction machine operation for pipe laying work (installation of

AO 2

pipes and valves by crane, crush and loading of existing pavement by a backhoe, excavation

and loading of soil by a backhoe, backfilling by a backhoe, compaction by tamper, road bedding

by tamper or vibratory roller, asphalt paving work by vibratory roller or vibratory compactor,

etc.);

E is the CO emissions with transportation of construction materials, construction machine

AT 2
excavated soil, ground-improved soil, and construction wastes;
E is the CO emissions with regeneration treatment of excavated soil.
AR 2
7.2 CO emissions at the operation stage

Yearly CO emissions at the operation stage are calculated using Formula (15) as a total of CO emissions

2 2
with pump operation.
EE= (15)
O,,ttOP
Where
-th
is the CO emissions at operation stage in the t year;
O,t
is the CO emissions with pump operation in the t year.
OP,t

Annex B (informative) is showing the general relative high portion of CO emission at the operation Stage.

7.3 CO emissions at the maintenance stage

Yearly CO emissions at the maintenance stage are calculated using Formula (16) as a total of CO

2 2

emissions due to leakage, during machine operation for maintenance, production of restoration

materials, and during machine operation for restoration.
EE= + E + E + E (16)
M,t ML,t MM,,ttMP MR,t
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where
-th
is the CO emissions at maintenance stage in the t year;
M,t
is the CO emissions with leakage in the t year;
ML,t

E is the CO emissions with machine operation for maintenance (inspection, drainage, washing,

MM,t 2
etc.) in the t year;
is the CO emissions with the production of restoration materials in the t year;
MP,t
is the CO emissions with machine operation for restoration work in the t year.
MR,t
7.4 CO emissions at end of life stage

CO emissions at end of life stage are calculated using Formula (17) as a total of CO emissions with

2 2

machine operation for existing pipeline dismantling, construction waste disposal, transportation of

construction materials and others, and reduction effect with recycling.
E= E++E E− E (17)
E EM EC ET ER
where
E is the CO emissions at end of life stage;
E 2
E is the CO emissions with machine operation for existing pipeline dismantling;
EM 2
E is the CO emissions with construction waste disposal;
EC 2

E is the CO emissions with transportation of construction materials, construction machines,

ET 2
excavated soil, and construction wastes;

E is the reduction effect of CO emissions with recycling of excavated pipes as raw materials.

ER 2
Material recovery is considered to be applicable only to ductile iron pipes.
8 Key drivers for LCC and LCA evaluation
8.1 Reference Service Life (RSL)
8.1.1 General

The reference service life (RSL) of a construction product is the service life which is known to be expected

under a particular set of in-use conditions, and which may form the basis of estimating the service life

under other in-use conditions.
8.1.2 RSL of DI pipeline

RSL of a DI pipeline is dependent on the properties of DI pipes and on the reference in-use conditions. It

takes into account the components of a DI pipeline, that are pipes and fittings material, linings and

coatings, and assembling accessories (rubber gasket, bolts...).

A RSL of 100 years is commonly recognized for a ductile iron pipeline. Such RSL is referring to the

declared in-use conditions stated in 8.1.3.

The expected service life can be forecasted by reducing or increasing the RSL, considering the local

environment features (hydrogeology, operations ...), the nature of the pipe coatings, and the nature of the

pipe linings. (see [10], [8], [17])
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8.1.3 In-use conditions

RSL of DI pipe is under the following “set of in-use conditions”, including quantitative and qualitative

data, as recommended in EN 15804.
Table 1 — Technical characteristics of the pipe
Technical characteristics of the pipe in compliance with EN 545
Appropriate code of designing in compliance with EN 805 and
manufacturer’s recommendations
Installation conditions in compliance with EN 545, Annex F and
manufacturer’s recommendations
Buried environment; corrosiveness of in compliance with EN 545, Annex D
soil, with suitable external coatings
Fluid transported: water aggressiveness in compliance with EN 545, Annex E.
with suitable internal linings
Typical Service conditions compliance to service pressure
Maintenance conditions sporadic
8.2 Functional Unit (FU)
8.2.1 General

The functional unit of a construction product is defined as the way in which the identified functions or

performance characteristics of the product are quantified.
8.2.2 FU for DI pipeline:

When using pipes to conduct water, the functional Unit for DI pipeline is defined as: ”Transporting water

in 1m of DI pipeline in a given diameter* with a speed of 1 m/s and service Pressure Ps, during 100 years

(RSL), with the stated service safety conditions.

* Where possible, the hydraulic (functional) diameter should be used considering all aspects that can

influence the water flow throughout the entire pipeline.
...