EN 13103-1:2017+A1:2022

Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Part 1: Design method for axles with external journals

This European Standard:
— defines the forces and moments to be taken into account with reference to masses, traction and braking conditions;
— gives the stress calculation method for axles with outside axle journals;
— specifies the maximum permissible stresses to be assumed in calculations for steel grade EA1N, EA1T and EA4T defined in EN 13261:2020;
— describes the method for determination of the maximum permissible stresses for other steel grades;
— determines the diameters for the various sections of the axle and recommends the preferred shapes and transitions to ensure adequate service performance.
This European Standard is applicable for:
— axles defined in EN 13261:2020
— powered and non-powered axles and
— all track gauges3.
The powered axle design method of this European Standard applies to:
— solid and hollow powered axles for railway rolling stock;
— solid and hollow non-powered axles of motor bogies;
— solid and hollow non-powered axles of locomotives.
The non-powered axle design method of this standard applies to solid and hollow axles of railway rolling stock used for the transportation of passengers and freight that are not considered in the list above.
This European Standard is applicable to axles fitted to rolling stock intended to run under normal European conditions. Before using this European Standard, if there is any doubt as to whether the railway operating conditions are normal, it is necessary to determine whether an additional design factor has to be applied to the maximum permissible stresses. The calculation of wheelset axles for special applications (e.g. tamping/lining/levelling machines) may be made according to this European Standard only for the load cases of free-rolling and rolling in train formation. This European Standard does not apply to the loads induced by the vehicles in their working mode. They are calculated separately.
This method can be used for light rail and tramway applications.

Bahnanwendungen - Radsätze und Drehgestelle - Teil 1: Konstruktionsleitfaden für außengelagerte Radsatzwellen

Diese Europäische Norm:
—   legt die Kräfte und Momente fest, die aufgrund der Massenwirkungen sowie der Antriebs  und Bremsbedingungen zu berücksichtigen sind;
—   gibt das Verfahren zur Spannungsberechnung außengelagerter Radsatzwellen an;
—   !legt die höchstzulässigen Spannungen für die Stahlgüten EA1N, EA1T und EA4T nach EN 13261:2020 fest, die in die Berechnung einzusetzen sind";
—   beschreibt die Vorgehensweise zur Ermittlung der höchstzulässigen Spannungen für andere Stähle;
—   ermöglicht die Berechnung der Durchmesser der verschiedenen Wellenabschnitte und gibt Empfehlungen zu den bevorzugten Formen und Übergängen, um ein sicheres Betriebsverhalten zu erreichen.
Diese Europäische Norm ist anwendbar für:
—   !Radsatzwellen nach EN 13261:2020";
—   Treibrad  und Laufradsatzwellen;
—   alle Spurweiten3).
Das in der vorliegenden Norm beschriebene Konstruktionsverfahren für Treibradsatzwellen gilt für:
—   Treibradsatzwellen (Voll  oder Hohlwellen) von Schienenfahrzeugen;
—   Laufradsatzwellen (Voll  oder Hohlwellen) von Motordrehgestellen;
—   Laufradsatzwellen (Voll  oder Hohlwellen) von Lokomotiven.
Das in der vorliegenden Europäischen Norm beschriebene Konstruktionsverfahren für Laufradsatzwellen gilt für Voll  oder Hohlwellen von Schienenfahrzeugen, die für den Transport von Fahrgästen oder Gütern bestimmt sind und nicht in der vorstehenden Liste aufgeführt sind.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt für Radsatzwellen von Fahrzeugen, die für den Einsatz unter üblichen in Europa herrschenden Betriebsbedingungen vorgesehen sind. Wenn Zweifel bestehen, ob normale Betriebsbedingungen vorherrschen, ist es notwendig, vor Anwendung dieser Europäischen Norm zu entscheiden, ob ein zusätzlicher Sicherheitsfaktor für die maximal zulässigen Spannungen angewendet werden muss. Die Anwendung dieser Europäischen Norm auf die Berechnung von Radsätzen für besondere Anwendungsfälle (z. B. Gleisstopf , Nivellier  und Richtmaschinen) darf nur für Lastfälle von Einzelfahrzeugen außerhalb des Arbeitsmodus erfolgen und für Fahrzeuge, die in einen Zug eingestellt werden. Diese Europäische Norm gilt nicht für Arbeitslastfälle. Solche werden separat berechnet.
Dieses Verfahren kann für Stadt  und Straßenbahnen verwendet werden.

Applications ferroviaires - Essieux montés et bogies - Partie 1: Méthode de conception des essieux-axes avec fusées extérieures

Železniške naprave - Kolesne dvojice in podstavni vozički - 1. del: Metoda za načrtovanje gredi z zunanjim uležajenjem (vključuje dopolnilo A1)

Ta evropski standard:
– določa sile in momente, ki jih je treba upoštevati glede na mase, pogoje vleke in zaviranja;
– podaja metodo izračuna napetosti za gredi z zunanjim uležajenjem;
– določa največje dovoljene napetosti, ki se predpostavijo pri izračunih za razrede jekla EA1N, EA1T in EA4T, opredeljene v standardu EN 13261;
– opisuje metodo za določanje največjih dovoljenih napetosti za druge razrede jekla;
– določa premere za različne odseke gredi ter priporoča prednostne oblike in prehode za zagotovitev ustrezne delovne učinkovitosti.
Ta evropski standard se uporablja za:
– gredi, določene v standardu EN 13261
– pogonske in nepogonske gredi in
– vse tirne širine3.
Način oblikovanja pogonskih gredi pri tem evropskem standardu velja za:
– trdne in votle pogonske gredi za tirna vozila;
– trdne in votle nepogonske gredi motornih podstavnih vozičkov;
– trdne in votle nepogonske gredi lokomotiv.
Metoda zasnove nepogonskih gredi tega standarda velja za trdne in votle gredi železniških tirnih vozil za prevoz potnikov in tovora, ki niso vključeni v zgornji seznam.
Ta evropski standard se uporablja za gredi, pritrjene na tirna vozila, namenjena za uporabo pod običajnimi evropskimi pogoji. Če obstaja kakršen koli dvom v zvezi s tem, ali so pogoji delovanja železnice običajni, je treba pred uporabo tega evropskega standarda ugotoviti, ali je treba za največje dovoljene napetosti uporabiti dodaten konstrukcijski dejavnik. Izračun gredi kolesnih dvojic za posebne uporabe (npr. stroji za gramoziranje/oblaganje/izenačevanje) se na podlagi tega evropskega standarda lahko izvede le za proste in vodene primere obremenitve pri sestavi vlaka. Ta evropski standard se ne uporablja za obremenitve, ki jih povzročajo vozila v svojem delovnem načinu. Te se izračunajo ločeno.
To metodo je mogoče uporabiti za lahka železniška vozila in tramvaje.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 20-Dec-2022
• ICS: 45.040 - Materials and components for railway engineering
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 256 - Railway applications
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 256/SC 2/WG 11 - Wheels - Wheelsets
• Current Stage: 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
• Start Date: 21-Dec-2022
• Due Date: 29-Jun-2021
• Completion Date: 21-Dec-2022
• Directive: 2016/797/EU - Directive (EU) 2016/797 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on the interoperability of the rail system within the European Union (Text with EEA relevance)
• Mandate: M/483 - Mandate for programming and standardisation addressed to the European standardisation bodies under directive 2008/57/EC in the field of the interoperability of the rail system within the European Union
• Mandate: M/591 - Standardisation request to the European Committee for Standardisation and the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation as regards railway products in support of Directive (EU) 2016/797
• Ref Project: SIST EN 13103-1:2018+A1:2023 - Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Part 1: Design method for axles with external journals

Relations

• Merged From: EN 13103-1:2017 - Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Part 1: Design method for axles with external journals
• Effective Date: 19-Jan-2023
• Merged From: EN 13103-1:2017/FprA1 - Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Part 1: Design method for axles with external journals
• Effective Date: 18-Jan-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2023
Železniške naprave - Kolesne dvojice in podstavni vozički - 1. del: Metoda za
načrtovanje gredi z zunanjim uležajenjem (vključuje dopolnilo A1)
Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Part 1: Design method for axles with
external journals
Bahnanwendungen - Radsätze und Drehgestelle - Teil 1: Konstruktionsleitfaden für
außengelagerte Radsatzwellen
Applications ferroviaires - Essieux montés et bogies - Partie 1: Méthode de conception
des essieux-axes avec fusées extérieures
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 13103-1:2017+A1:2022
ICS:
45.040 Materiali in deli za železniško Materials and components
tehniko for railway engineering
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN 13103-1:2017+A1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2022
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 45.040 Supersedes EN 13103-1:2017
English Version
Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Part 1:
Design method for axles with external journals
Applications ferroviaires - Essieux montés et bogies - Bahnanwendungen - Radsätze und Drehgestelle - Teil
Partie 1: Méthode de conception des essieux-axes avec 1: Konstruktionsleitfaden für außengelagerte
fusées extérieures Radsatzwellen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 11 September 2017 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 29
August 2022.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13103-1:2017+A1:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 European scope . 6
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 8
5 tab General . 10
6 Forces and moments to be taken into consideration. 10
6.1 Types of forces . 10
6.2 Effects due to masses in motion . 10
6.3 Effects due to braking . 16
6.4 Effects due to curving and wheel geometry. 20
6.5 Influence of traction . 20
6.6 Calculation of the resultant moment . 21
7 Determination of geometric characteristics of the various parts of the axle . 22
7.1 Stresses in the various sections of the axle . 22
7.2 Determination of the diameter of journals and axle bodies . 25
7.3 Determination of the diameter of the various seats from the diameter of the axle body
or from the journals . 25
7.3.1 tab General . 25
7.3.2 Transition between collar bearing surface and wheel seat . 28
7.3.3 Wheel seat in the absence of an adjacent seat . 28
7.3.4 Case of two adjacent wheel seats . 29
7.3.5 Case of two non-adjacent wheel seats . 30
8 Maximum permissible stresses . 30
8.1 tab General . 30
8.2 tab Steel grade EA1N and EA1T. 31
8.3 tab Steel grades other than EA1N and EA1T . 32
8.3.1 tab General . 32
8.3.2 Steel grade EA4T . 33
8.3.3 Other steel grades . 35
Annex A (informative) Model of axle calculation sheet. 36
Annex B (informative) Procedure for calculating the load coefficient for tilting vehicles. 38
Annex C (informative) Values of forces to take into consideration for wheelsets for reduced
gauge track (metric or close to a metre) . 40
Annex D (normative) Method for determination of full-scale fatigue limits for new materials . 41
D.1 Scope . 41
D.2 General requirements for test pieces . 41
D.3 General requirements for test apparatus . 41
D.4 Axle body fatigue limit ("F1") . 41
D.4.1 Geometry . 41
D.4.2 Verification of the applied stress . 42
D.4.3 End of test criterion . 43
D.4.4 Determination of the fatigue limit . 43
D.5 Axle bore fatigue limit ("F2") . 43
D.5.1 Geometry . 43
D.5.2 Verification of the applied stress . 44
D.5.3 End of test criterion . 44
D.5.4 Determination of the fatigue limit . 44
D.6 Wheel seat fatigue limit ("F3 and F4") . 44
D.6.1 Geometry . 44
D.6.2 Verification of the applied stress . 46
D.6.3 End of test criterion . 46
D.6.4 Determination of the fatigue limit . 46
D.7 Content of the test report. 47
Bibliography . 48

Foreword
This document (EN 13103-1:2017+A1:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256
"Railway applications", the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, by June 2023 at the latest, and all conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn no later than June 2023.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights or similar rights.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this
document may be the subject of patent rights or similar rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held
responsible for identifying all or some of these patent rights.
This document includes Amendment 1 approved by the CEN on 29 August 2022.
This document will supersede !EN 13103-1:2017".
The start and end of the text added or modified by the amendment are indicated in the text with ! and "
respectively.
This document has been prepared in the context of a standardization request given to CEN by the
European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of
Directive 2008/57/EC.
For the relationship with Directive 2008/57/EC, see informative Annex ZA, which forms an integral part
of this document.
The user should address any feedback or questions regarding this document to their country's national
standards organisation. A comprehensive list of these organisations can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are required to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Republic of Serbia, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Introduction
Railway axles were among the first train components to give rise to fatigue problems.
Many years ago, specific methods were developed in order to design these axles. They were based on a
feedback process from the service behaviour of axles combined with the examination of failures and on
fatigue tests conducted in the laboratory, so as to characterize and optimize the design and materials
used for axles.
A European working group under the aegis of UIC started to harmonize these methods at the beginning
of the 1970s. This led to an ORE document applicable to the design of trailer stock axles, subsequently
incorporated into national standards (French, German, Italian). It was consequently converted into a UIC
leaflet.
The method for this standard is based on the ca
...