EN ISO 12944-4:2017
(Main)Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems - Part 4: Types of surface and surface preparation (ISO 12944-4:2017)
Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems - Part 4: Types of surface and surface preparation (ISO 12944-4:2017)
ISO 12944-4:2017 covers the following types of surfaces of steel structures consisting of carbon or low-alloy steel, and their preparation:
- uncoated surfaces;
- surfaces thermally sprayed with zinc, aluminium or their alloys;
- hot-dip-galvanized surfaces;
- zinc-electroplated surfaces;
- sherardized surfaces;
- surfaces painted with prefabrication primer;
- other painted surfaces.
ISO 12944-4:2017 defines a number of surface preparation grades but does not specify any requirements for the condition of the substrate prior to surface preparation.
Highly polished surfaces and work-hardened surfaces are not covered by ISO 12944-4:2017.
Beschichtungsstoffe - Korrosionsschutz von Stahlbauten durch Beschichtungssysteme - Teil 4: Arten von Oberflächen und Oberflächenvorbereitung (ISO 12944-4:2017)
In diesem Dokument werden die folgenden Oberflächenarten von Stahlbauten aus unlegiertem oder niedriglegiertem Stahl und deren Vorbereitung behandelt:
— unbeschichtete Oberflächen;
— thermisch gespritzte Oberflächen mit Zink, Aluminium oder Legierungen daraus;
— feuerverzinkte Oberflächen;
— galvanisch verzinkte Oberflächen;
— sherardisierte Oberflächen;
— Oberflächen mit Fertigungsbeschichtungen;
— andere beschichtete Oberflächen.
In diesem Dokument werden eine Reihe von Oberflächenvorbereitungsgraden festgelegt, jedoch keine Anforderungen an den Zustand des Untergrunds vor der Oberflächenvorbereitung.
Hochpolierte und kaltverfestigte Oberflächen werden in diesem Dokument nicht behandelt.
Peintures et vernis - Anticorrosion des structures en acier par systèmes de peinture - Partie 4: Types de surface et de préparation de surface (ISO 12944-4:2017)
ISO 12944-4:2017 traite des types suivants de surfaces des structures en acier au carbone et faiblement allié et de leur préparation:
- surfaces non revêtues;
- surfaces revêtues par projection à chaud de zinc, d'aluminium ou de leurs alliages;
- surfaces galvanisées au trempé à chaud;
- surfaces électrozinguées;
- surfaces shérardisées;
- surfaces revêtues d'un primaire de préfabrication;
- autres surfaces peintes.
ISO 12944-4:2017 définit un nombre de degrés de préparation de surface mais ne spécifie aucune exigence relative à l'état du subjectile avant la préparation de surface.
ISO 12944-4:2017 ne couvre pas les surfaces fortement polies ni les surfaces écrouies.
Barve in laki - Protikorozijska zaščita jeklenih konstrukcij z zaščitnimi premaznimi sistemi - 4. del: Vrste površine in priprava površine (ISO 12944-4:2017)
Ta dokument zajema naslednje vrste površin jeklenih konstrukcij iz ogljika ali nizko legiranega
jekla in njihove priprave:
– nepremazane površine;
– površine, ki so toplotno obdelane s cinkom, aluminijem ali njunimi zlitinami;
– vroče galvanizirane površine;
– s cinkom galvanizirane površine;
– šeradirane površine;
– površine, premazane z osnovnim premazom;
– druge premazane površine.
V tem dokumentu so opredeljene številne stopnje priprave površine, vendar niso določene nobene zahteve
za stanje podloge pred pripravo površine.
Ta dokument ne zajema intenzivno poliranih površin in utrjenih delovnih površin.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 12944-4:2018
01-februar-2018
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 12944-4:1998
%DUYHLQODNL3URWLNRUR]LMVND]DãþLWDMHNOHQLKNRQVWUXNFLM]]DãþLWQLPLSUHPD]QLPL
VLVWHPLGHO9UVWHSRYUãLQHLQSULSUDYDSRYUãLQH,62Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint
systems - Part 4: Types of surface and surface preparation (ISO 12944-4:2017)Beschichtungsstoffe - Korrosionsschutz von Stahlbauten durch Beschichtungssysteme -
Teil 4: Arten von Oberflächen und Oberflächenvorbereitung (ISO 12944-4:2017)Peintures et vernis - Anticorrosion des structures en acier par systèmes de peinture -
Partie 4: Types de surface et de préparation de surface (ISO 12944-4:2017)Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 12944-4:2017
ICS:
25.220.10 Priprava površine Surface preparation
87.040 Barve in laki Paints and varnishes
91.080.13 Jeklene konstrukcije Steel structures
SIST EN ISO 12944-4:2018 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------SIST EN ISO 12944-4:2018
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12944-4:2018
EN ISO 12944-4
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2017
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 25.220.10; 87.020; 91.080.13 Supersedes EN ISO 12944-4:1998
English Version
Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel
structures by protective paint systems - Part 4: Types of
surface and surface preparation (ISO 12944-4:2017)
Peintures et vernis - Anticorrosion des structures en Beschichtungsstoffe - Korrosionsschutz von
acier par systèmes de peinture - Partie 4: Types de Stahlbauten durch Beschichtungssysteme - Teil 4:
surface et de préparation de surface (ISO 12944- Arten von Oberflächen und Oberflächenvorbereitung
4:2017) (ISO 12944-4:2017)This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 October 2017.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 12944-4:2017 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12944-4:2018
EN ISO 12944-4:2017 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------SIST EN ISO 12944-4:2018
EN ISO 12944-4:2017 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 12944-4:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35 “Paints
and varnishes” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 139 “Paints and varnishes” the
secretariat of which is held by DIN.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2018, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2018.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 12944-4:1998.According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 12944-4:2017 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 12944-4:2017 without any
modification.---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12944-4:2018
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12944-4:2018
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12944-4
Second edition
2017-11
Paints and varnishes — Corrosion
protection of steel structures by
protective paint systems —
Part 4:
Types of surface and surface
preparation
Peintures et vernis — Anticorrosion des structures en acier par
systèmes de peinture —
Partie 4: Types de surface et de préparation de surface
Reference number
ISO 12944-4:2017(E)
ISO 2017
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12944-4:2018
ISO 12944-4:2017(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12944-4:2018
ISO 12944-4:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................vi
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4 General ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
5 Types of surface to be prepared ........................................................................................................................................................... 4
5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
5.2 Uncoated surfaces ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
5.3 Metal-coated surfaces ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4
5.3.1 Thermally sprayed surfaces ................................................................................................................................... 4
5.3.2 Hot-dip-galvanized surfaces .................................................................................................................................. 4
5.3.3 Zinc-electroplated surfaces .................................................................................................................................... 4
5.3.4 Sherardized surfaces .................................................................................................................................................... 5
5.4 Surfaces painted with prefabrication primer ............................................................................................................... 5
5.5 Other painted surfaces ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5
5.6 Surfaces with chemical treatment .......................................................................................................................................... 5
6 Surface preparation methods ................................................................................................................................................................. 5
6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
6.2 Water, solvent and chemical cleaning.................................................................................................................................. 5
6.2.1 Water cleaning ................................................................................................................................................................... 5
6.2.2 Steam cleaning ................................................................................................................................................................... 5
6.2.3 Emulsion cleaning .................. .................................................... ..................................................................................... 6
6.2.4 Alkaline cleaning .............................................................................................................................................................. 6
6.2.5 Organic-solvent cleaning .......................................................................................................................................... 6
6.2.6 Stripping.................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
6.2.7 Acid pickling ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6
6.2.8 Chemical treatment ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.3 Mechanical cleaning ........................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.3.1 Hand-tool cleaning ......................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.3.2 Power-tool cleaning ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.3.3 Blast-cleaning ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.3.4 Water jetting ........................................................................................................................................................................ 8
7 Surface preparation grades ....................................................................................................................................................................... 8
7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
7.2 Uncoated surfaces ................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
7.3 Metal-coated surfaces ....................................................................................................................................................................... 9
7.4 Surfaces painted with prefabrication primer ............................................................................................................... 9
7.5 Other painted surfaces ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9
8 Surface profile (roughness) and surface profile grading ........................................................................................10
9 Assessment of prepared surfaces ....................................................................................................................................................10
10 Temporary protection of prepared surfaces from corrosion and/or contamination ...............10
11 Preparation of temporarily or partly protected surfaces before application offurther coatings ..................................................................................................................................................................................................10
12 Preparation of hot-dip-galvanized surfaces ..........................................................................................................................11
12.1 Unweathered surfaces ...................................................................................................................................................................11
12.2 Weathered surfaces ..........................................................................................................................................................................11
13 Preparation of thermally sprayed metal (zinc and aluminium) surfaces ..............................................11
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved iii---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12944-4:2018
ISO 12944-4:2017(E)
14 Preparation of zinc-electroplated and sherardized surfaces .............................................................................11
15 Preparation of other coated surfaces ..........................................................................................................................................12
16 Recommendations regarding pollution and the environment ..........................................................................12
17 Health and safety ...............................................................................................................................................................................................12
Annex A (normative) Standard preparation grades for primary (overall) surface preparation ........13
Annex B (normative) Standard preparation grades for secondary (partial) surface preparation ..15
Annex C (informative) Procedures for removal of extraneous layers and foreign matter,
native layers and contaminants .........................................................................................................................................................17
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................19
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12944-4:2018
ISO 12944-4:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35, Paints and varnishes, Subcommittee
SC 14, Protective paint systems for steel structures.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 12944-4:1998), which has been
technically revised.The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— the terms and definitions which were not used in the main part of the standard have been deleted;
— the normative references have been updated;— 5.6 “Surfaces with chemical treatment” has been included;
— 6.2.8 “Chemical treatment” has been included;
— Annex C has been restructured to contain two tables for distinction between “extraneous layers
and foreign matter” and “native layers and contaminants”;— the bibliography has been updated;
— the text has been editorially revised.
A list of all parts in the ISO 12944 series can be found on the ISO website.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12944-4:2018
ISO 12944-4:2017(E)
Introduction
Unprotected steel in the atmosphere, in water and in soil is subjected to corrosion that can lead to
damage. Therefore, to avoid corrosion damage, steel structures are normally protected to withstand
the corrosion stresses to which they will be subjected during the service life required of the structure.
There are different ways of protecting steel structures from corrosion. ISO 12944 (all parts) deals with
protection by paint systems and covers, in the various parts, all features that are important in achieving
adequate corrosion protection. Additional or other measures are possible but require particular
agreement between the interested parties.In order to ensure effective corrosion protection of steel structures, owners of such structures, planners,
consultants, companies carrying out corrosion protection work, inspectors of protective coatings
and manufacturers of coating materials need to have at their disposal state-of-the-art information in
concise form on corrosion protection by paint systems. It is vital that such information is as complete as
possible, unambiguous and easily understandable to avoid difficulties and misunderstandings between
the parties concerned with the practical implementation of protection work.ISO 12944 (all parts) is intended to give this information in the form of a series of instructions. It is
written for those who have some technical knowledge. It is also assumed that the user of ISO 12944 (all
parts) is familiar with other relevant International Standards, in particular those dealing with surface
preparation.Although ISO 12944 (all parts) does not deal with financial and contractual questions, attention is
drawn to the fact that, because of the considerable implications of inadequate corrosion protection,
non-compliance with requirements and recommendations given in ISO 12944 (all parts) can result in
serious financial consequences.ISO 12944-1 defines the overall scope of ISO 12944. It gives some basic terms and definitions and a
general introduction to the other parts of ISO 12944. Furthermore, it includes a general statement on
health, safety and environmental protection, and guidelines for using ISO 12944 (all parts) for a given
project.This document describes the different types of surface to be protected and gives information on surface
preparation methods such as chemical and mechanical cleaning. It deals with surface preparation
grades, surface profile (roughness), assessment of prepared surfaces, temporary protection of
prepared surfaces, preparation of temporarily protected surfaces for further coatings, preparation of
existing metal coatings, and environmental aspects. As far as possible, reference is made to the basic
International Standards on the surface preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and
related products.vi © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12944-4:2018
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12944-4:2017(E)
Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel
structures by protective paint systems —
Part 4:
Types of surface and surface preparation
1 Scope
This document covers the following types of surfaces of steel structures consisting of carbon or low-
alloy steel, and their preparation:— uncoated surfaces;
— surfaces thermally sprayed with zinc, aluminium or their alloys;
— hot-dip-galvanized surfaces;
— zinc-electroplated surfaces;
— sherardized surfaces;
— surfaces painted with prefabrication primer;
— other painted surfaces.
This document defines a number of surface preparation grades but does not specify any requirements
for the condition of the substrate prior to surface preparation.Highly polished surfaces and work-hardened surfaces are not covered by this document.
2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1461, Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles — Specifications and test methods
ISO 2063 (all parts), Thermal spraying — Zinc, aluminium and their alloysISO 4628-1, Paints and varnishes — Evaluation of degradation of coatings — Designation of quantity
and size of defects, and of intensity of uniform changes in appearance — Part 1: General introduction and
designation systemISO 4628-2, Paints and varnishes — Evaluation of degradation of coatings — Designation of quantity
and size of defects, and of intensity of uniform changes in appearance — Part 2: Assessment of degree of
blisteringISO 4628-3, Paints and varnishes — Evaluation of degradation of coatings — Designation of quantity and
size of defects, and of intensity of uniform changes in appearance — Part 3: Assessment of degree of rusting
ISO 4628-4, Paints and varnishes — Evaluation of degradation of coatings — Designation of quantity
and size of defects, and of intensity of uniform changes in appearance — Part 4: Assessment of degree of
cracking© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12944-4:2018
ISO 12944-4:2017(E)
ISO 4628-5, Paints and varnishes — Evaluation of degradation of coatings — Designation of quantity and
size of defects, and of intensity of uniform changes in appearance — Part 5: Assessment of degree of flaking
ISO 4628-6, Paints and varnishes — Evaluation of degradation of coatings — Designation of quantity
and size of defects, and of intensity of uniform changes in appearance — Part 6: Assessment of degree of
chalking by tape methodISO 8501-1:2007, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products —
Visual assessment of surface cleanliness — Part 1: Rust grades and preparation grades of uncoated steel
substrates and of steel substrates after overall removal of previous coatingsISO 8501-2:1994, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Visual
assessment of surface cleanliness — Part 2: Preparation grades of previously coated steel substrates after
localized removal of previous coatingsISO 8501-3, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Visual
assessment of surface cleanliness — Part 3: Preparation grades of welds, edges and other areas with surface
imperfectionsISO 8501-4, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Visual
assessment of surface cleanliness — Part 4: Initial surface conditions, preparation grades and flash rust
grades in connection with high-pressure water jettingISO 8504 (all parts), Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products —
Surface preparation methodsISO 12944-1, Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems —
Part 1: General introductionISO 16276 (all parts), Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems — Assessment of,
and acceptance criteria for, the adhesion/cohesion (fracture strength) of a coating
EN 10238, Automatically blast-cleaned and automatically prefabrication primed structural steel products
3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12944-1 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
abrasive blast-cleaning
impingement of a high-kinetic-energy stream of blast-cleaning abrasive (3.2) on to the surface to be
prepared[SOURCE: ISO 11124-1:1993, 2.2]
3.2
blast-cleaning abrasive
solid material intended to be used for abrasive blast-cleaning (3.1)
[SOURCE: ISO 11124-1:1993, 2.1]
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 12944-4:2018
ISO 12944-4:2017(E)
3.3
dust
loose particulate matter present on a steel surface prepared for painting, arising from blast-cleaning
(3.1) or other surface preparation processes, or resulting from the action of the environment
[SOURCE: ISO 8502-3:2017, 3.1]3.4
dew point
temperature at which moisture in the air will condense out on to a solid surface
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 8502-4.
3.5
flash rusting
slight rust formation on a prepared steel surface soon after preparation
3.6
grit
particles that are predominantly angular, that have fractured faces and sharp edges and that are less
than half-round in shape[SOURCE: ISO 11124-1:1993, 2.4]
3.7
mill scale
heavy oxide layer formed during hot fabrication or heat treatment of steel
3.8
rust
visible corrosion products consisting, in the case of ferrous metals, mainly of hydrated iron oxides
3.9shot
particles that are predominantly round, that have a length of less than twice the maximum particle
width and that do not have edges, broken faces or other sharp surface defects[SOURCE: ISO 11124-1:1993, 2.3]
3.10
substrate
surface to which a coating material is applied or is to be applied
[SOURCE: ISO 4618:2014, 2.244]
3.11
surface preparation
method of preparing a surface for coating
3.12
white rust
white to dark grey corrosion products on zinc-coated surfaces
3.13
chemical treatment
surface treatment process, based on a chemical or electrochemical reaction, which superficially
modifies the metal substrate (3.10)© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 15 ---
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.