EN 15011:2020
(Main)Cranes - Bridge and gantry cranes
Cranes - Bridge and gantry cranes
This document applies to bridge and gantry cranes able to travel by wheels on rails, runways or roadway surfaces, and to gantry cranes without wheels mounted in a stationary position.
NOTE Light crane systems (assembly of lifting devices, crane bridges, trolleys and tracks; wall-mounted, pillar and workshop jib cranes) are covered by EN 16851.
This document specifies requirements for all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to bridge and gantry cranes when used as intended and under conditions foreseen by the manufacturer (see Clause 4).
This document does not include requirements for the lifting of persons.
The specific hazards due to potentially explosive atmospheres, ionising radiation and operation in electromagnetic environment beyond the scope of EN 61000-6-2 are not covered by this document.
This document is applicable to bridge and gantry cranes manufactured after the date of its publication as a European standard.
Krane - Brücken- und Portalkrane
Dieses Dokument gilt für Brücken- und Portalkrane, die durch Laufräder auf Schienen, Fahrbahnen oder Fahrwegen bewegt werden können, sowie für Portalkrane ohne Laufräder, die in einer feststehenden Position montiert sind.
ANMERKUNG Leichtkransysteme (Baugruppe aus Hebevorrichtungen, Kranbrücken, Laufkatzen und Schienen; wandmontierte Auslegerkrane, Säulen-Auslegerkrane und Werkstatt-Auslegerkrane) werden in EN 16851 behandelt.
Dieses Dokument legt Anforderungen für alle signifikanten Gefährdungen, Gefährdungssituationen und Gefährdungsereignisse fest, die für Brücken- und Portalkrane maßgebend sind, wenn sie bestimmungsgemäß und unter den vom Hersteller vorgesehenen Bedingungen verwendet werden (siehe Abschnitt 4).
Dieses Dokument enthält keine Anforderungen an das Heben von Personen.
Die spezifischen Gefährdungen aufgrund von explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen, ionisierender Strahlung und Arbeiten in elektromagnetischen Umgebungen über den Anwendungsbereich der EN 61000 6 2 hinaus werden in diesem Dokument nicht behandelt.
Dieses Dokument gilt für Brücken- und Portalkrane, die nach dem Datum seiner Veröffentlichung als Europäische Norm hergestellt wurden.
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Ponts roulants et portiques
Le présent document s'applique aux portiques et ponts roulants pouvant se déplacer par l'intermédiaire de roues (galets) sur des rails, chemins de roulement ou routes et aux ponts roulants sans roues (galets) montés en position fixe.
NOTE Les systèmes de grue légère (ensemble de dispositifs de levage, ponts, chariots et de roulement ; grues à flèche murale, à colonne et d'atelier) sont couverts par l'EN 16851.
Le présent document traite de l'ensemble des phénomènes dangereux significatifs, des situations et des événements dangereux liés aux ponts roulants et aux portiques lorsque ceux-ci sont utilisés conformément à l'usage prévu et dans les conditions prévues par le fabricant (voir Article 4).
Le présent document ne traite pas des prescriptions applicables au levage des personnes.
Les phénomènes dangereux spécifiques dus à des atmosphères potentiellement explosives, au rayonnement ionisant et à l'utilisation dans un environnement électromagnétique, qui sortent du domaine d'application de l'EN 61000-6-2, ne sont pas couverts par le présent document.
Le présent document est applicable aux ponts roulants et aux portiques qui sont fabriqués après sa date de publication comme Norme Européenne.
Žerjavi - Mostni in portalni (kozičasti) žerjavi
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-april-2021
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 15011:2011+A1:2014
Žerjavi - Mostni in portalni (kozičasti) žerjavi
Cranes - Bridge and gantry cranes
Krane - Brücken- und Portalkrane
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Ponts roulants et portiques
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 15011:2020
ICS:
53.020.20 Dvigala Cranes
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 15011
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2020
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 53.020.20 Supersedes EN 15011:2011+A1:2014
English Version
Cranes - Bridge and gantry cranes
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Ponts Krane - Brücken- und Portalkrane
roulants et portiques
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 November 2020.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 15011:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 List of significant hazards .11
5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures .15
5.1 General .15
5.2 Requirements for strength and stability .16
5.2.1 Load actions .16
5.2.2 Limit states and proof of competence .25
5.2.3 Stability .26
5.3 Electrotechnical equipment .27
5.3.1 Physical environment and operating conditions .27
5.3.2 Electrical supply .27
5.3.3 Protection against electric shock by direct contact .27
5.3.4 Control circuits and control functions .27
5.3.5 Operator interface and mounted control devices .28
5.3.6 Power driven motions .29
5.3.7 Batteries .29
5.4 Non-electrotechnical equipment .29
5.4.1 General .29
5.4.2 Braking systems .29
5.4.3 Hoisting equipment .30
5.4.4 Travelling and traversing.31
5.4.5 Slewing equipment .32
5.4.6 Tolerances .33
5.4.7 Gear drives.33
5.4.8 Protection against special hazards .34
5.5 Limiting and indicating devices .34
5.5.1 Rated capacity limiters .34
5.5.2 Indicators .36
5.5.3 Motion limiters .36
5.5.4 Performance limiters .37
5.6 Man-machine interface . 38
5.6.1 Controls and control stations . 38
5.6.2 Guarding and access . 38
5.6.3 Lighting . 39
5.6.4 Reduction of noise by design . 40
5.7 Equipment for warning . 41
5.7.1 General . 41
5.7.2 Warning markings . 41
5.7.3 Warning lights . 41
5.7.4 Cableless control . 41
5.7.5 Acoustic warning means . 42
5.7.6 Location of the visual display unit . 42
6 Verification of safety requirements and/or protective measures . 42
6.1 General . 42
6.2 Types of verification . 42
6.3 Fitness for purpose testing. 45
6.3.1 General . 45
6.3.2 Tests . 45
7 Information for use . 47
7.1 General . 47
7.2 Operator’s manual . 48
7.3 User’s manual . 48
7.3.1 General . 48
7.3.2 Instructions for installation . 49
7.3.3 Instructions for maintenance . 49
7.4 Marking of rated capacities . 50
Annex A (informative) Guidance for specifying the operating duty in accordance with
EN 13001-1:2015 . 52
Annex B (informative) Guidance for specifying the classes P of average number of
accelerations in accordance with EN 13001-1:2015 . 60
Annex C (informative) Calculation of dynamic coefficient ϕ . 61
Annex D (informative) Loads caused by skewing . 64
Annex E (informative) Local stresses in wheel supporting flanges . 71
Annex F (normative) Noise test code . 76
Annex G (informative) Actions on crane supporting structures induced by cranes . 85
Annex H (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given
application . 88
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European standard and the essential
requirements of Directive 2006/42/EC aimed to be covered . 90
Bibliography .93
European foreword
This document (EN 15011:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147
“Cranes - Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2021, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2021.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 15011:2011+A1:2014.
The major technical changes in this edition compared to EN 15011:2011+A1:2014 are in 5.1, 5.2.1.3.2,
5.2.1.5, 5.2.2.2 and 6.3.2. Moreover, the status of Annex D has been changed from normative to
informative.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.
For the relationship with other European Standards for cranes, see Annex H.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United
Kingdom.
Introduction
This document has been prepared to be a harmonized standard to provide one means for bridge and
gantry cranes to conform with the essential health and safety requirements of the Machinery Directive,
as mentioned in Annex ZA.
As many of the hazards related to bridge and gantry cranes relate to their operating environment and
use, it is assumed in the preparation of this document that all the relevant information relating to the use
and operating environment of the crane has been exchanged between the manufacturer and the user (as
recommended in ISO 9374, Parts 1 and 5), covering such issues as, for example:
— clearances;
— requirements concerning protection against hazardous environments;
— processed materials, such as potentially flammable or explosive material (e.g. coal, powder type
materials).
This document is a type C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events
are covered, are indicated in the scope of this document.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B
standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other
standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C
standard.
1 Scope
This document applies to bridge and gantry cranes able to travel by wheels on rails, runways or roadway
surfaces, and to gantry cranes without wheels mounted in a stationary position.
NOTE Light crane systems (assembly of lifting devices, crane bridges, trolleys and tracks; wall-mounted, pillar
and workshop jib cranes) are covered by EN 16851.
This document specifies requirements for all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events
relevant to bridge and gantry cranes when used as intended and under conditions foreseen by the
manufacturer (see Clause 4).
This document does not include requirements for the lifting of persons.
The specific hazards due to potentially explosive atmospheres, ionising radiation and operation in
electromagnetic environment beyond the scope of EN 61000-6-2 are not covered by this document.
This document is applicable to bridge and gantry cranes manufactured after the date of its publication as
a European standard.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 81-43:2009, Safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts - Special lifts for the transport of
persons and goods - Part 43: Lifts for cranes
EN 363:2018, Personal fall protection equipment - Personal fall protection systems
EN 894-1:1997+A1:2008, Safety of machinery - Ergonomics requirements for the design of displays and
control actuators - Part 1: General principles for human interactions with displays and control actuators
EN 894-2:1997+A1:2008, Safety of machinery - Ergonomics requirements for the design of displays and
control actuators - Part 2: Displays
EN 12077-2:1998+A1:2008, Cranes safety - Requirements for health and safety - Part 2: Limiting and
indicating devices
EN 12644-1:2001+A1:2008, Cranes - Information for use and testing - Part 1: Instructions
EN 12644-2:2000+A1:2008, Cranes - Information for use and testing - Part 2: Marking
EN 13001-1:2015, Cranes - General design - Part 1: General principles and requirements
EN 13001-2:2014, Crane safety - General design - Part 2: Load actions
EN 13001-3-1:2012+A2:2018, Cranes - General Design - Part 3-1: Limit States and proof competence of
steel structure
EN 13001-3-2:2014, Cranes - General design - Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes
in reeving systems
EN 13001-3-3:2014, Cranes - General design - Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail
contacts
EN 13001-3-4:2018, Cranes - General design - Part 3-4: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery
- Bearings
EN 13001-3-5:2016, Cranes - General design - Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged
hooks
EN 13001-3-6:2018, Cranes - General design - Part 3-6: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery
- Hydraulic cylinders
EN 13135:2013+A1:2018, Cranes - Safety - Design - Requirements for equipment
EN 13157:2004+A1:2009, Cranes - Safety - Hand powered cranes
EN 13557:2003+A2:2008, Cranes - Controls and control stations
EN 13586:2004+A1:2008, Cranes - Access
EN 14492-2:2019, Cranes - Power driven winches and hoists - Part 2: Power driven hoists
EN IEC 60204-11:2019, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 11: Requirements for
equipment for voltages above 1 000 V AC or 1 500 V DC and not exceeding 36 kV (IEC 60204-11:2018)
EN 60204-32:2008, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 32: Requirements for
hoisting machines (IEC 60204-32:2008)
HD 60364-4-41:2017, Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 4-41: Protection for safety - Protection
against electric shock (IEC 60364-4-41:2005/A1:2017, modified)
EN 60825-1:2014, Safety of laser products - Part 1: Equipment classification and requirements
(IEC 60825-1:2014)
EN 60947-5-5:1997, Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 5-5: Control circuit devices and
switching elements - Electrical emergency stop device with mechanical latching function
(IEC 60947-5-5:1997)
EN 62745:2017, Safety of machinery - Requirements for cableless control systems of machinery
(IEC 62745:2017)
EN ISO 3744:2010, Acoustics - Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources
using sound pressure - Engineering methods for an essentially free field over a reflecting plane (ISO
3744:2010)
EN ISO 4871:2009, Acoustics - Declaration and verification of noise emission values of machinery and
equipment (ISO 4871:1996)
EN ISO 11201:2010, Acoustics - Noise emitted by machinery and equipment - Determination of emission
sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions in an essentially free field over a
reflecting plane with negligible environmental corrections (ISO 11201:2010)
EN ISO 11688-1:2009, Acoustics - Recommended practice for the design of low-noise machinery and
equipment - Part 1: Planning (ISO/TR 11688-1:1995)
EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery - General principles for design - Risk assessment and risk reduction
(ISO 12100:2010)
EN ISO 13732-1:2008, Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Methods for the assessment of human
responses to contact with surfaces - Part 1: Hot surfaces (ISO 13732-1:2006)
EN ISO 13849-1:2015, Safety of machinery - Safety-related parts of control systems - Part 1: General
principles for design (ISO 13849-1:2015)
EN ISO 13854:2019, Safety of machinery - Minimum gaps to avoid crushing of parts of the human body (ISO
13854:2017)
EN ISO 13857:2019, Safety of machinery - Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper
and lower limbs (ISO 13857:2019)
EN ISO 14120:2015, Safety of machinery - Guards - General requirements for the design and construction
of fixed and movable guards (ISO 14120:2015)
ISO 2631-1:1997, Mechanical vibration and shock - Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration
- Part 1: General requirements
ISO 3864-1:2011, Graphical symbols - Safety colours and safety signs - Part 1: Design principles for safety
signs and safety markings
ISO 3864-2:2016, Graphical symbols - Safety colours and safety signs - Part 2: Design principles for product
safety labels
ISO 3864-3:2012, Graphical symbols - Safety colours and safety signs - Part 3: Design principles for
graphical symbols for use in safety signs
ISO 3864-4:2011, Graphical symbols - Safety colours and safety signs - Part 4: Colorimetric and photometric
properties of safety sign materials
ISO 4306-1:2007, Cranes - Vocabulary - Part 1: General
ISO 6336-1:2019, Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears - Part 1: Basic principles,
introduction and general influence factors
ISO 7752-5:1985, Lifting appliances - Controls - Layout and characteristics - Part 5: Overhead travelling
cranes and portal bridge cranes
ISO 12488-1:2012, Cranes - Tolerances for wheels and travel and traversing tracks - Part 1: General
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100:2010,
EN ISO 3744:2010, EN ISO 11201:2010, ISO 4306-1:2007 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
bridge crane
crane able to move along rails or runways having at least one primarily horizontal girder and equipped
with at least one hoisting mechanism
Note 1 to entry: Light crane systems are defined in EN 16851.
Note 2 to entry: Building structures, where hoists are mounted, are not regarded as bridge cranes.
3.2
gantry crane
crane able to travel by wheels on rails, runways or roadway surfaces, or crane without wheels mounted
in a stationary position, having at least one primarily horizontal girder supported by at least one leg and
equipped with at least one hoisting mechanism
Note 1 to entry: Building structures, where hoists are mounted, are not regarded as gantry cranes.
3.3
rated capacity
mRC
maximum net load (the sum of the payload and non-fixed load-lifting attachment) that the crane is
designed to lift for a given crane configuration and load location during normal operation
Note 1 to entry: The term Safe Working Load (SWL) can differ from rated capacity.
[SOURCE: ISO 4306-1:2007, 6.1.8, modified]
3.4
hoist load
m
H
sum of the masses of the load equal to the rated capacity, the fixed lifting attachment and the hoist
medium
Note 1 to entry: This is equivalent to gross load defined ISO 4306-1:2007.
3.5
hoist medium
m
HM
part of the hoisting mechanism, either rope, belt or chain, by which the fixed load lifting attachment is
suspended
[SOURCE: ISO 4306-1:2007, 6.1.6, modified]
3.6
underhung crane
bridge crane suspended from the lower flange of the crane track
3.7
directly acting lifting force limiter
limiter acting directly in the chain of drive elements and limiting the transmitted force
Note 1 to entry: Those limiters can be, for example, friction torque limiters, pressure limiting valves. Directing
acting rated capacity limiters generally have no response delay.
3.8
indirectly acting lifting force limiter
limiter determining the transmitted force by measured signals and switching off the energy supply for
the operation and, if required, triggering application of the brake torque
4 List of significant hazards
Table 1 of this clause contains all the significant hazards as listed in CEN Guide 414, hazardous situations
and events, as far as they are dealt with in this document, identified by risk assessment as significant for
this type of machinery and which require action to eliminate or reduce the risk.
Table 1 — List of significant hazards and associated requirements
No. Hazard Relevant clause(s) in this
document
1 Mechanical hazards
1.1 Inadequacy of mechanical strength of the crane and its 5.1, 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.4.2, 5.4.3,
parts 5.4.4, 5.4.5, 5.4.6, 5.4.7
1.2 Due to kinetic energy of machine parts or work pieces 5.1, 5.4.4.7, 5.5.3
1.3 Due to potential energy of machine parts or work pieces 5.1
1.4 Due to stored energy, fluids under pressure 5.1
1.5 Crushing hazard 5.1, 5.6.2.4, 5.6.2.5, 5.6.2.6
1.6 Shearing hazard 5.1, 5.6.2.4, 5.6.2.5, 5.6.2.6
1.7 Cutting or severing hazard 5.1, 5.6.2.4, 5.6.2.5, 5.6.2.6
1.8 Entanglement hazard 5.1, 5.6.2.4, 5.6.2.5, 5.6.2.6
1.9 Drawing-in or trapping hazard 5.1, 5.6.2.4, 5.6.2.5, 5.6.2.6
1.10 Impact hazard 5.5.3.1, 5.5.3.3
1.11 Stabbing or puncture hazard 5.1, 5.6.2.4, 5.6.2.5, 5.6.2.6
1.12 Friction or abrasion hazard 5.1, 5.6.2.4, 5.6.2.5, 5.6.2.6
1.13 Slipping, tripping and falling 5.6.2
1.14 Ejection of parts or objects 5.1
1.15 Loss of stability 5.1, 5.2.3
2 Electrical hazards
2.1 Contact of persons with live parts (direct contact) 5.1, 5.3.2, 5.3.3
2.2 Contact of persons with parts which have become live 5.1
under faulty conditions (indirect contact)
2.3 Approach to live parts under high voltage 5.1, 5.3
2.4 Electrostatic phenomena 5.1, 5.3
2.5 Thermal radiation or other phenomena such as the 5.1, 5.3
projection of molten particles and chemical effects from
short-circuits, overloads, etc.
2.6 Short-circuit 5.1, 5.3
No. Hazard Relevant clause(s) in this
document
2.7 Batteries 5.3.7
3 Thermal hazards
3.1 Burns, scalds and other injuries by possible contact of 5.1, 5.4.8.1, 7.3.3
persons with objects or materials with an extreme high
or low temperature, by flames or explosions and also by
radiation of heat sources
3.2 Damage to health by hot or cold working environment 5.6.1
4 Noise hazards 5.6.4
5 Vibration hazards
5.1 Vibrations transmitted to the operator when sitting 5.2.2.6, 5.6.1, 7.3.1
during operation
6 Radiation hazards
6.1 Low frequency electromagnetic radiation
6.2 Radio frequency electromagnetic radiation
6.3 Optical radiation (infrared, visible and ultraviolet)
6.4 Lasers 5.4.8.2
7 Material/substance hazards
7.1 Hazards from contact with harmful fluids, gases, mists, 5.4.8.4
fumes and dusts
7.2 Fire or explosion hazard 5.4.8.3
8 Ergonomic hazards
8.1 Unhealthy postures or excessive efforts 5.4.4.2
8.2 Inadequate consideration of hand-arm or foot-leg 5.6.1
anatomy
8.3 Insufficient means for evacuation/emergency exit 5.4.8.3, 5.6.1, 5.6.2
8.4 Neglected use of personal protection equipment 5.6.2.3, 7.3.3
8.5 Inadequate lighting of working areas 5.6.3
8.6 Human error during operation 5.3.5.3, 5.4.2, 5.4.8.5, 5.5.2,
7.2
8.7 Inadequate design, location or identification of manual 5.3.5, 5.6.1
controls
8.8 Inadequate design or location of visual display units 5.6.1, 5.7
8.9 Insufficient visibility from the driving position 5.6.1, 5.6.3
9 Hazards associated with the environment in which
the machine is used
9.1 Lightning 5.3, 7.3.3
9.2 Snow, water, wind, temperature 5.2, 5.3.1, 5.2.1.1, 5.5.2.2
No. Hazard Relevant clause(s) in this
document
10 Hazards from malfunction of control systems
10.1 Failure/disorder of control system and control circuit 5.3.4, 5.4.2, 5.7.4
10.2 Restoration of energy supply after an interruption 5.1, 5.3.5.3
10.3 External influences on electrical equipment 5.3.5.3, 5.4.2
10.4 Errors in the software 5.3.4, 5.3.5.3, 5.4.2
10.5 Failure of the power supply 5.3, 5.3.2, 5.4.2
10.6 Overspeed during operation 5.3.6, 5.4.2
11 Hazards caused by missing and/or incorrectly
positioned safety related measures/ means
11.1 Guards 5.6.2
11.2 Safety related (protection) devices 5.1, 5.6.2
11.3 Safety signs, signals, symbols 5.7, 7.1, 7.4
11.4 Information or warning devices 5.7, 7
11.5 Visibility 5.6.1, 5.6.3
11.6 Emergency devices 5.3.5.3
12 Hazards related to travelling function
12.1 Movement when starting the engine 5.7.3, 5.7.5
12.2 Movement without an operator at the driving position 5.3.5.3, 5.3.6, 5.6.1
12.3 Movement without all parts in safe position 5.4.2, 5.5
12.4 Excessive speed of pedestrian controlled machinery 5.3.5.3, 5.3.6, 5.6.1
12.5 Excessive oscillations when moving 5.2.2.6, 5.6.1, 7.2
12.6 Insufficient ability of machinery to be slowed down, 5.4.2
stopped and immobilized
12.7 Derailment due to travelling 5.4.4.5, 5.4.4.6
13 Hazards linked to work position (including driving
station) on the machine
13.1 Fall of persons during access to (or at/from) the work 5.6.2.1
position
13.2 Fire (flammability of the cab, lack of extinguishing 5.4.8.3, 5.6.1
means)
13.3 Mechanical hazards at the work position, such as: 5.6.1, 5.6.2, 5.7
- contact with the wheels
- roll over and overturning
- fall of objects, penetration by object
- contact of persons with machine parts or tools
(pedestrian control)
13.4 Insufficient visibility from the work position 5.6.1, 5.7
No. Hazard Relevant clause(s) in this
document
13.5 Inadequate lighting 5.6.3
13.6 Inadequate seating 5.6.1
13.7 Noise at the operating position 5.6.4
13.8 Vibration at the operating position 5.2.2.6, 5.6.1, 7.3.1
13.9 Insufficient means of evacuation/emergency exit 5.4.8.3, 5.6.1, 5.6.2
14 Hazards due to the controls and control
arrangement
14.1 Inadequate location of controls /control devices 5.6.1
14.2 Inadequate design of the actuation mode and/or action 5.6.1
mode of controls
15 From/to third persons
15.1 Drift of a part away from its stopping position 5.4.2, 5.4.4.4, 5.4.5.2
15.2 Lack or inadequacy of visual or acoustic warning means 5.7
16 Hazards due to insufficient instructions for the
driver / operator
16.1 Movement into prohibited area 5.4.3.2, 5.5.3, 7.2
16.2 Ground conditions 5.2.1.1, 7.3
16.3 Stowage conditions 5.2.1.1, 7.2
17 Mechanical hazards and events, supplementary
17.1 Uncontrolled loading - overloading – overturning 5.4.3.1 to 5.4.3.4, 5.4.8.5,
moment exceeded 5.5.1, 5.5.2, 5.5.4, 7.4
17.2 Uncontrolled amplitude of movements 5.2.2.5, 5.5.3.3, 7.2
17.3 Unexpected/unintended movement of loads 5.3.4, 5.4.1, 5.4.2, 5.6.1, 7.2
17.4 Collision of more than one machine 5.5.3.1, 5.5.3.3, 5.7
17.5 Two-blocking of hook to body of hoisting trolley 5.4.3.1,5.5.3, 5.5.3.2
17.6 Inadequate design of pulleys and drums 5.2, 5.4.1, 5.4.3.1
17.7 From inadequate selection/ integration into the 5.2, 5.4.1, 5.4.3.1, 5.4.3, 7.4
machine of chains, ropes, lifting accessories
17.8 From lowering of the load by 5.4.2.3
friction brake
17.9 From abnormal conditions of assembly / testing / use / 6.3, 7.2, 7.3.2, 7.3.3
maintenance
5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures
5.1 General
Bridge and gantry cranes shall comply with the safety requirements and/or protective measures of
Clause 5. In addition, these cranes shall be designed according to the principles of EN ISO 12100:2010 for
relevant but not significant hazards, which are not dealt with by this document.
Cranes shall be in accordance with the following standards, except as otherwise required in document
Standard:
— EN 13001-1:2015, Cranes — General design — Part 1: General principles and requirements;
— EN 13001-2:2014, Cranes — General design — Part 2: Load actions;
— EN 13001-3-1:2012+A2:2018, Cranes — General Design — Part 3-1: Limit States and proof
competence of steel structures;
— EN 13001-3-2:2014, Cranes — General design — Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire
ropes in reeving systems;
— EN 13001-3-3:2014, Cranes — General design — Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of
wheel/rail contacts;
— EN 13001-3-4:2018, Cranes — General design — Part 3-4: Limit states and proof of competence of
machinery — Bearings;
— EN 13001-3-5:2016, Cranes — General design — Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of
forged hooks;
— EN 13001-3-6:2018, Cranes — General design — Part 3-6: Limit states and proof of competence of
machinery — Hydraulic cylinders;
— EN 13135:2013+A1:2018, Cranes — Safety — Design — Requirements for equipment;
— EN 13157:2004+A1:2009, Cranes — Safety — Hand powered cranes;
— EN 13557:2003+A2:2008, Cranes — Controls and control stations;
— EN 12077-2:1998+A1:2008, Cranes safety — Requirements for health and safety — Part 2: Limiting
and indicating devices;
— EN 13586:2004+A1:2008, Cranes — Access;
— EN 12644-1:2001+A1:2008, Cranes — Information for use and testing — Part 1: Instructions;
— EN 12644-2:2000+A1:2008, Cranes — Information for use and testing — Part 2: Marking;
— EN 60204-32:2008, Safety of machinery — Electrical equipment of machines — Part 32: Requirements
for hoisting machines (IEC 60204-32:2008).
Cranes designed for high risk applications, e.g. handling hot molten metal, shall meet the relevant
requirements given in EN 13135:2013+A1:2018 and EN 13001-2:2014.
The requirements of this document are not applied to power driven hoist units, designed in accordance
with EN 14492-2:2019, and incorporated in a bridge or gantry cranes. The hoist units designed in
accordance with EN 14492-2:2019 should be selected in accordance with the principles depicted within
A.4.
5.2 Requirements for strength and stability
5.2.1 Load actions
5.2.1.1 Selection of operating conditions
The operating conditions and the design duty (classification) that are selected and used as the basis of
design, in accordance with EN 13001-1:2015 and EN 13001-2:2014, shall be specified in the technical file
of the crane. Examples of the operating conditions may include, as relevant, the following:
— operational temperature limits;
— in-service wind speed limit;
— the wind state, as defined in EN 13001-2:2014, for out-of-service condition;
— high risk provisions (if any) taken in-to account;
— displacement limits for the crane runway in the loaded condition.
For cranes located outdoors, the recurrence period in accordance with EN 13001-2:2014 for out of
service wind shall be not less than:
— 25 years for cranes located permanently outdoors;
— 5 years for indoor cranes which may occasionally be parked outdoors.
Guidance for specifying the operation duty is given in Annex A.
NOTE For information needed for the derivation of classification parameters see also ISO 9374-5.
5.2.1.2 Selection of loads and load combinations
The basic load combinations for the load calculation shall be selected in accordance with
EN 13001-2:2014.
5.2.1.3 Determination of dynamic factors
5.2.1.3.1 Hoisting and gravity effects acting on the mass of the crane
The masses of the crane shall be multiplied with factor ϕ = 1 + δ when calculating the stresses in load
combinations in accordance with EN 13001-2:2014.
For masses with unfavourable gravitational load effect the factors shall be taken as δ = 0,10 and ϕ = 1,10,
and for masses with favourable gravitational load effect as δ = −0,05 and ϕ = 0,95.
5.2.1.3.2 Dynamic effects when hoisting a grounded load
Dynamic effects and the related load actions shall be taken into account as specified in EN 13001-2:2014.
The dynamic factor ϕ shall be determined by one of the following methods, which shall not be mixed or
cross referenced with each other in any way:
a) applying the method given in EN 13001-2:2014, where stiffness class HC and the hoist drive class HD
are specified for the crane;
b) using analytic modelling, where the crane and trolley structures, hoisting mechanism and the hoist
drive system are taken into account. Design value of the hoisting speed shall be selected in
accordance with the HD class (EN 13001-2:2014) for each relevant load combination. Annex C gives
an analytic solution for a particular type of bridge crane to determine the factor ϕ and can be used
where applicable;
c) measuring of the hoist rope force. Hoisting shall be assumed to commence from a rope tightness
condition at a maximum hoisting speed, which can be attained by taking into account the
characteristics of the hoist drive system.
5.2.1.3.3 Load caused by travelling on uneven surfaces
The dynamic actions on the crane by travelling, with or without hoist load, on roadway or on rail tracks
shall be considered by the specific factor ϕ .
For continuous rail tracks or welded rail tracks with finished ground joints without notches (steps or
gaps) the specific factor ϕ = 1.
For roadways or rail tracks with notches (steps or gaps) the specific factor ϕ shall be calculated in
accordance with EN 13001-2:2014. For rubber tyred cranes the flexibility of the tyre shall be taken into
account.
The factor ϕ for steps may be set equal to 1,0, separately in any of the following cases:
— the step is 1 mm or less and the natural frequency of a single mass model of the crane, including the
masses of the trolley and the hoist load, is 4 Hz or less;
— the wheel subject to the step is arranged in a hinged, multi-wheel bogie system;
— rubber tyred cranes.
The factor ϕ for gaps may be set equal to 1,0, separately in any of the following cases:
— the gap is 5 mm or less and the natural frequency of a single mass model of the crane, including the
masses of the trolley and the hoist load, is 8 Hz or less;
— the wheel subject to the gap is arranged in a hinged, multi-wheel bogie system;
— rubber tyred cranes.
Where the factor ϕ is set to 1,0 both for steps and for gaps, the corresponding load combination of
EN 13001-2:2014 may be omitted.
5.2.1.3.4 Loads caused by acceleration of drives
For crane drive motions, the change in load effect, ΔS, caused by acceleration or deceleration is presented
by the following equation:
∆S S− S (1)
f i
( ) ()
where
S is the final load effect;
(f)
S is the initial load effect.
(i)
=
The change in load effects, ΔS, is caused by the change of drive force, ΔF, given by the equation:
∆F F− F (2)
fi
( ) ()
where
F(f) is the final drive force; and
F is the initial drive force.
(i)
Loads induced in a crane by acceleration or deceleration caused by drive forces may be calculated using
rigid body kinetic models. The load effect S shall be applied to the components exposed to the drive forces
and where applicable to the crane and the hoist load as well. As a rigid body analysis does not directly
reflect elastic effects, the load effect S shall be calculated by using a dynamic factor ϕ defined in
EN 13001-2:2014 as follows:
S S+φ××am (3)
i
()
and
φ φ×φ (4)
5 p A
where
S is the initial load effect caused by F ;
(i) (i)
ϕ is the amplification factor;
A
ϕ is the factor for effect of sequential positioning movements;
p
a is the acceleration or deceleration value;
m is the mass for which a applies.
The factor ϕ shall be taken from Tables 3 and 4 unless more accurate factors are available from elastic
A
model calculations or measurements. The factor ϕ shall be taken from Table 5.
p
Where the force S is limited by friction or by the nature of the drive mechanism, this frictional force shall
be used instead of calculated force S.
Table 3 — Factor ϕ for travel, traverse and slewing mechanism
A
Factor ϕ
A
Weight of
Dead weight of moved masses
Drive type
freely
Typical
Considerable
suspended
backlash for backlash, e.g.
load
gearbox open gears
2,0
Stepless speed control (e.g. frequency control) 1,2 1,5
Multi step speed control (e.g. slip ring motor with 2,0
1,6 2,0
rotor resistors)
Two step speed control (e.g. pole changeable 2,0
1,8 2,2
squirrel cage motor with creep speed)
Single speed control (e.g. squirrel cage motor 2,0
2,0 2,4
without creep speed)
=
=
=
Table 4 — Factor ϕ for hoist mechanism
A
Factor ϕ Factor ϕ
A A
Drive type
lifting lowering
Stepless speed control 1,05 1,10
Multi step speed control 1,15 1,20
Two step speed control 1,20 1,35
Single speed control 1,20 1,30
Factors in Tables 3 and 4 take account for switching on/off the speed and speed change.
Table 5 — Factor ϕ
P
Class of load positioning
in accordance with ϕ
P
EN 13001-1:2015
P and P 1,0
0 1
P 1,15
P 1,3
For freely suspended load the factor
ϕ is set to 1,0.
P
Positioning movements may increase the total load effects, when made in non-optimal manner. This is
taken into account by factor ϕ dependent upon the class P. Guidance for determining the class P is given
P
in Annex B.
5.2.1.4 Loads caused by skewing
5.2.1.4.1 General
Skewing forces for top running cranes and trolleys shall be calculated in accordance with 5.2.1.4.2 to
5.2.1.4.4. More guidance and examples are given in Annex D, which provides a simplified method for
calculating the forces generated when considering both RIGID and FLEXIBLE crane structures. Skewing
forces for underhung cranes shall be calculated in accordance with 5.2.1.4.5.
In general, the skewing forces shall be addressed to
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