EN ISO 13503-4:2006
(Main)Petroleum and natural gas industries - Completion fluids and materials - Part 4: Procedure for measuring stimulation and gravel-pack fluid leakoff under static conditions (ISO 13503-4:2006)
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Completion fluids and materials - Part 4: Procedure for measuring stimulation and gravel-pack fluid leakoff under static conditions (ISO 13503-4:2006)
ISO 13503-4:2006 provides for consistent methodology to measure fluid loss of stimulation and gravelpack fluid under static conditions. However, the procedure in ISO 13503-4:2006 excludes fluids that react with porous media.
Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie - Komplettierungsflüssigkeiten und -materialien - Teil 4: Verfahren zur Messung von Stimulation und Verlust von Filterflüssigkeit aus Kiespackungen unter statischen Bedingungen (ISO 13503-4:2006)
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel - Fluides de complétion et matériaux - Partie 4: Mode opératoire pour mesurer la stimulation et la fuite du fluide filtrant dans des conditions statiques (ISO 13503-4:2006)
L'ISO 13503-4:2006 fournit une méthode cohérente de mesurage des pertes de fluide de stimulation et de fluide de gravillonnage en conditions statiques. Cependant, le mode opératoire décrit ne couvre pas les fluides qui réagissent avec les milieux poreux.
Industrija za predelavo nafte in zemeljskega plina - Tekočine in materiali za zaključna dela - 4. del: Postopek za merjenje stimulacije in izgub tekočine filtrskega zasipa pri statičnih pogojih (ISO 13503-4:2006)
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie - Komplettierungsflüssigkeiten und -materialien - Teil 4: Verfahren zur Messung von Stimulation und Verlust von Filterflüssigkeit aus Kiespackungen unter statischen Bedingungen (ISO 13503-4:2006)Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel - Fluides de complétion et matériaux - Partie 4: Mode opératoire pour mesurer la stimulation et la fuite du fluide filtrant dans des conditions statiques (ISO 13503-4:2006)Petroleum and natural gas industries - Completion fluids and materials - Part 4: Procedure for measuring stimulation and gravel-pack fluid leakoff under static conditions (ISO 13503-4:2006)75.180.30Oprema za merjenje prostornine in merjenjeVolumetric equipment and measurementsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN ISO 13503-4:2006SIST EN ISO 13503-4:2007en,fr01-januar-2007SIST EN ISO 13503-4:2007SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN ISO 13503-4October 2006ICS 75.100 English VersionPetroleum and natural gas industries - Completion fluids andmaterials - Part 4: Procedure for measuring stimulation andgravel-pack fluid leakoff under static conditions (ISO 13503-4:2006)Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel - Fluides decomplétion et matériaux - Partie 4: Mode opératoire pourmesurer la stimulation et la fuite du fluide filtrant dans desconditions statiques (ISO 13503-4:2006)Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie - Komplettierungsflüssigkeitenund -materialien - Teil 4: Verfahren zur Messung vonStimulation und Verlust von Filterflüssigkeit ausKiespackungen unter statischen Bedingungen (ISO 13503-4:2006)This European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 September 2006.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2006 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN ISO 13503-4:2006: ESIST EN ISO 13503-4:2007
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 13503-4:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67 "Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum and natural gas industries" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 12 "Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries", the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by April 2007.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 13503-4:2006 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 13503-4:2006 without any modifications.
Reference numberISO 13503-4:2006(E)© ISO 2006
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO13503-4First edition2006-10-15Petroleum and natural gas industries — Completion fluids and materials — Part 4: Procedure for measuring stimulation and gravel-pack fluid leakoff under static conditions Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel — Fluides de complétion et matériaux — Partie 4: Mode opératoire pour mesurer la stimulation et la fuite du fluide filtrant dans des conditions statiques
ISO 13503-4:2006(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
©
ISO 2006 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel.
+ 41 22 749 01 11 Fax
+ 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail
copyright@iso.org Web
www.iso.org Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
ISO 13503-4:2006(E) © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword.iv Introduction.v 1 Scope.1 2 Terms and definitions.1 3 Measurement and precision.2 4 Fluid preparation.2 5 Instrument calibration.3 6 Measurement procedure.3 7 Operational procedure.7 8 Calculations.8 9 Report.13 10 Procedure modifications.14
ISO 13503-4:2006(E) iv © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 13503-4 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 3, Drilling and completion fluids, and well cements. ISO 13503 consists of the following parts, under the general title Petroleum and natural gas industries — Completion fluids and materials: ⎯ Part 1: Measurement of viscous properties of completion fluids ⎯ Part 2: Measurement of properties of proppants used in hydraulic fracturing and gravel-packing operations ⎯ Part 3: Testing of heavy brines ⎯ Part 4: Procedure for measuring stimulation and gravel-pack fluid leakoff under static conditions ⎯ Part 5: Procedures for measuring the long-term conductivity of proppants SIST EN ISO 13503-4:2007
ISO 13503-4:2006(E) © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved vIntroduction The objective of this part of ISO 13503 is to provide a standard procedure for measuring fluid loss under static conditions. This standard procedure was compiled on the basis of several years of comparative testing, debate, discussion and continued research by the industry 1). In this part of ISO 13503, where practical, US Customary (USC) units are included in parentheses for information.
1) PENNY, G.S. and CONWAY, M.W. Fluid Leakoff, Recent Advances in Hydraulic Fracturing, J.L. Gidley, S.A. Holditch. D.E. Nierode and R.W. Veatch Jr. (eds), SPE Monograph 1989. SIST EN ISO 13503-4:2007
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13503-4:2006(E) © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 1Petroleum and natural gas industries — Completion fluids and materials — Part 4: Procedure for measuring stimulation and gravel-pack fluid leakoff under static conditions 1 Scope This part of ISO 13503 provides for consistent methodology to measure fluid loss of stimulation and gravel-pack fluid under static conditions. However, the procedure in this part of ISO 13503 excludes fluids that react with porous media. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 base fluid solution media used to prepare completion fluid 2.2 filtrate fluid that permeates into the porous medium 2.3 filter cake build-up of materials on the face or within the matrix of porous medium due to fluid leakoff 2.4 fluid loss fluid loss is a measure of fluid volume that leaks into a porous medium over time 2.5 gravel-pack fluids fluids used to place filtration media to control formation sand production from oil and gas wells 2.6 leakoff entry of fluid into a porous media 2.7 pH negative of the logarithm (base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration 2.8 spurt time time between the initial entry of fluid into porous medium and the onset of square-root-of-time leakoff behaviour SIST EN ISO 13503-4:2007
ISO 13503-4:2006(E) 2 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 2.9 shut-in time time from loading the cell to the initiation of leakoff test 2.10 spurt loss theoretical loss of fluid/filtrate at first exposure of that fluid into a porous medium 2.11 stimulation fluids fluids used to enhance production from oil and gas wells by fracturing or acidizing 2.12 viscosity-controlled fluid-loss coefficient measure of the leakoff rate controlled by the viscosity of filtrate 2.13 viscosity of fluid measure of the internal friction of a fluid whenever it is caused to move by an external force 2.14 wall-building coefficient measure of the leakoff rate due to filter cake formation 3 Measurement and precision Temperature shall be measured to a precision of ± 1 °C (± 2 °F). All other quantitative measurements shall be made to a precision of ± 2 %, unless specified otherwise. 4 Fluid preparation Certain aspects of sample preparation and handling can affect properties of a fluid. During all procedures, steps shall be taken to minimize air entrainment into the fluid. The procedure used to prepare the fluid sample shall be documented as follows: a) description and/or composition of the base fluid; b) base fluid pre-treatment such as filtration; c) preparation of the fluid, which shall be described, starting with the base fluid, such as deionized water, tap water source, seawater (location) or type of organic fluids; d) identification of mixing apparatus, container volume and total volume of fluid prepared; e) time of mixing [should include mixing time(s) at one or more mixer speed(s)]; f) identification of each component and amount added; g) order and method of addition of each component; h) aging or holding time at temperature, if required, prior to tests; i) test temperature; j) pH (for aqueous fluids, where applicable); k) all other aspects of the fluid preparation that are known to affect the outcome of measurement. SIST EN ISO 13503-4:2007
ISO 13503-4:2006(E) © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 35 Instrument calibration The instruments associated with these procedures shall be calibrated according to each manufacturer’s recommended method. 6 Measurement procedure 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 General considerations Fluid-loss tests are conducted to simulate leakoff into a formation. Fluid-loss tests measure the rate of leakoff into a porous medium to calculate fluid-loss coefficients to guide engineering design of well completion operations. This part of ISO 13503 provides guidelines on known limitations to the testing procedure. Where data are reported as being obtained using this procedure, the procedure shall be followed exactly. The fluid shall not react with instru
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2007
Industrija za predelavo nafte in zemeljskega plina - Tekočine in materiali za
zaključna dela - 4. del: Postopek za merjenje stimulacije in izgub tekočine
filtrskega zasipa pri statičnih pogojih (ISO 13503-4:2006)
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Completion fluids and materials - Part 4:
Procedure for measuring stimulation and gravel-pack fluid leakoff under static conditions
(ISO 13503-4:2006)
Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie - Komplettierungsflüssigkeiten und -materialien - Teil 4:
Verfahren zur Messung von Stimulation und Verlust von Filterflüssigkeit aus
Kiespackungen unter statischen Bedingungen (ISO 13503-4:2006)
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel - Fluides de complétion et matériaux - Partie 4:
Mode opératoire pour mesurer la stimulation et la fuite du fluide filtrant dans des
conditions statiques (ISO 13503-4:2006)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 13503-4:2006
ICS:
75.100 Maziva Lubricants, industrial oils and
related products
75.180.30 Oprema za merjenje Volumetric equipment and
prostornine in merjenje measurements
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 13503-4
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
October 2006
ICS 75.100
English Version
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Completion fluids and
materials - Part 4: Procedure for measuring stimulation and
gravel-pack fluid leakoff under static conditions (ISO 13503-
4:2006)
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel - Fluides de Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie - Komplettierungsflüssigkeiten
complétion et matériaux - Partie 4: Mode opératoire pour und -materialien - Teil 4: Verfahren zur Messung von
mesurer la stimulation et la fuite du fluide filtrant dans des Stimulation und Verlust von Filterflüssigkeit aus
conditions statiques (ISO 13503-4:2006) Kiespackungen unter statischen Bedingungen (ISO 13503-
4:2006)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 September 2006.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 13503-4:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 13503-4:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67
"Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum and natural gas industries" in
collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 12 "Materials, equipment and offshore
structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries", the secretariat of which is
held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of
an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2007, and conflicting national
standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by April 2007.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of
the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 13503-4:2006 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 13503-4:2006 without any
modifications.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13503-4
First edition
2006-10-15
Petroleum and natural gas industries —
Completion fluids and materials —
Part 4:
Procedure for measuring stimulation and
gravel-pack fluid leakoff under static
conditions
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel — Fluides de complétion et
matériaux —
Partie 4: Mode opératoire pour mesurer la stimulation et la fuite du
fluide filtrant dans des conditions statiques
Reference number
ISO 13503-4:2006(E)
©
ISO 2006
ISO 13503-4:2006(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2006
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
ISO 13503-4:2006(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions. 1
3 Measurement and precision . 2
4 Fluid preparation. 2
5 Instrument calibration . 3
6 Measurement procedure . 3
7 Operational procedure . 7
8 Calculations. 8
9 Report . 13
10 Procedure modifications. 14
ISO 13503-4:2006(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 13503-4 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures
for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 3, Drilling and completion fluids,
and well cements.
ISO 13503 consists of the following parts, under the general title Petroleum and natural gas industries —
Completion fluids and materials:
⎯ Part 1: Measurement of viscous properties of completion fluids
⎯ Part 2: Measurement of properties of proppants used in hydraulic fracturing and gravel-packing
operations
⎯ Part 3: Testing of heavy brines
⎯ Part 4: Procedure for measuring stimulation and gravel-pack fluid leakoff under static conditions
⎯ Part 5: Procedures for measuring the long-term conductivity of proppants
iv © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
ISO 13503-4:2006(E)
Introduction
The objective of this part of ISO 13503 is to provide a standard procedure for measuring fluid loss under static
conditions. This standard procedure was compiled on the basis of several years of comparative testing,
1)
debate, discussion and continued research by the industry .
In this part of ISO 13503, where practical, US Customary (USC) units are included in parentheses for
information.
1) PENNY, G.S. and CONWAY, M.W. Fluid Leakoff, Recent Advances in Hydraulic Fracturing, J.L. Gidley, S.A. Holditch.
D.E. Nierode and R.W. Veatch Jr. (eds), SPE Monograph 1989.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13503-4:2006(E)
Petroleum and natural gas industries — Completion fluids and
materials —
Part 4:
Procedure for measuring stimulation and gravel-pack fluid
leakoff under static conditions
1 Scope
This part of ISO 13503 provides for consistent methodology to measure fluid loss of stimulation and
gravel-pack fluid under static conditions. However, the procedure in this part of ISO 13503 excludes fluids that
react with porous media.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
base fluid
solution media used to prepare completion fluid
2.2
filtrate
fluid that permeates into the porous medium
2.3
filter cake
build-up of materials on the face or within the matrix of porous medium due to fluid leakoff
2.4
fluid loss
fluid loss is a measure of fluid volume that leaks into a porous medium over time
2.5
gravel-pack fluids
fluids used to place filtration media to control formation sand production from oil and gas wells
2.6
leakoff
entry of fluid into a porous media
2.7
pH
negative of the logarithm (base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration
2.8
spurt time
time between the initial entry of fluid into porous medium and the onset of square-root-of-time leakoff
behaviour
ISO 13503-4:2006(E)
2.9
shut-in time
time from loading the cell to the initiation of leakoff test
2.10
spurt loss
theoretical loss of fluid/filtrate at first exposure of that fluid into a porous medium
2.11
stimulation fluids
fluids used to enhance production from oil and gas wells by fracturing or acidizing
2.12
viscosity-controlled fluid-loss coefficient
measure of the leakoff rate controlled by the viscosity of filtrate
2.13
viscosity of fluid
measure of the internal friction of a fluid whenever it is caused to move by an external force
2.14
wall-building coefficient
measure of the leakoff rate due to filter cake formation
3 Measurement and precision
Temperature shall be measured to a precision of ± 1 °C (± 2 °F). All other quantitative measurements shall be
made to a precision of ± 2 %, unless specified otherwise.
4 Fluid preparation
Certain aspects of sample preparation and handling can affect properties of a fluid. During all procedures,
steps shall be taken to minimize air entrainment into the fluid.
The procedure used to prepare the fluid sample shall be documented as follows:
a) description and/or composition of the base fluid;
b) base fluid pre-treatment such as filtration;
c) preparation of the fluid, which shall be described, starting with the base fluid, such as deionized water, tap
water source, seawater (location) or type of organic fluids;
d) identification of mi
...
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