EN 15408:2011
(Main)Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of sulphur (S), chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F) and bromine (Br) content
Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of sulphur (S), chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F) and bromine (Br) content
This European Standard specifies the determination of S, Cl, F and Br in solid recovered fuels of various origin and composition after combustion in oxygen atmosphere. This method is applicable for concentrations over 0,025 g/kg, depending on the element and on the determination technique. In the case of fluorine this method is applicable for concentration over 0,015 g/kg.
Insoluble halides and sulphate present in the original sample or produced during the combustion step are not completely determined by these methods.
This European Standard provides recommendations concerning standardised methods for determination of halides and sulphate in the solution obtained after combustion.
Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Gehaltes an Schwefel (S), Chlor (Cl), Fluor (F) und Brom (Br)
Diese Europäische Norm legt die Bestimmung von S, Cl, F und Br in festen Sekundärbrennstoffen unterschiedlicher Herkunft und Zusammensetzung nach dem Verbrennen in einer Sauerstoffatmosphäre fest. Dieses Verfahren gilt für Massenanteile größer 0,025 g/kg; die Massenanteile sind abhängig vom Element und von den Bestimmungsverfahren. Im Fall von Fluor ist dieses Verfahren bei einem Massenanteil größer 0,015 g/kg anwendbar. In der Ausgangsprobe vorliegende oder beim Verbrennungsschritt entstandene unlösliche Halogenide und Sulfate werden mit diesen Verfahren nicht vollständig bestimmt. Diese Europäische Norm gibt Empfehlungen hinsichtlich genormter Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Haloge-niden und Sulfaten in der nach der Verbrennung erhaltenen Lösung.
Combustibles solides de récupération - Méthodes pour la détermination de la teneur en soufre (S), en chlore (Cl), en fluor (F), et en brome (Br)
La présente Norme européenne décrit la détermination du S, du Cl, du F et du Br dans les combustibles solides de récupération présentant des origines et des compositions diverses, après combustion dans une atmosphère en présence d’oxygène. Cette méthode s’applique à des concentrations supérieures à 0,025 g/kg, en fonction de l’élément et de la technique de détermination. Dans le cas du fluor, cette méthode est applicable à une concentration supérieure à 0,015 g/kg. Ces méthodes ne permettent pas de déterminer totalement les sulfates et halogénures insolubles présents dans l’échantillon d’origine ou produits au cours de l’étape de combustion. La présente Norme européenne apporte des recommandations concernant les méthodes normalisées de détermination des halogénures et sulfates dans la solution obtenue après combustion.
Trdna alternativna goriva - Metode za določevanje žvepla (S), klora (Cl), fluora (F) in broma (Br)
Ta evropski standard opredeljuje določevanje S, Cl, F in Br v trdnih alternativnih gorivih različnega izvora in sestave po zgorevanju v kisikovi atmosferi. Ta metoda velja za koncentracije nad 0,025 g/kg, odvisno od elementa in tehnike določevanja. Pri fluoru velja metoda za koncentracije nad 0,015 g/kg.
Netopnih halidov in sulfata, ki so prisotni v prvotnem vzorcu ali ki nastanejo med zgorevanjem, te metode ne določijo popolnoma.
Ta evropski standard zagotavlja priporočila v zvezi s standardiziranimi metodami za določevanje halidov in sulfata v raztopini, pridobljeni po zgorevanju.
General Information
Relations
Overview
EN 15408:2011 (CEN) defines standardized laboratory methods for determining sulphur (S), chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F) and bromine (Br) in solid recovered fuels (SRF). The method uses oxygen bomb combustion to convert organic and inorganic S/halogen compounds into soluble sulphate and halide species that are trapped in an absorbing solution and then quantified by appropriate analytical techniques. The standard applies above specified limits (typically ≥ 0,025 g/kg; fluorine ≥ 0,015 g/kg) and notes that insoluble halides and sulphate present in the original material or formed during combustion may not be fully recovered.
Key topics and technical requirements
- Scope & limits: Applicable to SRF of various origins for concentrations above the stated detection thresholds. Insoluble species may be incompletely determined.
- Principle: Oxygen combustion in a sealed bomb → trapping of F−, Cl−, Br− and SO4(2−) in absorbing solution (water or KOH 0.2 mol·L−1 when Cl > 1 % or Br is targeted) → analysis.
- Sample preparation:
- Laboratory sample preparation per EN 15413; target particle size ≤ 1 mm (finer for inhomogeneous samples).
- Typical test portion ≈ 1 g (adjust for instrument/system).
- Moisture correction per EN 15414‑3.
- Apparatus & reagents:
- Oxygen combustor (chlorine‑resistant bombs recommended), analytical balances, ion chromatograph, titration apparatus, ICP‑MS (preferred for Br), automatic S/Cl analyzers.
- High‑purity oxygen, grade‑1 water (EN ISO 3696), analytical‑grade reagents free of S/halogens.
- Analytical techniques:
- Ion chromatography (EN ISO 10304‑1) for Cl, F, Br, SO4.
- ICP‑MS (EN ISO 17294‑2) recommended for bromine due to multiple oxidation states.
- Titrimetry or automatic analyzers possible for certain analytes.
- Quality assurance:
- Use of certified reference materials (CRMs) and control mixtures to check trapping yields and method performance.
- Guidance on interferences (container materials, sample grinding contamination, Fe‑bound sulphur effects), calibration, performance characteristics, and reporting.
Applications and users
- Who uses it:
- Analytical laboratories performing SRF chemical characterization.
- SRF producers and quality control labs.
- Waste‑to‑energy / cement plants and boilers assessing fuel corrosion and emission risks.
- Environmental regulators and compliance testing organizations.
- Practical applications:
- Assessing halogen and sulphur loads to predict corrosion, fouling and emission behavior in combustion systems.
- Verifying SRF quality specifications for acceptance and co‑firing.
- Supporting emission control planning and regulatory reporting.
Related standards
- EN 15357 - SRF terminology and definitions
- EN 15413 - Preparation of test sample from laboratory sample
- EN 15414‑3 - Moisture determination for general analysis sample
- EN ISO 10304‑1 - Ion chromatography for anions
- EN ISO 17294‑2 - ICP‑MS for multi‑element analysis
- EN ISO 3696, ISO 9297, ISO 10359‑1 - supporting water/reagent and single‑analyte methods
Keywords: EN 15408:2011, solid recovered fuels, SRF, sulphur determination, chlorine analysis, fluorine measurement, bromine analysis, oxygen bomb combustion, ion chromatography, ICP‑MS, halides, sulphate.
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Gehaltes an Schwefel (S), Chlor (Cl), Fluor (F) und Brom (Br)Combustibles solides de récupération - Méthodes pour la détermination de la teneur en soufre (S), en chlore (Cl), en fluor (F), et en brome (Br)Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of sulphur (S), chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F) and bromine (Br) content75.160.10Trda gorivaSolid fuelsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 15408:2011SIST EN 15408:2011en,fr,de01-maj-2011SIST EN 15408:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST-TS CEN/TS 15408:20071DGRPHãþD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 15408
March 2011 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15408:2006English Version
Solid recovered fuels -Methods for the determination of sulphur (S), chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F) and bromine (Br) content
Combustibles solides de récupération - Méthodes pour la détermination de la teneur en soufre (S), en chlore (Cl), en fluor (F), et en brome (Br)
Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Gehaltes an Schwefel (S), Chlor (Cl), Fluor (F) und Brom (Br) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 January 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15408:2011: ESIST EN 15408:2011
Guidelines - Characteristics of the laboratory sample for chemical analysis of SRF . 12Annex B (informative)
Data on performance characteristics . 14Annex C (informative)
Major results of ruggedness testing . 17Bibliography . 18
1) To be published. SIST EN 15408:2011
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Frequently Asked Questions
EN 15408:2011 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Solid recovered fuels - Methods for the determination of sulphur (S), chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F) and bromine (Br) content". This standard covers: This European Standard specifies the determination of S, Cl, F and Br in solid recovered fuels of various origin and composition after combustion in oxygen atmosphere. This method is applicable for concentrations over 0,025 g/kg, depending on the element and on the determination technique. In the case of fluorine this method is applicable for concentration over 0,015 g/kg. Insoluble halides and sulphate present in the original sample or produced during the combustion step are not completely determined by these methods. This European Standard provides recommendations concerning standardised methods for determination of halides and sulphate in the solution obtained after combustion.
This European Standard specifies the determination of S, Cl, F and Br in solid recovered fuels of various origin and composition after combustion in oxygen atmosphere. This method is applicable for concentrations over 0,025 g/kg, depending on the element and on the determination technique. In the case of fluorine this method is applicable for concentration over 0,015 g/kg. Insoluble halides and sulphate present in the original sample or produced during the combustion step are not completely determined by these methods. This European Standard provides recommendations concerning standardised methods for determination of halides and sulphate in the solution obtained after combustion.
EN 15408:2011 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 75.160.10 - Solid fuels; 75.160.40 - Biofuels. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 15408:2011 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to CEN/TS 15408:2006. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
EN 15408:2011 is associated with the following European legislation: Standardization Mandates: M/325. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
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Die Norm EN 15408:2011 bietet eine präzise und umfassende Anleitung zur Bestimmung von Schwefel (S), Chlor (Cl), Fluor (F) und Brom (Br) in festen Ersatzbrennstoffen, die aus verschiedenen Quellen und mit unterschiedlichen Zusammensetzungen stammen. Die Anwendbarkeit der Methode ist auf Konzentrationen ab 0,025 g/kg für die genannten Elemente ausgelegt; für Fluor gilt eine minimale Konzentration von 0,015 g/kg. Dies stellt sicher, dass die Analyse auch bei geringeren Gehalten einen hohen Erfassungsgrad bietet. Ein wesentlicher Stärke der Norm liegt in ihrem strukturierten Ansatz zur Analyse von Stoffen, die typischerweise in festen Ersatzbrennstoffen vorkommen. Die Vorgabe, dass die Bestimmung in einer Sauerstoffatmosphäre nach der Verbrennung erfolgt, trägt zur Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse bei und ermöglicht eine einheitliche Durchführung der Analysen in unterschiedlichen Laboren. Darüber hinaus bietet die EN 15408:2011 wertvolle Empfehlungen für standardisierte Methoden zur Bestimmung von Haliden und Sulfat in der Lösung, die nach der Verbrennung erhalten wird. Dies ist von großer Bedeutung, da die Klarheit in der Methodik dafür sorgt, dass die Ergebnisse zwischen verschiedenen Labors und Studien vergleichbar sind, was wiederum die Relevanz für die Industrie und Forschung erhöht. Die Norm berücksichtigt auch die Limitationen, indem sie darauf hinweist, dass unlösliche Halide und Sulfat, die im Originalmaterial vorhanden sind oder während des Verbrennungsprozesses entstehen, nicht vollständig erfasst werden. Dies ermöglicht eine realistische Einschätzung der Grenzen der Methode und trägt zur transparenten Kommunikation über die Analysemethoden und deren Ergebnisse bei. Insgesamt ist die EN 15408:2011 nicht nur ein wichtiges Dokument für die analytische Chemie, sondern unterstützt auch die Standardisierung in der Industrie, indem sie qualitativ hochwertige und zuverlässige Methoden zur Bestimmung von Schadstoffen in festen Ersatzbrennstoffen bereitstellt. Dies ist besonders relevant im Kontext der Umweltüberwachung und der Regulierung, wo präzise Daten über die Emission von schädlichen Substanzen erforderlich sind.
Le document normatif SIST EN 15408:2011 traite des méthodes de détermination du soufre (S), du chlore (Cl), du fluor (F) et du brome (Br) dans les combustibles solides récupérés. Ce standard européen a un champ d'application important, car il définit les méthodes pertinentes pour l'analyse des éléments mentionnés dans des combustibles de diverses origines et compositions après combustion dans une atmosphère d'oxygène. L'un des principaux atouts de la norme EN 15408:2011 est sa capacité à traiter des concentrations d'éléments par-dessus 0,025 g/kg, adaptant ainsi les méthodes selon la technique de détermination choisie. Pour le fluor, la norme permet une concentration minimale de 0,015 g/kg, ce qui assure une flexibilité lors de la mise en œuvre des méthodes de mesure. Ce seuil garantit que les résultats sont significatifs pour les combustibles solides récupérés de différents types. De plus, cette norme fournit des recommandations précieuses sur les méthodes standardisées pour la détermination des halogènes et des sulfates dans la solution obtenue après combustion. Bien que la norme reconnaisse que les halures insolubles et les sulfates présents dans l’échantillon original ne sont pas entièrement déterminés, elle propose des lignes directrices qui encouragent l'utilisation de méthodologies adaptées, garantissant ainsi la fiabilité des résultats. La pertinence de la norme EN 15408:2011 est indéniable, notamment dans le cadre d'une gestion durable des déchets et des combustibles, et son application contribue à une meilleure compréhension des impacts environnementaux potentiels liés à l'utilisation de combustibles solides récupérés. Ce standard s'inscrit dans une démarche plus large de contrôle de la qualité et de conformité aux exigences réglementaires en matière de pollution et de sécurité environnementale. Ainsi, le SIST EN 15408:2011 offre un cadre rigoureux et pratique pour l'analyse chimique des combustibles solides récupérés, ce qui le rend essentiel pour les laboratoires d'analyse, les producteurs de combustibles, et les organismes de réglementation cherchant à maintenir des standards élevés dans l'industrie.
標準化文書SIST EN 15408:2011は、固体回収燃料における硫黄（S）、塩素（Cl）、フッ素（F）、および臭素（Br）含有量の測定方法について規定しています。この欧州標準は、酸素雰囲気下での燃焼後に状態を確認するための手法を提供し、異なる起源や組成を持つ固体回収燃料に対して適用可能です。 この標準の強みは、特定の元素の濃度が0.025 g/kgを超える場合に適用できる測定方法を示すことにあります。フッ素に関しては、濃度が0.015 g/kgを超える場合に適用されます。これにより、固体回収燃料における有害物質の管理が容易になり、環境保護の観点からも重要な役割を果たします。また、火力発電や燃料加工業界において、適切な材料選定やプロセス管理が可能になり、法令遵守や品質向上に寄与するでしょう。 ただし、本標準においては、元のサンプルに存在する不溶性ハロゲン化物や硫酸塩、または燃焼過程で生成される物質は完全には測定されません。この点に関しては、特定の状況で補足的な分析が必要となる可能性がありますが、全体としてSIST EN 15408:2011は、固体回収燃料の成分分析において信頼性の高い基準を提供しており、その適用範囲は非常に広いです。 この標準は、環境規制が厳格化する中での持続可能なエネルギー利用のための重要な手段となり得るため、その関連性はますます高まっています。標準化された測定方法を通じて、業界全体における環境影響の軽減が期待されます。
The EN 15408:2011 standard provides a comprehensive framework for the determination of sulphur (S), chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F), and bromine (Br) content in solid recovered fuels. This European Standard is particularly relevant in today’s environmental context, where monitoring and managing emissions from solid fuels is imperative for ensuring compliance with ecological regulations. The scope of this standard clearly delineates its applicability to a wide range of solid recovered fuels, regardless of their origin and composition. The ability to analyze these elements after combustion in an oxygen atmosphere is a significant strength, as it allows for the accurate quantification of potentially harmful substances in fuels. This is crucial for industries aiming to minimize their environmental footprint and adhere to strict environmental standards. One notable strength of EN 15408:2011 is its provision for specific concentration thresholds for each element, which facilitates precise measurements that are relevant in practical scenarios. For instance, the standardized method allows for the determination of concentrations greater than 0.025 g/kg for sulphur, chlorine, and bromine, and over 0.015 g/kg for fluorine. This specificity enhances the reliability of results, ensuring that users can detect and manage these elements appropriately. Furthermore, the standard addresses the limitations involving the determination of insoluble halides and sulphate present in the original sample or formed during the combustion process. By providing recommendations on standardised methods for measuring these compounds in the solution obtained after combustion, the EN 15408:2011 reinforces its relevance as a practical guide for laboratory and industrial applications. In conclusion, the EN 15408:2011 standard is a vital document that plays an essential role in the responsible management of solid recovered fuels. Its detailed methodology and clear applicability make it an important tool for ensuring compliance with environmental regulations and enhancing the sustainability of fuel management practices.
SIST EN 15408:2011 표준 문서는 고형 회수 연료에서 황(S), 염소(Cl), 플루오르(F), 브로민(Br) 함량을 결정하는 방법을 규정하고 있습니다. 이 표준의 범위는 다양한 원산지와 조성을 가진 고형 회수 연료의 연소 후 산소 분위기에서 이루어지는 측정 방법에 대한 명세를 포함하고 있습니다. 이 표준의 강점 중 하나는 0.025 g/kg 이상의 농도에서 이러한 요소들을 결정할 수 있다는 것입니다. 플루오르의 경우는 농도가 0.015 g/kg 이상일 때 적용 가능한 방법이 명시되어 있어, 다양한 농도에서 측정의 유연성을 제공하고 있습니다. 이러한 기준은 고형 회수 연료의 품질을 평가하는 데 있어 매우 중요하며, 특히 환경에 미치는 영향을 최소화하는 데 기여할 수 있습니다. SIST EN 15408:2011은 또한 연소 과정에서 생성되거나 원래 샘플에 존재하는 불용성 할로겐과 황산염의 완전한 결정이 이루어지지 않음을 명시하고 있습니다. 이는 연구자와 기술자들에게 이 표준의 한계를 명확히 전달하며, 필요 시 추가적인 분석 방법을 고려할 수 있도록 안내하고 있습니다. 결국, 이 유럽 표준은 고형 회수 연료의 화학적 분석에 있어 신뢰성과 일관성을 높이는 데 기여하며, 이를 통해 산업 및 환경 규준의 준수를 도울 수 있습니다. 고형 회수 연료와 관련된 연구 및 개발에 있어서 SIST EN 15408:2011의 실용성과 관련성은 매우 높습니다.
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