EN 14024:2023
(Main)Metal profiles with thermal barrier - Mechanical performance - Requirements, proof and tests for assessment
Metal profiles with thermal barrier - Mechanical performance - Requirements, proof and tests for assessment
This document specifies requirements for assessment of the mechanical strength of metal profiles incorporating a thermal barrier having mechanical performance depending on their intended use.
It also specifies the tests to determine the characteristic values of mechanical properties of the thermal barrier profile and to assess the effect of different conditionings of the thermal barrier on the mechanical performance of the connection.
This document does not apply to thermal barriers which do not give a contribution to the mechanical resistance of the profiles.
This document is applicable to thermal barrier profiles designed mainly for windows, doors, screens and curtain walls.
This document does not apply to thermal barriers made only of metal profiles connected with metal pins or screws.
This current edition of EN 14024 will supersede EN 14024:2004. Differences in test procedures between the two versions will not lead to significant differences in test results. Therefore, existing test results according to EN 14024:2004 are considered as equivalent to new test results according to the current edition of EN 14024.
Metallprofile mit thermischer Trennung - Mechanisches Leistungsverhalten - Anforderungen, Nachweis und Prüfungen für die Beurteilung
Dieses Dokument legt die Anforderungen an die Beurteilung der mechanischen Festigkeit von Metallprofilen mit thermischer Trennung fest, deren mechanisches Leistungsverhalten von ihrem bestimmungsgemäßen Gebrauch abhängt.
Es legt auch die Prüfungen zur Bestimmung der charakteristischen Werte von mechanischen Eigenschaften des Metallprofils mit thermischer Trennung und die Beurteilung der Auswirkungen verschiedener Konditionierungen der thermischen Trennung auf das mechanische Leistungsverhalten der Verbindung fest.
Dieses Dokument ist nicht anwendbar für thermische Trennungen, die keinen Beitrag zur mechanischen Festigkeit der Profile leisten.
Dieses Dokument ist anwendbar für Metallprofile mit thermischer Trennung, die hauptsächlich für Fenster, Türen, zusammengesetzte Elemente und Vorhangfassaden vorgesehen sind.
Dieses Dokument ist nicht anwendbar für thermische Trennungen, die nur aus mit Metallstiften oder Schrauben verbundenen Metallprofilen hergestellt sind.
Diese aktuelle Version von EN 14024 ersetzt EN 14024:2004. Unterschiede bei den Prüfverfahren zwischen den beiden Versionen führen zu keinen signifikanten Unterschieden bei den Prüfergebnissen. Daher werden vorhandene Prüfergebnisse nach EN 14024:2004 als gleichwertig zu neuen Prüfergebnissen nach der aktuellen Ausgabe von EN 14024 angesehen.
Profilés métalliques à rupture de pont thermique - Performances mécaniques - Exigences, preuve et essais pour évaluation
Le présent document spécifie les exigences pour l’évaluation de la résistance mécanique des profilés métalliques à rupture de pont thermique présentant des performances mécaniques qui dépendent de l’utilisation prévue.
Il spécifie également les essais destinés à déterminer les valeurs caractéristiques des propriétés mécaniques des profilés à rupture de pont thermique et à évaluer l’effet de différentes mises en condition dans l’enceinte d’essai de la coupure thermique sur les performances mécaniques de la liaison.
Le présent document ne s’applique pas aux coupures thermiques qui ne contribuent pas à la résistance mécanique des profilés.
Le présent document s'applique aux profilés a ruptures de pont thermique conçus principalement pour les fenêtres, les portes, les ensembles menuisés et façades-rideaux.
Le présent document ne s'applique pas aux coupures thermiques constituées uniquement de profilés métalliques reliés par des liaisons métalliques ponctuelles ou des vis.
Cette édition actuelle de l'EN 14024 remplacera l'EN 14024:2004. Les différences dans les procédures de test entre les deux versions n'entraîneront pas de différences significatives dans les résultats des tests. Par conséquent, les résultats des tests existants selon EN 14024:2004 sont considérés comme équivalents aux nouveaux résultats d'essai selon la norme actuelle édition de EN 14024.
Kovinski profili s prekinjenim toplotnim mostom - Mehanske lastnosti - Zahteve, izračuni in preskušanja
Ta dokument določa zahteve za ocenjevanje mehanske trdnosti kovinskih profilov s prekinjenim toplotnim mostom, ki imajo mehanske lastnosti, odvisne od njihove predvidene uporabe.
Določa tudi preskuse za ugotavljanje značilnih vrednosti mehanskih lastnosti profila prekinjenega toplotnega mosta in za ocenjevanje vpliva različnih vrst prekinjenih toplotnih mostov na mehanske lastnosti povezave.
Prekinjeni toplotni mostovi, ki ne prispevajo k mehanski odpornosti profilov, so iz tega dokumenta izključeni.
Ta dokument se uporablja za profile s prekinjenim toplotnim mostom, ki so zasnovani zlasti za okna, vrata, pregradne stene in obešene fasade. Ne uporablja se za prekinjene toplotne mostove, izdelane samo iz kovinskih profilov, ki so povezani s kovinskimi zatiči ali vijaki.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2023
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 14024:2005
Kovinski profili s prekinjenim toplotnim mostom - Mehanske lastnosti - Zahteve,
izračuni in preskušanja
Metal profiles with thermal barrier - Mechanical performance - Requirements, proof and
tests for assessment
Metallprofile mit thermischer Trennung - Mechanisches Leistungsverhalten -
Anforderungen, Nachweis und Prüfungen für die Beurteilung
Profilés métalliques à rupture de pont thermique - Performances mécaniques -
Exigences, preuve et essais pour évaluation
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 14024:2023
ICS:
91.060.10 Stene. Predelne stene. Walls. Partitions. Facades
Fasade
91.060.50 Vrata in okna Doors and windows
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 14024
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
July 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 91.060.10; 91.060.50 Supersedes EN 14024:2004
English Version
Metal profiles with thermal barrier - Mechanical
performance - Requirements, proof and tests for
assessment
Profilés métalliques à rupture de pont thermique - Metallprofile mit thermischer Trennung -
Performances mécaniques - Exigences, preuve et essais Mechanisches Leistungsverhalten - Anforderungen,
pour évaluation Nachweis und Prüfungen für die Beurteilung
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 12 June 2023.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 14024:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 6
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 12
5 Requirements . 16
5.1 General . 16
5.2 Thermal barrier with mechanical functions . 17
5.3 Mechanical resistance . 18
5.4 Static proof . 21
6 Tests . 21
6.1 General . 21
6.1.1 Test specimens . 21
6.1.2 Test temperature . 21
6.1.3 Mechanical test equipment . 21
6.1.4 Pre-test conditioning . 21
6.2 Effects of different conditionings of the thermal barrier on the mechanical
performances of the connection . 22
6.2.1 Generalities . 22
6.2.2 Performance after immersion in water . 22
6.2.3 Performance after exposure to humidity . 22
6.2.4 Testing for brittleness . 22
6.2.5 Testing of the creep factor under constant shear load . 23
6.2.6 Testing of the creep factor under constant transverse tensile load . 23
6.2.7 Performance after exposure to UV radiation (if applicable) . 23
6.2.8 Testing for tensile cracks . 24
6.3 Transverse tensile strength (Q) . 24
6.3.1 Test specimens . 24
6.3.2 Test procedure . 25
6.3.3 Evaluation . 26
6.4 Shear strength and elasticity constant (T, c) . 26
6.4.1 Test specimens . 26
6.4.2 Test procedure . 27
6.4.3 Result types of systems with mechanical design system type A . 28
6.4.4 Test flow . 30
6.4.5 Special cases . 30
6.4.6 Evaluation . 33
6.5 Ageing . 34
6.5.1 General . 34
6.5.2 Method 1 = M1 . 34
6.5.3 Method 2 = M2 . 35
6.5.4 Method 3 = M3 . 37
6.6 Characteristic values . 38
6.6.1 Transverse tensile strength . 38
6.6.2 Characteristic shear strength . 38
6.6.3 Elasticity constant . 38
6.6.4 Residual deformation Δh for M1 and deformation f for M2. 38
6.6.5 Ageing effect, creep factor φ under constant shear load . 38
c,s
6.6.6 Ageing effect, creep factor φ under constant transverse tensile load . 39
c,t
6.6.7 Combined shear and tensile stress, design-factor γ . 39
Rd
6.7 Test report . 39
6.7.1 General . 39
6.7.2 Test report on effects of different conditionings of the thermal barrier on the
mechanical performances of the connection . 40
6.7.3 Test report on the mechanical resistance of the profile . 40
Annex A (informative) Static proof . 42
A.1 Actions . 42
A.2 Profiles without shear connection (type C). 43
A.2.1 Flexural stress . 43
A.2.2 Transverse tensile strength . 45
A.2.3 Deflection. 45
A.2.3.1 Maximum limits on frontal deflection . 47
A.2.3.2 In plane deflection . 47
A.3 Profiles with shear connection (types A and B). 47
A.3.1 General . 47
A.3.2 Metal profile sections . 48
A.3.3 Shear strength of the thermal barrier . 48
A.3.4 Transverse strength of the thermal barrier . 49
A.3.5 Deflection. 49
Annex B (informative) Extension of characteristic data for profile design . 50
B.1 General . 50
B.2 Shear strength T and transverse tensile strength Q . 50
B.3 Elasticity constant c, creep factor φ . 50
c,s
Annex C (informative) Effective momentum of inertia of metal profiles with thermal barrier . 52
Annex D (informative) Simple products which typically do not need a static proof by
calculation . 60
D.1 General . 60
D.2 Simple product definition . 60
D.3 Mechanical properties . 61
D.3.1 General . 61
D.3.2 Condition 1 . 61
D.3.3 Condition 2 . 61
D.4 Static proof . 62
Bibliography . 63
European foreword
This document (EN 14024:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 33 “Doors,
windows, shutters, building hardware and curtain walling”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2024, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by January 2024.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 14024:2004.
The main changes compared to the previous edition EN 14024:2004 are:
— new geometric design types have been introduced;
— the distinction between the two “Use categories” "W" and "CW" has been superseded by one category
that includes both windows (W) and curtain walls (CW);
— revision of the clauses dealing with testing and test sequence;
— new Annex D dealing with simple products which typically do not need a static proof by calculation;
— inclusion of FEM analysis for specific non-symmetric profiles, as alternative validated method for
static proof;
— Annex A: introduction of the semi-probabilistic approach in regard of static proof;
— Annex C: introduction of a full set of formulae to determine the maximal cross-section loads, contact
shear strength and mid-span deformation for a simply supported beam loaded with a uniformly
distributed load and subjected to a uniformly distributed temperature load.
Thermal barrier profiles are used in various fields of applications and demand a differing assessment of
their mechanical performance depending on their intended use.
This document deals with the general field of application: profiles in windows, doors and façades.
In the design process, the safety aspect is part of national competency. For this reason, the definition of
specific products that normally do not require tests or proof by calculation for the determination of
mechanical properties, is a task of national specifications. This document applies when national
specifications require tests or proof by calculation to determine the characteristic values of mechanical
properties of the thermal barrier profile and to assess the suitability of the thermal barrier material.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the United
Kingdom.
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements for assessment of the mechanical strength of metal profiles
incorporating a thermal barrier having mechanical performance depending on their intended use.
It also specifies the tests to determine the characteristic values of mechanical properties of the thermal
barrier profile and to assess the effect of different conditionings of the thermal barrier on the mechanical
performance of the connection.
This document does not apply to thermal barriers which do not give a contribution to the mechanical
resistance of the profiles.
This document is applicable to thermal barrier profiles designed mainly for windows, doors, screens and
curtain walls.
This document does not apply to thermal barriers made only of metal profiles connected with metal pins
or screws.
This current edition of EN 14024 will supersede EN 14024:2004. Differences in test procedures between
the two versions will not lead to significant differences in test results. Therefore, existing test results
according to EN 14024:2004 are considered as equivalent to new test results according to the current
edition of EN 14024.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12519, Windows and pedestrian doors — Terminology
EN 14351-1, Windows and doors — Product standard, performance characteristics — Part 1: Windows and
external pedestrian doorsets
EN 16759:2021, Bonded glazing for doors, windows and curtain walling — Verification of mechanical
performance of bonding
EN ISO 4892-2, Plastics — Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources — Part 2: Xenon-arc lamps (ISO
4892-2)
EN ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials — Calibration and verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part
1: Tension/compression testing machines — Calibration and verification of the force-measuring system (ISO
7500-1)
EN ISO 22088-3, Plastics — Determination of resistance to environmental stress cracking (ESC) — Part 3:
Bent strip method (ISO 22088-3)
EN ISO 22088-4, Plastics — Determination of resistance to environmental stress cracking (ESC) — Part 4:
Ball or pin impression method (ISO 22088-4)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply / the terms and definitions
given in EN 12519 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
thermal barrier profile
profile composed of two or more metal sections connected by at least one thermally insulating (non-
metallic) part
Note 1 to entry: The thermal barrier contributes to load transmission.
3.2
temperature categories
two temperature categories are defined and to be chosen according to the intended use (see Table 1)
Table 1 — Temperature categories and test temperature
Temperature category Low test temperature LT High test temperature HT
TC1 (−10 ± 2) °C (70 ± 3) °C
TC2 (−20 ± 2) °C (80 ± 3) °C
Note 1 to entry: Temperature category TC2 includes Temperature category TC1.
Note 2 to entry: When specifically required (i.e. by the local climatic conditions or for specific
application/project), voluntary tests can be carried out at adapted temperatures (LT and HT).
3.3
mechanical design systems
see Figure 1
Key
1 thermal barrier
2 metal
(a) Type A system
(b) Type B system
(c) Type C system
Figure 1 — Schematic diagram of mechanical design systems
3.3.1
Type A system
system which is designed to transfer shear and in which shear failure will not reduce significantly the
transverse tensile strength
3.3.2
Type B system
system which is designed to transfer shear and in which shear failure will negatively impair the
transverse tensile strength
Note 1 to entry: E.g.: resin or foam poured into the gap between the two metal sections and hardened only by
chemical reaction (Figure 2 a)) or flat strips of thermal barrier, only glued into the metal grooves (Figure 2 b)).
a) b)
Figure 2 — Examples of mechanical design systems Type B
3.3.3
Type C system
system for which the shear transfer is not taken into account
3.4
geometric design types
the following classification can be applied for thermal barrier profiles designed for windows, doors,
curtain walls and their secondary parts
3.4.1
Type 1 profile
profile in which the thermal barrier is symmetrically loaded (see Figure 3), e.g. thermal barrier profile
used in stick systems of curtain walls, symmetrically loaded (Figure 3 (a.1))
Key
1 thermal barrier profile
2 glass pane
3 line load
4 mechanical design system type B
Figure 3 — Examples of geometric design type 1 (symmetrically loaded profile)
3.4.2
Type 2 profile
profile in which the thermal barrier is nearly symmetrically loaded, i.e. the eccentricity of the load α = a/b
does not exceed the value of 5 (see Figure 4), e.g. thermal barrier profile used in unitized systems of
curtain walls, nearly symmetrically loaded (Figure 4 (c.1))
Key
1 thermal barrier profile
2 glass pane
3 line load
4 mechanical design system type B
5 connection having no mechanical performances or no thermal barrier function (excluded from this
document)
Figure 4 — Examples of geometric design type 2 (nearly symmetrically loaded profiles with
eccentricity α = a/b ≤ 5)
Note 1 to entry: 5 mm is the reasonable distance, depending on the thermal barrier profile system, between the
end of the profile and the central line of the groove (i.e. the foot of the gaskets).
3.4.3
Type 3 profile
profile in which the thermal barrier is asymmetrically loaded (see Figure 5), i.e. all profiles not covered
by type 1 and type 2 with the resulting load parallel to the axis of the thermal barrier
Figure 5 — Examples of geometric design type 3 (asymmetrically loaded profiles with
eccentricity α = a/b > 5)
3.4.4
Type 4 profile
profiles in which the resulting load is not parallel to the axis of the thermal barrier (e.g. non-
symmetrically loaded profiles, see Figure 6). These geometric design types are not covered by this
standard. The test method for some of these profiles are described in EN 16759:2021, Annex F. For non-
symmetric profiles not covered by EN 16759, specific testing and/or a FEM analysis is required
Figure 6 — Examples of geometric design type 4 (non-symmetrically loaded profiles)
For type 4, it is recommended to carry out a specific test simulating the real application of the load, since
the behaviour of the profile depends on the way the profile is clamped and loaded.
4 Symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviations apply.
A 2
1 Area of the metal section 1 [mm ]
A 2
2 Area of the metal section 2 [mm ]
Ao Cross-section area of profile shell n°1
Aq Parameter for the calculation of the normal stresses σ for a uniformly distributed
q
load
A Parameter for the calculation of the normal stresses σ for a uniformly distributed
T T
ΔT
Au Cross-section area of profile shell n°2
a The lever arm of the acting moment measured from the centre line of (b) and the
centre point of the load application area [mm]
b The smallest dimension of the lever arm of the resistant moment of the thermal
barrier [mm]
B Parameter for the calculation of the maximal shear strength T for a simply
q q
supported beam with uniformly distributed load q
c 2
Elasticity constant [N/mm ]
C Measure of the effect of the elastic connection
C Limiting design value of the relevant serviceability criterion
d
C Parameter for the calculation of the mid-span deflection w for the uniformly
q q
distributed load
C Parameter for the calculation of the mid-span deflection w for the uniformly
T T
distributed ΔT
E 2
Module of elasticity (i.e. Young module) [N/mm ]
E Effect of the action(s)
d
E Design value of the effect of the action(s), expressed as calculated stress, caused by
ULS;d
action(s) at the ultimate limit state
E Design value of the effect of the action(s), expressed as calculated stress, caused by
SLS;d
action(s) at the serviceability limit state
E {F } Calculation of the effect of the serviceability limit state design value
SLS;d
E {F } Calculation of the effect of the ultimate limit state design value
ULS;d
f Remaining deformation after artificial ageing, method 2 [mm]
F Force [N]
F Design value of the action
d
F Serviceability limit state design value of a single action or of a combination of
SLS;d
actions
F Ultimate limit state design value of a single action or of a combination of actions.
ULS;d
FEM Numerical simulation analysis
G Value of self-weight load
GC Gravity centre of the compound profile
GC Gravity centre of profile shell n°1
o
GC Gravity centre of profile shell n°2
u
h Initial height of the thermal barrier as the smallest distance between the metal
sections in correspondence of the clamping point of the thermal barriers. See Figure
3, Figure 4 and Figure 5
I Moment of inertia of the metal section 1
I Moment of inertia of the metal section 2
I 4
eff Effective moment of inertia [mm ]
I Moment of inertia of the loose compound
l
I Second moment of area of profile shell n° 1
o
I Moment of inertia of the rigid compound
r
I Second moment of area of a profile shell n° 2
u
I 4
s Rigid moment of inertia [mm ]
l Length of the test specimen [mm]
L Span of the framing member [mm]
M Maximal bending moment that for a simply supported beam with uniformly
q
distributed load q
M Maximal bending moment that for a simply supported beam with uniformly
T
distributed temperature load
PA Polyamide
PU Polyurethanes
PPE Polyphenylene ether
q Uniformly distributed load
Q Transverse tensile strength [N/mm]
Q Value of the single action or dominant action
k,1
Q Values of the actions which are not dominant
k,i
Q Design transverse tensile strength [N/mm]
des
Q Parameter for the calculation of the maximal shear strength T for a simply
q q
supported beam with uniformly distributed load q
R Characteristic value of the resistance to the actions
C
R Design value of the resistance to the actions
d
s Standard deviation of the series under consideration
SLS Service Limit State
ULS Ultimate Limit State
T Shear strength [N/mm]
T Maximal shear strength for a simply supported beam with uniformly distributed
q
load q
T Maximal shear strength for a simply supported beam with uniformly distributed ΔT
T
TC1 Temperature category 1
TC2 Temperature category 2
t Thickness of the metallic wall
m
t Thickness of the thermal barrier
b
w Allowable deflection
d
w Maximum deflection calculated for the design load
max
w Mid-span deflection for the uniformly distributed load
q
w Mid-span deflection for the uniformly distributed ΔT
T
x Coordinate related to the gravity centre of the both shells
x Coordinate related to the gravity centre of the shell and the compound profile
o
x Coordinate related to the gravity centre of the shell and the compound profile
u
z Coordinate related to the surface area above of profile shell n° 1
oo
z Coordinate related to the surface area below of profile shell n° 1
ou
z Coordinate related to the surface area above of profile shell n° 2
uo
z Coordinate related to the surface area below of profile shell n° 2
uu
Δh Remaining deformation after artificial ageing, method 1 [mm]
ΔF Increase of the load [N]
ΔT Temperature differences [K]
Δδ Displacement [mm]
λ
Parameter depending on the geometry of the profile section, the elasticity constant
c of the thermal barrier and the modulus of elasticity E of the metal and also on the
span of the framing member L
α Eccentricity of the load application, calculated as "a/b"
v
Compound part of the rigid moment of inertia
φ Creep factor under shear load
c,s
NOTE the corresponding symbol in accordance with EN 14024:2004 was: A
φ Creep factor under transversal load
c,t
γ Partial factor for permanent, also accounting for model uncertainties and
G
dimensional variations
γ Partial safety factor of the material
m
γ Partial safety factor of the material that takes into account also the kind of
M
connection and not only the material property (γ )
m
γ Partial factor for variable actions, also accounting for model uncertainties and
Q
dimensional variations
γ Design factor for type B
Rd
NOTE The corresponding symbol in accordance with EN 14024:2004 was: A
σ Maximum stress calculated for the design load
max
σ Normal stresses in the outer fibres of the two external metal profiles and in the
q
contact area with the thermal barrier, for a simply supported beam with a uniformly
distributed load q
σ Normal stresses in the outer fibres of the two external metal profiles and in the
T
contact area with the thermal barrier, for a simply supported beam subjected to an
even temperature load ΔT
ψ Combination factors for the actions
ψ Combination factors for the actions which are not dominant
0,i
ψ Partial factor for a frequent value of a variable action
ψ Combination factor for a quasi-permanent value of a variable action
ψ Combination factor for a quasi-permanent value of a variable action
2,i
For the purposes of this document, the following indexes apply.
Characteristic value which has a 95 % chance of being exceeded based on a normal
c
distribution with 75 % confidence
d Design value
HT High temperature
LT Low temperature
M1 After artificial ageing, method 1
M2 After artificial ageing, method 2
M3 After artificial ageing, method 3
Max. Maximum
mean Mean value
N New, before artificial ageing
Req. Required
RT Room temperature
5 Requirements
5.1 General
Thermal barrier profiles shall be assessed through transverse tensile and shear tests, according to testing
methods described in Clause 6. Values to be assessed for different profile types are specified in Table 2.
For assessing the shear related to the thermal barrier systems, three types A, B and C systems (see 3.3)
shall be distinguished.
Because of the intrinsic robustness of type A system, shear and tensile strengths may be considered
independently, whereas type B system requires the assessment of shear and tensile strengths together.
The transverse tensile strength of type A system and type C system shall be determined after shear
failure. For type C system only the transverse tensile strength shall be determined, no shear strength and
elasticity constant will be given.
This document doesn’t cover thermal barrier supporting permanent loads except the following ones:
a) the transversal tensile load created by conventional gaskets and glazing seals;
b) for the type A and B systems mechanical designs, the vertical shear load created by the mechanical
transfer of the infill panel self-weight from the horizontal profiles to the vertical ones (see Figure 7).
Key
1 self-weight of infill element
2 mechanical means (mechanical edge connection)
3 transferred self-weight
a) horizontal profile section
b) front view of a frame
Figure 7 — Transfer of the self-weight of the infill element to the vertical profile by mechanical
means
For different and specific load cases not covered by EN 16759, validated numerical simulation analysis
(FEM), other validated calculation methods, specific or direct testing may be required. All applied testing
or calculation methods shall be based on reliable static theory or directly validated for the specific
application.
5.2 Thermal barrier with mechanical functions
Thermal barrier composed of non-metallic materials, e.g. PA or PU based systems or improved synthetic
materials, shall be tested in accordance with 6.2.
The aim of the test procedures is to assess the thermal barrier material independently of the shape of the
thermal barrier and of the profile design, ensuring a material-related failure of the thermal barrier.
Materials used for the thermal barrier shall conform to the following requirements:
a) the reduction of the characteristic value of transverse tensile strength after immersion in water (see
6.2.2) shall not exceed 30 % of the initial value;
b) the reduction of the characteristic value of transverse tensile strength after exposure to humidity (see
6.2.3) shall not exceed 30 % of the initial value;
c) the decrease of the characteristic value of transverse tensile strength during exposure to a sudden
stress (see 6.2.4) shall not exceed 30 % of the initial value;
d) determination of the creep factor under shear load (see 6.2.5).
If no results from previous tests are available, φ = 1,2 can be used as a reference value in case of a
c,s
thermal barrier made of polyamide 66 with 25 % glass-fibres (PA 66 GF 25) and a density
≥ 0,9 g/cm , when the methodology of the connection follows B.2 Example 1.
In case of new methods of connecting the two metal parts with the thermal barrier, or in case of a
new or another material of the thermal barrier, the aging coefficient φ shall be determined by
c,s
evaluation in accordance with 6.6.5;
e) determination of the creep factor under transversal load (see 6.2.6).
If no results from previous tests are available, φ = 1,5 can be used as a reference value in case of a
c,t
thermal barrier made of polyamide 66 with 25 % glass-fibres (PA 66 GF 25) and a density
≥ 0,9 g/cm , when the methodology of the connection follows B.2 Example 1.
In case of new methods of connecting the two metal parts with the thermal barrier, or in case of a
new or another material of the thermal barrier, the creep factor φ shall be determined by
c,t
evaluation in accordance with 6.6.6;
f) customary chemical media, which possibly have contact to the thermal barrier, like window and
facade cleaning agents or cutting and drilling oils shall not cause additional or increased tensile
cracks during storage in the agents (see 6.2.8);
g) the reduction of the characteristic value of transverse tensile strength after exposure to UV radiation
(see 6.2.7) should not exceed 30 % of the initial value.
NOTE Due to the current limited experience, this criterion is a recommendation and not a requirement.
The performance of the material used for the thermal barrier according to the above-mentioned
requirements, shall be at least proven once before this material is used for a thermal barrier.
New or recurring tests are not required as long as the material and the production process of the thermal
barrier remains the same type.
The material related tests are valid for any metal profile with thermal barrier provided B.2 (the first two
bullets) Annex B are verified.
5.3 Mechanical resistance
Depending on the requirements specified by the design process (e.g. performances required to the
thermal barrier profile, loads, etc.) and the geometry type of the thermal barrier system, the mechanical
properties of the profile to be evaluated by testing are listed in Table 2.
The mechanical resistance of the profile shall be evaluated:
— when no previous test verifying the Annex B (B.2 and B.3) are available, or
— according the requirements related to the design process (i.e. cases where the geometry, loads or the
complexity of the design require a complete and sophisticated analysis).
For simple application cases as specified D.2 the full range of test given in Table 2 is not required. Only
use requirements according to product standard EN 14351-1 shall be assessed. This includes the
evaluation of deflection at the serviceability limit state and an estimation of the product quality to avoid
inconveniences over time.
Table 2 — Mechanical properties to be evaluated by testing
Mechanical design systems Test method
Geometric design Type 1 and Type 2
(symmetrically or nearly symmetrically loaded profiles)
A Proof according to 5.4
M1 M1 M1
(Q ; Q ; Q ) and/or
c LT c HT c RT
M2
(Q )
c RT
N N N
(T ; T ; T );
c LT c RT c HT
M3 M2
(T ) and/or (T )
c RT c RT
N N N
(c ; c ; c )
c LT c RT c HT
φ ; φ
c,s c,t
Δh and/or f
c c
Figure 8 — Schematic diagram of
mechanical design systems Type A
(see also Figure 1)
B Proof according to 5.4
M1 M1 M1
(Q ; Q ; Q ) and/or
c LT c HT c RT
M2
(Q )
c RT
N N N
(T ; T ; T );
c LT c RT c HT
M3 M2
(T ) and/or (T )
c RT c RT
N N N
(c ; c ; c )
c LT c RT c HT
γ ; φ ; φ
Rd c,s c,t
Δh and/or f
Figure 9 — Schematic diagram of c c
mechanical design systems Type B
(see also Figure 1)
C Proof according to 5.4
M1 M1 M1
(Q ; Q ; Q ) and/or
c LT c HT c RT
M2
(Q )
c RT
Δh and/or f
c c
Figure 10 — Schematic diagram of
mechanical design systems Type C
(see also Figure 1)
Geometric design Type 3 (asymmetrically loaded profiles): additional mechanical
performance that shall be evaluated by testing, compared to design Type 1 and Type 2
Mechanical design systems Test method
A M2
Q
c RT
N M2 M3
T ; T ; T
c RT c RT c RT
N N N
c ; c ; c
c LT c RT c HT
φ ; φ
c,s c,t
f
c
Figure 11 — Schematic diagram of
mechanical design systems Type A
(see also Figure 1)
B M2
Q
c RT
N M2 M3
T ; T ; T
c RT c RT c RT
N N N
c ; c ; c
c LT c RT c HT
γ ; φ ; φ
Rd c,s c,t
f
c
Figure 12 — Schematic diagram of
mechanical design systems Type B
(see also Figure 1)
C M2
Q
c RT
f
c
Figure 13 — Schematic diagram of
mechanical design systems Type C
(see also Figure 1)
Geometric design Type 4 (non-symmetrically loaded profiles)
A, B, C Not covered by this document
5.4 Static proof
Thermal barrier profiles shall be statically assessed. Calculations are based on the acknowledged
provisions and technology concerned in accordance with Annex A and may be performed in accordance
with Annex C or any other appropriate and validated methods (e.g. FEM analysis or testing).
Provided that the Annex B (B.1, B.2 and B.3) is verified, the already existing mechanical characteristic
values can be applied for static proof according to Annex C or any other appropriate and validated
methods.
In case the simple design as specified in D.2 can be applied and the requirements of D.3 are fulfilled, the
mechanical properties given in D.4 can be used to determine the effective moment of inertia of the metal
thermal barrier profile.
6 Tests
6.1 General
6.1.1 Test specimens
Test specimens shall be selected from representative profiles.
The system designer and the test laboratory in collaboration choose compound profiles with
representative thermal barriers as test specimens. The choice is made under the view of the intended
use, of the possibility for an extension of the results to other compound profile (see Annex B), and on the
possibility to test them with the available test equipment.
If various surface finishes or production procedures are used (e.g. anodizing, wet lacquering, powder
coating), at least the most unfavourable finish - according to knowledge acquired - shall be chosen.
6.1.2 Test temperature
Three temperatures for testing shall be applied as follows:
— LT low test temperature see 3.2;
— RT room temperature (+23 ± 2) °C;
— HT high test temperature see 3.2.
The temperature of the test specimen (as a whole) shall be determined and maintained within the
tolerance given in 3.2 during the test.
6.1.3 Mechanical test equipment
Universal testing machines which are equipped with specific test devices to determine the mechanical
performances (e.g. T, c, and Q values) shall be classified according to EN ISO 7500
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